AP FIZZIX Ch 29-31 PPT Lesson Thingee Atomic & Nucular “Theory” © 2015 D Taylor
Jan 12, 2016
APFIZZIX
APFIZZIX
Ch 29-31 PPT Lesson Thingee
Atomic & Nucular “Theory”
© 2015 D Taylor
Schedule Remaining• Atomic/Nucular (Ch 29 - 31)• 3 wks on learning “PHYSICS”• 6 wks on AP PHAKETS.• Srs on Internship
–Exit Exam (Final X) by ~5/22• Exempt if taking Nat’l Exam• OPTIONAL
–Bye Bye
Intro Stuff – Ch29•Elements
–90 Naturally occurring. Y?–H was the 1st (14BYA)–“Rest” formed in stars
•>Fe in supernovae–Basic building blocks of matter…
Intro Stuff• Electron
–Sorta discovered by Volta and Franklin•Although Ben never flew the kite!
–JJ Thompson 1887•Plum pudding
Overall Atomic History
• ~400 BC: Democritus– “By convention bitter, by convention sweet, but in
reality atoms and void.“– Druggee; used opium leaf
• 1704 AD: Uncle Newton–Proposed a mechanical universe with small
solid masses in motion.• Wood is wood parts…• Water is water parts…
Overall Atomic History
• 1803 AD: John Dalton–Matter is composed of tiny indivisible
particles called atoms. –All atoms of the one element are identical
but are different from the atoms of other elements.
–Chemical reactions consist of rearranging atoms in simple whole number ratios.
Overall Atomic History
• 1859 J. Plucker –Built the first CRT gas discharge tubes
("cathode ray tube").• 1869Dmitri Mendeleev
–Arranged elements into 7 groups with similar properties. He discovered that the properties of elements "were periodic functions of the their atomic weights". This became known as the Periodic Law.
Overall Atomic History
• 1894 G.J. Stoney–Proposed that electricity was made of
discrete negative particles he called electrons .
Overall Atomic History
• 1896: JJ Thomson–Nobel 1906
• Cathode Rays–Calculated q/m (1.76 x 1011)–Identified “small negative bodies”–He called them “corpuscles”
Overall Atomic History
• 1903 Nagaoka–Postulated a "Saturnian" model of the
atom with flat rings of electrons revolving around a positively charged particle.
+ -
Overall Atomic History
• 1905 Albert Einstein (3/14/1879 : Day)–The “Wonder Year” (Annus Mirabilis papers)–Published 4 papers that turned science
on it’s proverbial head…• Photoelectric Effect: Quantized light• Brownian Motion : Explained molecular
motion & EXISTENCE of atoms• Special Relativity : ‘c’ is fixed• Mass/Energy Equivalency: the famous
equation E=mc2
Overall Atomic History
• 1909: James Millikan–Nobel 1923–Oil Drop Experiment
• Found charge, thereby the mass of electron
• Details later
Overall Atomic History• 1911: Ernest Rutherford• Proposed a nuclear model of the atom in
which: – a very small positively charged nucleus
containing most of the mass of the atom – a very large volume around the nucleus in
which electrons move – a nucleus containing positively charged protons – number of protons equal to the number of
electrons• NAMED & nuclear radiations
Overall Atomic History• 1911: Ernest Rutherford
–Postulated the existence of a neutral particle in the nucleus to make up for the calculated mass deficiency in the atoms studied.
• 1914 H.G.J. Moseley– Using x-ray tubes, determined the charges on the
nuclei of most atoms. He wrote "The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus". This work was used to reorganize the periodic table based upon atomic number instead of atomic mass.
Overall Atomic History• 1913: Niels Bohr (Nobel 1922)• Proposed a 'planetary' model for the
hydrogen atom: – Electrons move around the nucleus in fixed orbits (like
planets around the sun). An electron in a particular orbit has constant energy.
– An electron can absorb energy and move to a higher energy orbit of larger radius. (excited electrons)
– An excited electron can fall back to its original orbit by emitting energy as radiation.
– Electrons can only exist in certain discrete energy levels.
Overall Atomic History• 1927 Heisenberg (Nobel 1932)
–Described atoms by means of formula connected to the frequencies of spectral lines. Proposed Principle of Indeterminancy - you can not know both the position and velocity of a particle.
• 1932: James Chadwick–Found Rutherford’s proposed Neutron.
