AP Human Geography Week #12 Fall 2012. AP Human Geography 11/17/14 OBJECTIVE: Examine gender in America. APHugII-A.3 Language objective:

AP Human Geography Week #12

Fall 2012

AP Human Geography 11/17/14http://mrmilewski.com

• OBJECTIVE: Examine gender in America. APHugII-A.3• Language objective: Write about gender.• I. Administrative Stuff

-attendance• II. Film: “Boys will be Men”

1.) Watch and take notes on the film.2.) After the film write a summary answering

the following question: “What does it mean to be a male in the United States?”

Homework Tonight

• Study for the Ch#5 Test.

AP Human Geography 11/18/14http://mrmilewski.com

• OBJECTIVE: Examine the concepts in the first trimester of AP Human Geography APHug-Various

• Language objective: Write about various topics in Human Geography.

• I. Administrative Stuff-attendance & directions

• II. Final Exam Review Distribution• NOTICE: Chapter#5 Test TOMORROW!

Homework Tonight

• Study for the Ch#5 Test.

Reminders & Announcements• 1.) The Chapter#5 Test is Tomorrow (Nov 19th).• 2.) Europe Map Test Friday Nov 21st.• 3.) Final Exams Hours 1,2,3 Monday Nov 24th.• 4.) Final Exams Hours 4&5 Tuesday Nov 25th.• 5.) No School Wednesday, Thursday, & Friday Nov 26-

28th.

AP Human Geography 11/19/14http://mrmilewski.com

• OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate mastery of Chapter#5-Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality. APHugIII-B.2&3.

• Language objective: Write about Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Sexuality.

• I. Administrative Stuff-attendance & distribution of test

• II. Chapter#5 Test• Practice Europe Map Test• Homework: Read p.164-171

Homework Tonight

• Read p.164-171.• Begin working on the

Ch#6 Guided Reading.• Study for the Final Exam.

AP Human Geography 11/20/14http://mrmilewski.com

• OBJECTIVE: Begin examination of Language. APHugIII-B.1• Language objective: Write about language.• I. Journal#35 pt.A

-Watch the following:American Tongues

• II. Quiz#21• III. Return of Chapter#5 Test• IV. Journal#35 pt.B

-notes on language• Homework: Read p.172-180• Europe Map Test TOMORROW!

Europe Map

http://www.kidsmaps.com/geography/images/fullsized/modern-polical-europe.png

LanguageLanguage – a set of sounds, combinations of sounds, and

symbols that are used for communication.

World Language Families

Major Language FamiliesPercentage of World Population

Fig. 5-11a: The percentage of world population speaking each of the main language families. Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan together represent almost 75% of the world’s people.

Major World Languages

Major World Languages

Language v. Dialect• It is difficult to classify languages and

dialects.• Some scholars treat Quebecan French as a

separate language while others consider it a dialect.

• Many areas have a very complex linguistic geography-

• Africa-has perhaps 1,000 languages• India has about 600

Language Terms• Standard language-an official language sustained by

the state in the form of state examination for teachers, civil servants and others.

• Dialect-regional variation of a standard language.• Language family-a group of languages descended

from a single, earlier tongue. • Language subfamily-a further division of language

groups. E.g. Romance language is a subfamily of Indo-European.

• Regional differences in a standard language;– Syntax-the way words are

put together– Vocabulary– Pronunciation– Cadence or rhythm– Accents can reveal the

regional home of a person.

• Isogloss-a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature is found.

Examples• Northern dialect and its subdivisions are found in New England

and Canada, extending southward to a secondary dialect are centered on New York.

• Midland speech is found along the Atlantic coast from New Jersey southward to central Delaware, but spreads more extensively across the interior of the US and Canada.

• The Southern dialect dominates the East coast from the Chesapeake Bay south.

• Examples-North Midlands & South• pail bucket• brook run or branch• bossie to call cow Sook or Sookie or Sook cow• co or come cow co-wench or co-inch or coo ee • spider skillet or frying pan

Dialect-variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines- vocabulary-syntax- pronunciation- cadence-pace

of speech

Isogloss -A geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs

Homework Tonight

• Read p.172-180.• Continue working on the

Ch#6 Guided Reading.• Study for the Europe Map

Test.

