AP Psychology Unit 07 - Overview Studying and Building Memories Memory Storage and Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory ImprovementForgetting,

AP PsychologyUnit 07 - Overview

• Studying and Building Memories

• Memory Storage and Retrieval

• Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Memory Improvement

• Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity

• Solving Problems and Making Decisions

• Thinking and Language

Studying Memory

• Memory

• Extremes of memory

Studying Memory

Memory Models• Encoding

• Storage

• Retrieval

• Parallel processing

Studying MemoryMemory Models:

Working Memory• Atkinson and Shiffrin Theory

– Sensory memory

– Short-term memory

– Long-term memory

Studying MemoryMemory Models:

Working Memory

• Modified version of the three-stage processing model of memory–Working memory

Studying MemoryMemory Models:

Working Memory

Building Memories: Encoding

Dual-Track Memory: Effortful Versus Automatic Processing

• Explicit memory

• Effortful processing

• Automatic processing

• Implicit memory

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Capacity of Short-Term and Working Memory

• Magic number is _____

–Plus or minus ____

• Chunking

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Effortful Processing Strategies

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Effortful Processing Strategies• Mnemonics

–Define

–Examples

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Effortful Processing Strategies

• Hierarchies

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Distributed Practice• Overlearning

• Spacing effect

• Testing effect

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Levels of Processing

• Shallow processing

• Deep processing

Building Memories: EncodingDual-Track Memory: Effortful Processing and Explicit Memories:

Making Material Personally Meaningful

• Making material meaningful

• Self-reference effect

Memory Storage

Retaining Information in the Brain

• True or False?

• Memories are NOT stored in one part of the brain.

Memory StorageRetaining Information in the Brain:

Explicit-Memory System: The Frontal Lobes and Hippocampus• Hippocampus

Memory StorageRetaining Information in the Brain:

Implicit-Memory System: The Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

• Cerebellum

• Basal Ganglia

• Infantile amnesia

Memory Storage

The Amygdala, Emotions, and Memory

• Amygdala

• Flashbulb Memories

Memory Storage

Synaptic Changes

• Aplysia

• Long-term potentiation

Memory Storage

Retrieval: Getting Information Out

Measuring Retention

• Recall

• Recognition

• Relearning

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues:

Priming• Priming

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues:

Context-Dependent Memory

• Context effects

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues:

State-Dependent Memory• State dependent memory

• Mood congruent memory

Retrieval: Getting Information OutRetrieval Cues:

Serial Position Effect• Serial position effect

–Recency effect

–Primacy effect

Forgetting

Forgetting and the Two-Track Mind

• Anterograde amnesia

• Retrograde amnesia

Forgetting

Encoding Failure

Forgetting

Storage Decay• Storage decay

–Ebbinghaus curve

Forgetting

Retrieval Failure

ForgettingRetrieval Failure:

Interference• Proactive interference

• Retroactive interference

ForgettingRetrieval Failure:

Motivated Forgetting

• Self-serving personal histories

• Repression

Memory Construction Errors

Misinformation and Imagination Effects

• Loftus memory studies

–Misinformation effect

Memory Construction Errors

Source Amnesia• Source amnesia

• Déjà vu

Memory Construction Errors

Discerning True and False Memories

• Memory studies

• Children eyewitness recall

Memory Construction Errors

Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?

• Areas of agreement

Improving Memory

• How?

Thinking and Concepts

• Cognition

• Concepts

• Prototypes

Creativity

• Creativity

• Convergent thinking

• Divergent thinking

Creativity

• Sternberg’s five components of creativity

Creativity

• Ways to boost creativity

Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles

• Algorithms

• Heuristic

• Insight

• Confirmation bias

• Mental set

Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

• Intuition

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

The Representativeness Heuristic

• The Representative Heuristic

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

The Availability Heuristic

• The Availability Heuristic

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

Overconfidence

• Overconfidence

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

Belief Perseverance and Framing

• Belief perseverance

• Framing

Forming Good and Bad Decisions and Judgments

The Perils and Powers of Intuition

• Intuition

Introduction

• Language

Language Structure

• Phoneme–English about ______ phonemes

–Learning another language’s phonemes

• Morpheme–Includes:

Language Structure

• Grammar–Semantics

–Syntax

Language Development

• Receptive language

• Productive language

– Babbling stage

– One-word stage

– Two-word stage

– Telegraphic speech

Language Development

Explaining Language Development

• Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar–Language acquisition device

–Universal grammar

Language Development

Explaining Language Development

• Statistical Learning and Critical Periods–Statistical learning

–Critical (sensitive) period

The Brain and Language

• Aphasia

• Broca’s Area

• Wernicke’s Area

Language and Thought

Language Influences Thinking

• Whorf’s linguistic determinism

• Bilingual advantage

Language and Thought

Language Influences Thinking