AP Human Geography - Mrs. Falco's Social Studies Classesfalco101.weebly.com/Uploads/3/7/9/5/37957065/Flipper.pdfAP Human Geography Population and Migration Political Organization of

Model FlipperAP Human Geography

Population and MigrationPolitical Organization of SpaceAgriculture, Food Production and Rural Land UseIndustrialization and DevelopmentCities and Urban Land Use

Essential Question: How do models help us understand geographic trends?

• Human Geography Model flipper instructions• Pick a folder• Put your name on your folder• Draw guide lines in your folder• Tape cards into folder upside down with blank

side facing up using the line you drew as a guide



• Human Geography Model flipper

• Malthusian Growth Model

• on the blank side:

Malthusian Growth Model


In 1798 the Englishman Thomas R. Malthus posited a mathematical model of population growth. Said that human population grew geometrically or exponentially, while the food supply meant to feed this population increased arithmetically or linearly, and stated that this was a perfect recipe for a disaster waiting to happen in form of overpopulation


• Human Geography Model flipper

• Boserupian Model

Boserupian Model


States that agricultural methods depend on the size of the population; in those times of pressure, people will find ways to increase the production of food by increasing workforce, machinery, fertilizers.


Demographic Transition Model


Stage 1 CBR & CDR are both high. Population growth is slow and fluctuating.Reasonshigh CBR - Lack of family planning, High Infant Mortality Rate: putting babies in the 'bank', Need for workers in agriculture, Religious beliefs, Children as economic assets, high CDR - High levels of disease, Famine, Lack of clean water and sanitation, Lack of health care, War, Lack of educationStage 2 CBR remains high. CDR is falling. Population begins to rise steadily.ReasonsCDR falling - Improved health care, Improved Hygiene, Improved sanitation, Improved food production and storage, Improved transport for food, Decreased Infant Mortality RatesStage 3 CBR starts to fall. CDR continues to fall. Population rising.Reasons - Family planning available, Lower Infant Mortality Rate, Increased mechanization reduces need for workers, Increased standard of living, Changing status of womenStage 4 – CBR and CDR both low. Population steady.Reasons – later marriages, improved status of women, good health care, reliable food supply, longer life expectancyStage 5 – CBR slightly decreasing, CDR stable


Epidemiological Transition Model


1971 – Abdel OmranPart of demographic transition model, stage 2sudden and stark increase in population growth rates brought about by medical innovation in disease or sickness therapy and treatmentaccounts for the replacement of infectious diseases by chronic diseases over time due to expanded public health and sanitation


Gravity Model


The gravity model, as social scientists refer to the modified law of gravitation, takes into account the population size of two places and their distance. Since larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction, the gravity model incorporates these two features.The relative strength of a bond between two places is determined by multiplying the population of city A by the population of city B and then dividing the product by the distance between the two cities squared.


Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition

movement in search of food

inter-national migration

shift from urban to suburban


Wilbur Zelinskythe stage of demographic transition can predict migration Stage 1high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food rather then permanent migration Stage 2international migration becomes especially important consequence of new technology Stage 3 & Stage 4 in search of economic opportunities shift from urban to suburban


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The Heartland Theory - Halford Mackinder


The Heartland Theory - Halford Mackinder1. Who rules Eastern Europe commands the Heartland2. Who rules the Heartland commands the World Island3. Who rules the World Island commands the World


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Rimland Theory – Nicholas Spykman


Rimland Theory – Nicholas Spykmantheory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.

Von Thunen



• Von Thunen’s model is an a great illustration of the balance between land cost and transportation cost

• All agricultural land uses are maximizing their productivity (rent), which in this case is dependent upon their location from the market (Central City).

• The role of farmer is to maximize his profit which is simply the market price minus the transport and production costs.

• The most productive activities (gardening or milk production) or activities having high transport costs (firewood) locate nearby the market.