AP Human Geography 11/21/14http://mrmilewski.com

• OBJECTIVE: Continue examination of Language. APHugIII-B.1• Language objective: Write about language.• I. Journal#36 pt.A

-Watch the following:American Tongues pt.3Deadly Delays, Newborn Screening

• II. Europe Map Test• III. Quiz#22• IV. Journal#36 pt.B

-notes on language• NOTICE: Final Exam Monday & Tuesday!

Origin & Diffusion of Languages • Mother Tongue-the first language spoken by Homo sapiens

about 200,000 years ago.• Deep reconstruction-by studying sound shifts, linguists try

to re-create an extinct language.• Language divergence-the differentiation that takes place

over time and distance.• Language convergence-when long isolated languages

make contact through diffusion.• Language replacement-traditional languages of small

groups of less advanced people were replaced or greatly modified by an invading tongue.

• Linguists can find linkages among languages by examining sound shifts – a slight change in a word across languages over time.

• The vocabulary of a ancient language can reveal its cultural hearth.

• The Indo-European branches of the language tree at right illustrates the concept of language divergence.

• August Schleicher was the first to compare the world’s language families to the branches of a tree.

• An example of sound shift:– Latin for milk is lacte– Italian is latta– Spanish is leche– French is lait

• Another example of

sound shift is:– German vater– Dutch vader– English father

• Still another example is– Latin for eight is octo– Spanish is ocho– French is huit

• Mutual Intelligibility- means two people can understand each other when speaking. Problems:

• Cannot measure mutual intelligibility• Many “languages” fail the test of mutual intelligibility• Standard languages and governments impact what is a

“language” and what is a “dialect”

How are Languages Formed?

How do Languages Diffuse?• human interaction-2,000 years ago-Han China, Roman

Empire-spread languages over vast empires• print distribution-Gutenberg’s movable type printing

press (1452-first Gutenberg Bible) helped to diffuse, standardize & stabilize European languages

• Migration-ancient & more recent migration from 16th century to now diffused languages e.g. Spanish, Portuguese, English & French

• Trade-encouraged the spread of goods & languages• Rise of nation-states-stabilized & standardized

languages• Colonialism-mercantilism & colonies spread European

languages in the Americas, Africa & Asia

Spatial Interaction helps create• Lingua franca –

A language used among speakers of different languages for the purposes of trade and commerce.

• Pidgin language –a language created when people combine parts of two or more languages into a simplified structure and vocabulary.

• Creole language –

a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people.

Examples of lingua franca• First known lingua franca was a pidgin language created in the

1200s along the Mediterranean Sea-Southern France – Franks language mixed with Italian, Greek, Spanish and Arabic-came to be known as a Frankish language or lingua franca

• Arabic became a lingua franca during the Islamic expansion-English did so in the colonial period

• Swahili is the lingua franca of the East African coast-developed from African bantu mixed with Arabic & Persian-50 million speakers from southern Somalia to East African Lakes region.

• Creole-stems from a pidgin language formed in Caribbean from English, French & Portuguese mixed with African languages

• South East Asia-Bazaar Malay is spoken from Myanmar to

Indonesia, Philippines to Malaysia-a lingua franca in the region.

Monolingual State a country in which only one language is spoken

Multilingual State a country in which more than one language is in use

Official Languageshould a multilingual state adopt an official language?

Examples• Monolingual states-Japan, Uruguay, Venezuela,

Iceland, Denmark, Portugal, Poland, and Lesotho.• Multilingual State-Canada, Belgium, India, Peru-with

Indigenous languages• Official Language-many former colonies adopted

English, French, or Portuguese as official languages to tie people together:– Angola-Portuguese– Nigeria & Ghana-English– Ivory Coast-French– India-Hindi & English are official languages– Tanzania-English & Swahili

Language Family Trees

Homework Tonight

• Study for the Final Exam.