AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY THE GRAND REVIEW Unit I: Geography: Its Nature and Perspective Identify each type of map: 1. 2. 3. 4. Match the following: 5. a computer system that stores, organizes, retrieves, analyzes, and displays geographic data 6. the forms superimposed on the physical environment by the activities of humans 7. the spread of an idea or innovation from its source 8. interactions between human societies and the physical environment 9. a space-based global navigation satellite system 10. the physical environment, rather than social conditions, determines culture 11. the small- or large-scale acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, either in recording or real time a. cultural diffusion b. cultural ecology c. cultural landscape d. environmental determinism e. GIS f. GPS g. remote sensing
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AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY THE GRAND REVIEW Unit I: …39. migration within a state 40. migration between states 41. the difference between in-migration and out-migration 42. the process by
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AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
THE GRAND REVIEW
Unit I: Geography: Its Nature and Perspective
Identify each type of map:
1. 2.
3. 4.
Match the following:
5. a computer system that stores, organizes,retrieves, analyzes, and displays geographic data
6. the forms superimposed on the physicalenvironment by the activities of humans
7. the spread of an idea or innovation from its source
8. interactions between human societies and thephysical environment
9. a space-based global navigation satellite system
10. the physical environment, rather than socialconditions, determines culture
11. the small- or large-scale acquisition ofinformation of an object or phenomenon, either inrecording or real time
a. cultural diffusion
b. cultural ecology
c. cultural landscape
d. environmental determinism
e. GIS
f. GPS
g. remote sensing
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Mercator
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Goode's Equal-Area
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Robinson
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Polar
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5 - E
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6 - C
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7 - A
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8 -B
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9 - F
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10 - D
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11 - G
Choose the one that does not belong:
12. a. township and rangeb. clustered rural settlementc. grid street pattern
13. a. siteb. situationc. its relative location
14. a. latitude and longitudeb. sitec. situationd. absolute location
15. a. globalizationb. nationalismc. foreign investmentd. multinational corporations
16. a. major airportb. grid street patternc. major central parkd. natural harbore. public sports facility
17. a. Westernizationb. uniform consumption preferencesc. enhanced communicationsd. local traditions
18. a. time zonesb. Chinac. United States railroadsd. 15 degrees
Match the following (some regions have more than one answer):
19. formal region
20. functional region
21. vernacular region
a. Milwaukee
b. the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel
c. Wisconsin
d. the South
e. an airline hub
f. Rust Belt
22. The “why of where” refers to
a. geography’s emphasis on landscape features.b. spatial patterns on the landscape.c. a definition of geography that is simply locational.d. the idea that the explanation of a spatial pattern is crucial.e. the depiction of a region’s physical features.
23. Which of the following sets of maps would help explain how scale of inquiry affects truth?
a. maps showing the area of France before and after surveyingb. maps of Hudson Bay drawn by Native Americans and by the earliest European travelersc. maps showing Michigan’s population density by counties and the United States population
density by stated. maps showing the number of auto thefts per block in Seattle in the decades before and after
the Great Depressione. maps of gang graffiti in Philadelphia
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19 - C,F
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20 - B,E
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21 - A,D
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Unit II: Population and Migration
Label each of the following population pyramids as Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4 or Stage 5 of thedemographic transition:
36. the ability of a resource base to sustain itspopulation
37. a population shift from urban to rural areas
38. the number of working-age people compared tothe number of people too old or too young towork
39. migration within a state
40. migration between states
41. the difference between in-migration and out-migration
42. the process by which immigrants from a particularplace follow others from that place to anotherplace
a. brain drain
b. carrying capacity
c. chain migration
d. counterurbanization
e. dependency ratio
f. external migration
g. infant mortality rate
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Naples, FL (retirement)
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Detroit, MI (City)
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Laredo, TX (High fertility)
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Unalaska, AK (Army base)
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Lawrence, KS (University)
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USA (Developed nation)
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36 - B
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37 - D
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38 - E
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43. flight of talented people away from an area
44. CBR-CDR per thousand
45. number of children a woman is likely to have
46. number of deaths under the age of 2 per thousand
h. internal migration
i natural increase rate
j. net migration
k. total fertility rate
Choose the cause of the other two:
47. a. waterb. population growthc. agriculture
48. a. Columbus discovers Americab. crops exchanged between the Western and Eastern hemispherec. millions of Native Americans are killed by disease
