AP Psychology Unit 12and 13 Notecards

7/30/2019 AP Psychology Unit 12and 13 Notecards

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AP Psychology Unit 12 Notecards

Paa Adu


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Medical Model

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological

disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed,

treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through

treatment in a hospital.


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DSM-IV-TR

The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, FOurth Edition, w

an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for

classifying psychological disorders


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Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing,

persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce

anxiety


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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually ten

apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous syste

arousal.


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Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-

long episodes of intense dread in which a person

experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, chokin

or other frightening sensations.


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Phobia

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fe

and avoidance of a specific object, activity or situation.


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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitiv

thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).


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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memorie

nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/ or

insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a

traumatic experience.


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Post-Traumatic Growth

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling

with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises


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Somatoform Disorder

Psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a

somatic (bodily) form without apparent physical cause.


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Conversion Disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experienc

very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no

physiological basis can be found.


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Hypochondriasis

A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets

normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.


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Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes

separated (dissociated) from previous memories, though

and feelings.


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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits tw

or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also calle

multiple personality disorder.


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Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional

extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and

bipolar disorder.


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Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent

reason, experiences two or more weeks of depressed

moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminishes intere

or pleasure in most activities.


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Mania

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly

optimistic state.


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Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between

the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the

overexcited state of mania (formerly called manic-

depressive disorder).


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Schizophrenia

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganiz

and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and

inappropriate emotions and actions.


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Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may

accompany psychotic disorders.


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Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and

enduring behavior patterns that impair social functionin


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Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a ma

exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towa

friends and family members; may be aggressive and

ruthless or a clever con artist


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AP Psychology Unit 13 Notecards

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Eclectic Approach

An approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the

clients problems, uses techniques from various forms o

therapy.


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Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists

interactions between a trained therapist and someone

seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achiev

personal growth.


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Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Frued believed t

patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and

transferences-and the therapist's interpretations of them

released previously repressed feelings, allowing the

patient to gain self-insight.


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Resistance

In psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of

anxiety-laden material.


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Interpretation

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream

meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors i

order to promote insight.


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Transference

In psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst o

emotions linked with other relationships (such as love o

hatred for a parent).


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Psychodynamic Therapy

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that

views individuals as responding to unconscious forces a

childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-

insight.


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Insight Therapies

A variety of therapies which aim to improve psychologic

functioning by increasing the client's awareness of

underlying motives and defenses.


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Client-Centered Therapy

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in whic

the therapist uses techniques such as active listening

within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to

facilitate clients' growth, also called person-centered

therapy.


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Active Listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates

and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client centered therap


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Unconditional Positive Regard

A caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl

Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-

awareness and self-acceptance.


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Behavior Therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the eliminatio

of unwanted behaviors.


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Counterconditioning

A behavior therapy procedure that uses classical

conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are

triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure

therapies and aversive conditioning.


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Exposure Therapies

Behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitizatio

that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination o

actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.


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Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant

relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggerin

stimuli; commonly used to treat phobias.


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Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy

An anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people

simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flyin

spiders, or public speaking.


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Aversive Conditioning

A type of counterconditioning that associates an

unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted

behavior (such as drinking alcohol).


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Token Economy

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn

token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and

can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or

treats.


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Cognitive Therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways o

thinking and acting; based on the assumption that

thoughts intervene between events and our emotional

reactions.


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Family Therapy

Therapy that treats the family as a system. views an

individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or

directed at, other family members.


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Regression Toward the Mean

The tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back

(regress) toward their average.


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Meta-analysis

A procedure for statistically combining the results of ma

different research studies.


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Evidence-Based Practice

Clinical decision-making that integrates the best availab

research with clinical expertise and patient characteristi

and preferences.


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Biomedical Therapy

Prescribed medications or medical procedures that act

directly on the patient's nervous system.


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Psychopharmacology

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.


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Antipsychotic Drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of

severe thought disorder.


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Tardive Dyskinesia

Involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, an

limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term us

of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine

receptors.


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Antianxiety Drugs

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.


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Antidepressant Drugs

Drugs used to treat depression; also increasingly

prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering

availability of various neurotransmitters.


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Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in

which a brief electric current is sent through the brain o

an anesthetized patient.


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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)

The application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy t

the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.


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Psychosurgery

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effo

to change behavior.


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Lobotomy

A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm

uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. the proced

cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the

emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.


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Resilience

The personal strength that helps most people cope with

stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.


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AP Psychology Unit 12and 13 Notecards

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