Cadastral System



• Cadastral surveys in general: create; mark; define; retrace; resurvey; and reestablish the boundaries and subdivisions of the public lands of the United States

• Township and Range – (rectangular survey system) is based on a grid system that creates 1 square mile sections.

• Metes and Bounds Survey uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land.

• Longlot Survey System – divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

Rural Village Patterns



• Linear Village – formed along a road, dike or levee

• Cluster Village (nucleated) – usually began as a small hamlet at the intersection of two roads and spread out from there.

• Round Village (rundling) – found in Africa, the result of the central cattle corral in the middle

• Walled Village – reminders of a turbulent past, built for protection

• Grid Village – built by Spanish invaders and other colonizers

Weber’s Least Cost Theory



• Weber Least Cost Theory• theory of industrial location in which an industry is located

where the transportation costs of raw materials and final product is a minimum

• Raw Material Oriented –• used when materials are bulky, heavy• Examples: lumber, paper, mining

• Market Oriented• Used when materials are fragile, ubiquitous are heavy or bulky

at market• Examples: Colas, glass, mattresses, furniture

• Break-of-Bulk Oriented• Used when shipping items together over long distances, then

are separated into smaller shipments for short distances• Examples: cars, oil, clothing

Hotelling



• Hotelling

• Locational interdependence

• Location of an industry cannot be understood without reference to other industries of the same kind.

• Two vendors located on pts. A & C, eventually gravitate toward pt. B (moving from this pt. will only hurt profitability)

• A third vendor complicates this (spatially)

Economic Base Model



• Economic Base Model

• Basic Industries produce products for export outside the region – Examples: Agriculture, Mining, Tourism,Federal Government, Manufacturing (Partly)

• Non-Basic produce goods and services for consumption inside the region Examples: Retail, Commercial, Banking, Necessities

• Population Dependent or Residentiary

• Total Economy = Basic + Non-Basic• Basic jobs create additional non-basic jobs

Wallerstein World Systems Theory



• Wallerstein• Core

• Processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology

• Generate more wealth in the world economy • Semi-periphery

• Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring. Places that are exploited by the core but then exploit the periphery.

• Serves as a buffer between core and periphery • Periphery

• Processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology

• Generate less wealth in the world economy

Rostow – Model of Development



• Rostow• traditional – dominant activity is subsistence farming, rigid

social structure, little technology• preconditions of takeoff – society begins to develop

manufacturing, and a more national/international, as opposed to regional, outlook.

• takeoff - short period of intensive growth, in which industrialization begins to occur, and workers and institutions become concentrated around a new industry.

• drive to maturity - long period of time, as standards of living rise, use of technology increases, and the national economy grows and diversifies.

• high mass consumption - economy flourishes in a capitalist system, characterized by mass production and consumerism.

Core-Periphery Stages of Development in a Urban System



• Core-Periphery Stages of Development in a Urban System• Stage 1 (Pre-industrial). The pre-industrial (agricultural) society, with

localized economies and a small scale settlement structure. Each settlement is fairly isolated, activities are dispersed and mobility is low. There are limited differences

• Stage 2 (Transitional). The concentration of the economy in the core city begins as a result of capital accumulation and industrial growth. Trade and mobility increase, but within a pattern dominated by the core even if the overall mobility remained low.

• Stage 3 (Industrial). Through a process of economic growth and diffusion, other growth centers emerge. The main reasons for deconcentration are increasing input costs (mainly labor and land) in the core area.

• Stage 4 (Post-industrial). The urban system becomes fully integrated and spatial inequalities are reduced significantly. The distribution of economic activities creates a specialization and a division of labor linked with intense flows along high capacity transport corridors.

Concentric Zone Model Model;


Concentric Zone Model Model;


• created by E.W. Burgess.

• City grows outward from the CBD in a series of rings

• Inner circle is the CBD (non-residential activities like office and retail)

• Second Ring – zone of transition – industry and poorer quality housing

• Third ring – zone of working-class homes - modest older houses occupied by stable, working-class families.