49. a. one-child policyb. povertyc. overpopulation
50. a. povertyb. drug traffickingc. guest workers
51. a. high standard of livingb. large metropolitan populationc. Stage 3 of the demographic transition
Choose the effect of the other two:
52. a. povertyb. warc. migration
53. a. racismb. exclusion of non-white immigrantsc. quota laws from the 1920s to the 1960s
54. a. young age structureb. not marriedc. high level of migration
55. a. cold weatherb. warm coastal watersc. population clusters near the equator and the coast
56. a. increased tradeb. rich natural resourcesc. population cluster on the coast
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43 - A
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44 - I
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45 - K
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46 - G
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Identify each of the following as a “pull” factor or a “push” factor:
57. ethnic cleansing
58. natural disaster
59. available jobs
60. war
61. chain migration
62. overpopulation
63. Two-thirds of the world’s population is clustered in four regions. Which of the following is not oneof these four regions?
a. East Asiab. Southeast Asiac. Sub-Saharan Africad. Europee. South Asia
64. Assuming a world population of 5,700,000,000 and an annual growth rate of 1.6 percent, how manypeople will be added to the world’s population in the next year?
a. 912,000b. 9,120,000c. 91,200,000d. 912,000,000e. 9,120,000,000
65. The population of the United States is approximately 300 million, and the land area is approximately9 million square kilometers. The arithmetic density of the United States is approximately
a. 30 square kilometers per person.b. 30 persons per square kilometer.c. 0.03 square kilometers per person.d. 0.03 persons per square kilometer.e. 300 persons per square kilometer.
66. Which continent(s) is/are commonly associated with high numbers of refugees in the early twenty-first century?
I. AfricaII. AsiaIII. AustraliaIV. EuropeV. North AmericaVI. South America
a. Ib. IIc. I and IId. I, II, IV
e. I, II, VIf. III and IVg. IV and Vh. IV, V, VI
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pull
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Unit III: Cultural Patterns and Processes
Classify each of the following religions as monotheistic or polytheistic and ethnic or universalizing, andindicate their hearth region.
religion mono or polytheistic ethnic or universalizing hearth region
67. Buddhism
68. Hinduism
69. Islam
70. Judaism
71. Mormonism
72. Orthodox Christianity
73. Protestantism
74. Roman Catholicism
Match the following:
75. fragmentation of a region into smaller units
76. a common language
77. an example of ethnic nationalism
78. an example of linguistic nationalism
79. an example of linguistic fragmentation
80. an example of how religion can influencegeography
81. minority branch of Islam but majority in Iraq andIran
82. architectural style that diffused from NewEngland to the Great Lakes
a. Balkanization
b. Cape Cod
c. feng shui
d. Gaelic
e. lingua franca
f. Nunavut
g. Scandinavian
h. Shiite
Identify each of the following as a centripetal force or a centrifugal force:
83. uneven development
84. substate nationalism
85. linguistic homogeneity
86. a strong tradition of local governance
87. national symbols
88. compact state
89. fragmented state
90. external threats
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Poly
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Universalizing
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Asia (Nepal)
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Poly
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Ethnic
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Asia (India)
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Mono
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Universalizing
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Middle East
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Mono
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Ethnic
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Middle East
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Mono
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Ethnic
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North America
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Mono
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Universalizing
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Europe
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Mono
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Universalizing
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Middle East
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Mono
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Europe (R. Empire)
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75 - A
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76 - E
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77 - G
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78 - F
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79 - D
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80 - C
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81 - H
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82 - B
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centrifugal
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centrifugal
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centripetal
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centripetal
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centripetal
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centripetal
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centrifugal
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centripetal
Classify each of the following as folk culture or popular culture
91. the Amish
92. sports
93. small scale
94. large scale
95. slow change
96. rapid change
97. relocation diffusion
98. cultural homogeneity
99. traditional diet
100. McDonalds
101. blue jeans
102. modern communication
103. All of the following twentieth-century migration streams were propelled by persecution or openconflict EXCEPT
104. If four languages have similar words for numbers and the names of fish, but different names for acertain disease, what might be concluded about the time at which the disease first diffused?
