A.P. UNITED STATES HISTORY U.S. History First Half Review.

A.P. UNITED STATES HISTORY

U.S. History

First Half Review

I. Importance/Emphasis on Religion

• Protestant Reformation

• Roman Catholic Church

• Petrine Theory

• Slide 19

• “Bishop of Rome”

• Powers of the Pope

• Excommunication

• Interdict

• Martin Luther

• Slide 20

• “Faith vs. Works”

• “the just shall live by faith”

• Indulgences

• Johann Tetzel

I. Importance/Emphasis on Religion

• Mass

• Transubstantiation

• Consubstantiation

• Ninety-Five Theses

• Wittenberg

• Diet of Worms

• Excommunication

• “Here I make my stand, I cannot recant. God be with me.”

• Protestant

• Lutheran

• John Calvin

• Presbyterian Church

I. Importance/Emphasis on Religion

• Predestination

• “the elect”

• Institutes of the Christian Religion

• Henry VIII

• Slide 21

• The Divorce

• Catherine of Aragon

• Annulment

• Spain

• Anglican (Church of England)

• Episcopal

• Counter-Reformation

• Jesuits

• “Teaching” Priests

I. Importance/Emphasis on Religion

• Jesuit Colleges

• Loyola College

• Spring Hill College

• Inquisition

• Slide 22

• Heresy

• Puritans

• Moral Codes

• Threat to the Social Order

• Critical of Church/State

• Theocracy

• Pilgrims

• Plymouth Rock

• Massachusetts Bay Colony

I. Importance/Emphasis on Religion

• John Winthrop

• “city on a hill”

• Salem

• “Jeremiads”

• Witchcraft

• Tituba

• Spectral Evidence

• “Outlivers”

• Slide 23

• Demise of the Puritans

• Yankees

• The Great Awakening

• Frontier Revivalism

• Enlightenment

I. Importance/Emphasis on Religion

• Faith vs. Reason

• Alexis de Tocqueville

• Democracy in America

• America is unlike any European nation due to their reliance upon religion

II. The French Revolution

• Old Regime

• Bourbon Dynasty

• Louis XIV

• “the Sun King”

• “I am touched”

• Versailles

• Slide 24

• Three Estates

• First-Clergy (Tax Free)

• Second-Nobility

• Third-Commoners (96% of population)

• Bankruptcy

• Taxation

II. The French Revolution

• First/Second Estates were exempt

• Revolt Against Louis XVI

• Marie Antoinette

• 14 July 1789

• Slide 25

• Declaration of the Rights of Man

• “Unholy Trinity”

• Robespierre

• Danton

• Marat

• “the body politic”

II. The French Revolution

• Anything harmful must be purged

• First Estate

• Second Estate

• Reign of Terror

• “purging the body politic”

• Louis Guillotine

• Slide 26

• 16.000-40,000

• Fear of Democracy

• Napoleon Bonaparte

• The Directory

• Napoleon I

• Slide 27

II. The French Revolution

• Napoleonic Wars

• Louisiana Purchase

• 828,000 Square Miles (3¢/Acre)

• Slide 28

• Napoleon Invades Russia

• Slide 29

• Napoleon Abdicates

• Elba

• The Hundred Days

• Waterloo (June 1815)

• St. Helena’s Island

• Louis XVII

• Congress of Vienna

III. Jefferson vs. Hamilton

• Slide 30

• Revolutionary Ideas

• Egalitarianism

• Gender Roles

• George Washington

• Deference

• Thomas Jefferson

• Alexander Hamilton

• Jefferson’s Ideology

• Democracy

• Nobility of All Men

• Strict Construction

• Pro-Agrarian

• Pro-France

• Democratic-Republican Party

III. Jefferson vs. Hamilton

• Hamilton’s Ideology

• Republican

• Oligarchic

• Depravity of Man

• Loose Construction

• Pro-Industry

• Tariffs

• Pro-Britain

• Federalist Party

• Election of 1800

• “Revolution of 1800”

• Twelfth Amendment

• 11 July 1804

• Weehawken, NJ

• Federalist Judges

• John Marshall

IV. Westward Expansion

• Post-Revolutionary War (Ohio River Valley to the Western Frontier)

• Slide 31

• Louisiana Purchase

• Slide 32

• Missouri Compromise

• 36° 30’

• Slide 33

• Compromise of 1850

• Slide 34

• One Slave; One Free

• Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

• Slide 35

IV. Westward Expansion

• Intercontinental Railroad

• Francis Parkman

• “most fundamental aspect of U.S. History”

• Cause of American Civil War????

V. Slavery

• “The Peculiar Institution”

• North: Anti-Slavery

• Not conducive to Factories

• Irish

• South: Pro-Slavery

• Untrained Labor

• the Planter Aristocracy

• Controversies

• Ostend Manifesto

• Acquire Cuba at “any cost”

• Defeated due to fear of spread of slavery

V. Slavery

• Wilmot Proviso

• 1840-1860

• No Slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico

• Death of Whig Party

• Conscience Whigs

• Cotton Whigs

• John Brown

• Slide 36

• Harper’s Ferry

• Prophecy

• Ralph Waldo Emerson: “one day the gallows will be as hallowed as the cross”

V. Slavery

• Election of 1860

• Slide 37

• Lincoln Elected

• Did not appear on any Southern ballot

• Lower South Secedes

• South Carolina

• U.S. Forts in Southern Territory

• Fort Sumter

• Bombing of Fort Sumter

• Upper South Secedes

• Slide 38