• Fourth ring – newer more spacious homes – middle class families.

• Fifth ring – commuter zone – this is the area beyond the city. These people typically commute into the city.

• example - Chicago

Hoyt Sector Model;


Hoyt Sector Model;


• The city develops in a series of sectors, not rings.

• As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge from the center.

• Many areas are more attractive for various activities.

• Social classes are found in sectors of a city, not in the rings from the inside out.

• Response to concentric zone model

• Land rent figures in heavily

• Example - Baltimore

Multiple Nuclei Model;


Multiple Nuclei Model;;


• A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve.

• Examples of these nodes are a port, neighborhood business center, university, airport and park.

• Some activities are attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them like things near universities and airports.

• Example – Los Angeles

Borchert Model;


Borchert Model;


• five distinct periods • each epoch is characterized by the impact of a particular

transport technology on the creation and differential rates of growth of American cities.

• Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790–1830);• Iron Horse Epoch (1830–70), characterized by impact of steam

engine technology, and development of steamboats and regional railroad networks;

• Steel Rail Epoch (1870–1920), dominated by the development of long haul railroads and a national railroad network;

• Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920–70), with growth in the gasoline combustion engine;

• Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion (1970–?), also called the High-Technology Epoch.

Latin American City Model;


Latin American City Model


• Also called griffin and Ford Model

• center of the city is the CBD, which is divided into two sections, a traditional and more modern one.

• A commercial spine extends from the CBD, which is surrounded by the elite residential sector.

• There is zone of maturity (middle-class) around the CBD

• Lower class around that, and the very poor squatter areas on the outside, or periferico.

• There are two sections of disamenity (squatters) cutting through to the CBD.

• The gentrification zone is where historic buildings are preserved, and it is located near the CBD.

• The industrial sector is located in the periferico.

Southeast Asia City ;


Southeast Asia City;


• Also known as McGee Model

• Old colonial port zone surrounded by a commercial business district

• No formal CBD, but separate cluster throughout the city

• Western commercial zone (dominated by Chinese merchants)

• Hybrid sectors & zones growing rapidly

• New Industrial parks on the outskirts of the city

Sub-Saharan African City;


Sub-Saharan African City;


• African cities are so different, that is was hard to make a model of them.

• There are typically three CBDs.

• The first one is a colonial CBD from when they were colonies of Europe, which is usually single-story with some traditional architecture.

• The second is a traditional CBD, where vertical growth tends to take place.

• The last is a Market zone, which is usually open-air.

• Surrounding the CBDs are Ethnic neighborhoods, then Industry, and finally poor squatter areas.

Central Place Theory ;


Central Place Theory;


• Developed by Walter Christaller.

• explain the size and spacing of cities that specialize in selling goods and services.

• two basic concepts:1) threshold -- the minimum market needed to bring a firm or city selling goods and services into existence and to keep it in business2) range -- the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services

• chose hexagon, because there is no overlap

• five size communities – hamlet, village, town, city, regional capital

Bid Rent Theory;


Bid Rent Theory;


• price and demand for real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

• Land users will complete with one another for land close to the CBD.

• basis of this theory is the idea that the CBD offers the greatest accessibility to potential customers, thus the highest profit possibilities.

Rank-Size Rule;


Rank-Size Rule;


• established by George Zipf in 1949

• holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a town or city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy.

• or example, a rank 3 city would have ⅓ the population of a country's largest city, a rank four city would have ¼ the population of the largest city, and so on

Galactic City Model;


Galactic City Model;


• Post Industrial City

• representation of distinct decentralization of commercial urban landscape as the economy transitions to having services become the leading form of production.

• A mini edge city that is connected to another city by beltways or highways

AP Human Geography - Mrs. Falco's Social Studies Classesfalco101.weebly.com/Uploads/3/7/9/5/37957065/Flipper.pdfAP Human Geography Population and Migration Political Organization of

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