a. The disease spread among a population that later divided and evolved into four differentlanguages.
b. The population divided and evolved into the four different languages, and then the diseasespread.
c. The disease spread to two different populations that later divided into different languages.d. The disease and language spread to four different regions at the same time at the same rate.e. No conclusion is possible
105. Which of the following correctly sequences the continuum from language family to dialect?
106. Contact zones between religions are most likely to be volatile when they are
a. inhabited by two major groups with divergent religious beliefs.b. made up of three or more religious groups.c. characterized by considerable interaction between religious groups.d. also language contact zones.e. associated with competing ethnonational claims to territory.
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folk
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pop
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folk
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folk
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folk
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107. ________ is to Canada as ________ is to the United States.
a. French; Englishb. French; Spanishc. presidential government; parliamentary governmentd. conflict over ethnicity; conflict over languagee. northern hemisphere; southern hemisphere
108. Mexico is
I. the largest number of legal immigrants to the United StatesII. the largest number of illegal immigrants to the United StatesIII. a member of NAFTAIV. a member of the OASV predominantly Catholic
a. II, V e. II, IV, Vb. I, III, V f. I, II, III, IVc. II, III, V g. I, II, III, Vd. I, IV, V h. I, II, III, IV, V
109. Which of the following aspects of diffusion of Western culture threaten non-Western ways of life?
I. loss of traditional valuesII. subjugation of womenIII. Western control of mediaIV. alteration of traditional landscapesV. pollution
a. I and IIb. I and IIIc. I, II, IVd. I, III, IV, Ve. I, II, III, IV, V
Unit IV: Political Organization of Space
110. Put the following in order from the largest to the smallest: census tract, county, municipality,nation-state, province, empire
Belgium Britain France Portugal Germany Netherlands
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Italy
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Britain France Portugal
Match the following:
132. model that demonstrates the transfer of resourcesfrom less developed to more developed areas
133. the fringe of a state
134. land beyond a border
135. the node of a state
136. an area the retains a distinction from a larger area
137. manipulating boundaries for political gain
138. an area rather than a line
a. core-periphery
b. enclave
c. frontier
d. gerrymandering
e. heartland
f. hinterland
g. rimland
Label each boundary physical or cultural and give an example
boundary physical or cultural example
139. mountain
140. language
141. religion
142. river
143. geometric
144. the Green Line
145. The European Union, the Arab League, and the United Nations are all examples of
a. pressure groupsb. nation-statesc. centrifugal organizationsd. supranational organizationse. federations
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132 - A
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133 - G
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134 - B
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135 - E
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136 - F
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137 - D
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138 - C
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Physical
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Andes, Rockies, Appalachians, Himalayans
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Cultural
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Czechoslovakia (Czechs & Slovaks) Quebec (French & English) India
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Cultural
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N.Ireland & Republic of Ireland India & Pakistan
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Physical
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Rio Grande
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(Mexico & USA)
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Mississippi (US states)
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Cultural
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USA & Canada Chad & Libya Iraq & Saudi Arabia
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Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon Syria
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146. Which of the following has fostered the most significant economic growth by eliminating importtariffs between member states?
a. European Union (EU)b. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)c. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)d. Association of Caribbean States (ACS)e. United Nations (UN)
147. The provisions of the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea give coastal countriesnavigational and economic sovereignty over which of the following zones?
a. twelve-nautical-mile territorial sea zone and part of the Arctic Circleb. export processing zone (EPZ)c. 200-nautical-mile exclusive economic zoned. empowerment zonee. continental shelf
148. An increasing number of states have adopted a federal form of government primarily to
a. grant different ethnicities or nationalities more effective representation.b. encourage the breakup of the superpower alliances.c. govern compact states more effectively.d. deploy scarce resources efficiently.e. meet all of the above needs.
151. arid climate, irrigation, little pork production,pastoralism
152. wheat, little pork production, pastoralism
153. factory farms, large pork production
154. wheat, Mediterranean agriculture
155. maize, irrigation
a. Egypt
b. Greece
c. Italy
d. Peru
e. Mexico
f. Turkey
g. USA
Choose the one that does not belong:
156. a. increases in the amount of land under cultivationb. increases in the agricultural workforcec. increases in the use of energy and technology
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149 - A
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150 - C
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151 - H
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152 - E
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153 - G
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154 - B
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157. a. plantation farmingb. hunting and gatheringc. subsistence agriculture
158. a. efficient transportationb. regionalized cuisinec. corporately controlled farms
159. a. factory farmsb. genetic engineeringc. high food pricesd. Green Revolution
160. a. Californiab. Mediterranean agriculturec. “happy cows”d. sharecroppinge. wheat
161. a. soy beansb. coffeec. wheatd. corne. rice
162. a. beefb. railroadc. Milwaukee, 1900
163. a. hunting and gatheringb. It is limited to tropical areasc. gender-based division of labord. Stage 1 of the demographic
transition
164. a. Great Plains NativeAmericans—buffalo
b. Eskimos—snowc. Hawiians—wigwamsd. Wisconsin settlers—log cabinse. Great Plains settlers—sod and
thatch
165. a. shifting agricultureb. tropical climatec. global warmingd. depletion of soile. commercial agriculture
166. a. sustainable agricultureb. limited use of chemicalsc. integration of crops and livestockd. use of pesticide resistant seede. organic farms
167. a. nomadsb. pastoralismc. hunting and gatheringd. subsistence agriculturee. shifting agriculturef. terracing
168. What is a milkshed and why is it important?
169. Isolated farmsteads in the United States evolved as a result of all of the following EXCEPT
a. political stability.b. colonization by individual pioneer families.c. agricultural private enterprise.d. government land policy.e. physical barriers preventing communal farm practices.
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Ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling. Importance --> every urban area is assured fresh milk.
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170. Grain raised in the United States is used today primarily as
a. human food.b. a source of fuel.c. livestock feed.d. an export to foreign countries.e. raw material for various industries.
171. With respect to the relationship between culture, religion, and the physical environment
a. few religions derive meaningful events from the physical environment.b. religious ideas may be responsible for some of the changes people make in the physical
environment.c. religion is no longer an important source of identification for a distinct cultural group.d. all religions appeal primarily to people living in their land of origin.e. All of the above are true.
172. A common difference(s) between farms in an LDC (like Pakistan) vs. farms in an MDC (like theUnited States) that grow the same crop is
a. the amount of crop produced in a yearb. the importance of the crop to the farmerc. the income derived from cropsd. A and Be. A and C
Unit VI: Industrialization and Economic Development
Label each of the following as bulk-reducing, bulk-gaining, footloose, or just-in-time:
173. soft-drink bottling
174. brewing
175. nickel smelting
176. baking
177. automobile assembly
178. autoparts manufacturing
179. electronics manufacturing
180. call centers
Label each of the following as primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary economic activity:
181. extract natural resources from the environment
182. transform raw materials into finished products
183. involve the collection, processing, and manipulation of information
184. involve the exchange of goods and the provision of services
185. involve the production of fresh produce for urban markets
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bulk-gaining
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bulk-gaining
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bulk reducing
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just in time
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bulk-gaining
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just in time
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just in time
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footloose
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primary
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secondary
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quaternary
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tertiary
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secondary
Indicate the country or countries:
186. NAFTA
187. highest consumption of fossil fuels per capita
188. the Four Asian Tigers
189. maquiladoras
190. Atlantic-Pacific canal
Match the following:
191. high terminal cost, high line cost, high route flexibility
192. high terminal cost, low line cost, high route flexibility
193. high terminal cost, low line cost, low route flexibility
194. low terminal cost, high line cost, high route flexibility
a. airplane
b. railroad
c. ship
d. truck
Label the five stages of Rostow’s model and briefly describe the characteristics:
195. Stage 1
196. Stage 2
197. Stage 3
198. Stage 4
199. Stage 5
Assume a Stage 5 country and indicate if each of the following would be high or low:
200. standard of living
201. CBR
202. CDR
203 NIR
204. life expectancy
205. literacy
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Canada, USA, Mexico
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USA
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Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan
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Mexico
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Panama
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191 - A
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192 - C
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193 - B
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194 - D
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Traditional Society- Not started development - Increase % of ppl in agriculture - Increase % of wealth in "nonproductive" activities
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Preconditions to - Elite group initiates economic activities. Take off- Country invests in tech & infrastructure - Stimulates productivity Take off- Rapid growth in small # of economic activities - Some industries succeed, some remain traditional Drive to Maturity- Modern tech. in some industries. - Variety of industries rapidly grow - Workers - skilled and specialized Age of Mass- Economy shifts from production of heavy Consumptionindustry to consumer goods.
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high
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low
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low
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high
206. GDP
207. GEM
208. pollution
209. job in the informal sector
Match the following:
210. banking, finance, insurance
211. deforestation
212. desertification
213. ecotourism
214. ozone depletion
215. smog
a. Brazil
b. chlorofluorocarbons
c. Mexico City
d. national parks
e. New York, London, and Tokyo
f. Sahel
216. Which of the following arguments help explain why seventy-five percent of those employed inExport Processing Zones, such as maquiladoras, are women?
I. Women have better educational qualifications than men.II. Women are paid less than men.III. Many employers consider women to be more dexterous than men.IV. Many employers consider women more likely to organize unions than men.
a. I and III onlyb. II and III onlyc. II and IV onlyd. I, II, and III onlye. I, II, III, and IV
217. Which of the following has contributed most to the deindustrialization of regions like the EnglishMidlands and the North American Manufacturing Belt?
a. the increased percentage of women in the labor forceb. competition from foreign importsc. environmental legislationd. the formation of free trade associationse. the decline of labor unions
218. In recent decades, all of the following have played a major role in the rapid growth of Sun Belt citiesof the United States EXCEPT
a. immigration from Latin America.b. high levels of per capita federal spending in the South and West.c. cheap land and labor.d. climatic changes leading to colder northern winters.e. the increasing demand for retirement and resort centers.
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high
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high
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low
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210 - E
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211 - A
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212 - F
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213 - D
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214 - B
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215 - C
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219. United Nations recognition of a state’s “exclusive economic zone” allows the state to
a. establish economic free trade zones within the sovereign territory of other states.b. claim national economic jurisdiction over 200 nautical miles of water extending from its
coast.c. limit importation of competitive goods and services from other countries.d. protect domestic production by imposing tariffs on all foreign-made products.e. form limited economic alliances with other countries.
220. Contemporary manufacturing is characterized by
a. production facilities that are generally located as close as possible to the sites of rawmaterial production.
b. strong unions and localized involvement in all facets of the production process.c. spatial disaggregation of the production process.d. reliance on highly skilled labor at all phases of the production process.e. production facilities located close to railroads.
Unit VII: Cities and Urban Land Use
Label each country with either the rank-size rule or the primate city rule:
221. Canada
222. France
223. Germany
224. India
225. South Korea
226. United States
Choose the one that does not belong:
227. a. megalopolisb. core areac. Boston to Washington, D.C.d. Los Angeles to San Diego
228. a. Brookfield Squareb. edge cityc. gentrificationd. suburban sprawle. white flight
229. a. agglomerationb. business parkc. decentralizationd. edge cities
230. a. blockbusting and racial steeringb. redlining by financial institutionsc. concentration of public housingd. fixed school district boundariese. Economic Enterprise Zones
231. a. Franceb. Mesopotamiac. Mexicod. North Chinae. the Indus Valley
232. a. world citiesb. Chicagoc. Mumbaid. Tokyo
233. a. 500 B.C.—defensive sitesb. A.D. 1700—water powerc. A.D. 1800—railroad junctionsd. pre-1950—navigable waterwayse. post-1950--- highways
234. a. urbanb. Africac. Asiad. South America
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Rank size
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235. Place the following in order from least recent to most recent: “big box” superstore, downtownbusiness district, shopping mall, Internet
Match the following:
236. export primarily to consumers outside thesettlement
237. sell to people within the settlement
238. basic industries minus non-basic industries
239. related to talent
240. related to the level of services provided
241. center of Latin American cities
242. provided to people by government
243. downtown
244. the presence of which greatly diminishes theattractiveness of site farther away
245. illegal occupation of a residential district
a. basic industries
b. CBD
c. central plaza
d. economic base
e. human capital
f. intervening opportunities
g. non-basic industries
h. public housing
i. squatter settlement
j. urban hierarchy
246. Which of the following environmental issues is of most immediate concern to policy-makers in NewEngland?
a. overharvesting of breeding stock by commercial fishersb. oil-spill liabilityc. desertification by overgrazing of cattled. intensification of urban heat islandse. generation of electric power by wind
247. Which of the following was NOT a reason for rapid suburbanization in the United States after theSecond World War?
a. mass production of the automobileb. reduction in long-distance commutingc. expansion of home constructiond. expansion of the interstate highway systeme. availability of low down payment terms and long-term mortgages
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Downtown, business district, shopping mall, internet, big box superstore.
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236 -
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237 -
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238 - D
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239 - E
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240 - J
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241 - C
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242 - H
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243 - B
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244 - F
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245 - I
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248. According to the rank-size rule, if the largest city in a country has a population of 10 million, thenext largest city will have a population of
249. Today, most of the United States and Canadian population lives in which of the following?
a. farming areasb. rural non-farming areasc. central citiesd. metropolitan arease. small towns
250. Public transit is more extensive in Western European cities than in the United States primarilybecause
a. Europeans cannot afford cars.b. European governments subsidize public transit.c. density is lower.d. the central city contains fewer high-rises.e. suburbs are built at subway terminals.
251. The attraction of the call center industry to locate in India can best be explained by
a. low wages and wide use of English.b. low wages and geographic situational factors.c. wide use of English and the large number of working students.d. Indian students' ability to work at night and geographic situational factors.e. none of the above.
252. Historically, the growth of North American suburbs was most constrained by
a. high land values.b. zoning ordinances.c. limited transportation.d. housing shortages.e. cultural preferences.
253. In Latin America, data for employment in many large urban areas are most likely to be incompletebecause
a. employment is growing too rapidly.b. most people are unemployed.c. people change jobs regularly.d. records are kept mainly for male workers.e. many people work in the informal sector.
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254. Spreading parts production and fabrication among many countries or communities
a. increases proximity to markets.b. increases large corporations bargaining power with local governments and labor.c. decreases the unequal distribution of industry.d. leaves unmet consumer demand.e. reduces transportation distances.
Models You Need to Know
Label each of the following models and explain how each can be useful to geographers.
255.
256.
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Concentric Zone Model
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- It explains why different social groups and economic activities distribute themselves differently in urban areas, based on the characteristics of each from from the center of the city to the suburbs. (land value
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Sector Model (Hoyt)
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- Shows that cities don't develop equally, but by sectors that contain areas that are more attractive then others depending on the activity. - Attractiveness depends on land value, landscape, access to transportation etc.
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(Burgess)
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258.
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Multiple-Nuclei
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- Helps explain why certain activities are situated around various nodes in the city. - This takes into account land value, transportation modes, social class, education and land use.
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Von Thunen's
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- Explains to geographers the importance of proximity to market when choosing crops for commercial farming. - Explains how farmers have to take into consideration costs of land vs. costs of transportation
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(Harris & Ullman)
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260.
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Central Place Theory
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- Helps geographers understand that based on settlement patterns you can create a hierarchy. - It explains the quality of life in those settlements based on how wealthy people are to provide goods and services to consumers. - It provides information to the governments on policies that need to be put in place based on position of the settlement in the hierarchy.
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Rank Size Rule
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- Explains how services are distributed and why regular patterns of settlements exist.