Overall Atomic History• ~400 BC: Democritus• 1803 AD: John Dalton
Mendeleev’s 1st PD
Mendeleev - 1871
Mendeleev - 1871
http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/media/magazine/articles/28-3-setting-the-table.aspx
Thomson PP Model - 1898
Intro Stuff•John Millikan - 1909
–Oil drop experiment. Nobel ‘23•Webpage DEMO
mgEq
FF
F
gE
0
PHET Simulation
Intro Stuff•John Millikan
Intro Stuff•John Rutherford Scattering - 1911
•Webpage
Intro Stuff• John ‘Neils’ Bohr - 1913
–Planetary model•Dense nucleus
–P & N•Orbiting electrons
Bohr (Neils) Model
• “Planetary” model–Each ‘quantum’ represents a
new ‘orbit’–Nucleus at the center–However,…
IT. IS. WRONG.
Problem w/Bohr Model…
Bohr Model
• Bohr’s model was able to–Account for observed spectral lines–Calculate the radius of H atoms
• DID NOT account for–Atoms other than H!–Why energy was quantized!
• His idea of electrons moving in fixed orbits like planets was quickly abandoned, but still taught 102 yr later.
Chadwick Neutrons - 1932
• Nobel 1935
“Mysterious Radiation”Thought to be before.
Heavy N Nucleusii
Neutral – No B DeflectionBut, NO PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
DeBroglie Theory - 1924
• Nobel 1929• Suggested electrons have
wave properties, might even be waves.–Represented by a standing wave–DEMO–Therefore, each e- path must be a
whole (integral) number of ’s
deBroglie Explanation ofBohr Atomic Model - LINK
Section 27-13
DeBroglie Theory - 1924
• Wavelengths of all particles are
• = wavelength• h = Planck’s Constant• m = mass (kg)• v = velocity (m/s)
mv
h
DeBroglie Theory - 1924
• Calculate of H e-
mx
smxkgxs
mkgx
mv
h
10
631
234
103.3
102.2101.9
106.6
Schroedinger’s Theory - 1932
• Nobel 1933 w/Dirac• Fully described motion, energy, and
placement of electrons in one equation.–MUCH too difficult to show you without
having your head explode… –So here it is…
Intro Stuff• Line Spectra
–LINK THINGEE•Thru X-Rays
IR?
UV?
Spectral Lines
Red Shift?
91-122 nm365-656 nm
820-1875 nm
3000-4000 nm
Visible Light =400-700 nm
Radio
IR
VisibleUV
Ch27 Specifics
Planck’s Blackbody Radiation
peak
mKxT
31090.2
• Surface Temp of Sun
Planck’s Blackbody RadiationWein’s Law
Kmx
mKx
mKxT
peak
600010500
1090.2
1090.2
9
3
3
• Surface Temp of Sirius
Planck’s Blackbody RadiationWein’s Law
KTnm
mKxT
000,10300
1090.2 3
Planck’s Quantum Hypothesis
hfE
seVx
sJxh
15
34
1014.4
10626.6
Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric Effect
• Discovered by Heinrich Hertz in 1897 (Nobel 1925)– Originally called “Hertz Effect”
• In 1899, J. J. Thomson investigated ultraviolet light. Thomson deduced that cathode rays consisted of negatively charged particles, later called electrons, which he called "corpuscles".
Photoelectric Effect
• The answer was finally provided in 1905 by Albert Einstein (who else?) who suggested that light, at least sometimes, should be considered to be composed of small bundles of energy or particles called photons.
Photoelectric Effect
• Einstein (‘05) theorized that the energy in each quantum (photon) of light was equal to the frequency of the light multiplied by a constant, h, later called Planck's (Nobel 1918) constant.
• 1915 : Millikan showed that Einstein's prediction was correct.– 10 years AFTER Big Al showed the math and
predicted existence of photons.• Al: Nobel 1921
Photoelectric Effect
o
ooMax
hf
WhfKEFor you, Ross!
Phet Sim…
PhotoElectric Example?• What is the speed of an ejected electron
from a Na surface of = 2.28 eV when illuminated by = 410 nm?
smx
kgx
eVnmsmx
eVsx
m
Wc
hv
Wc
hmv
WhfKE
o
o
ooMax
5
31
815
2
101.5
1011.9
28.2410
/1031014.42
2
2
1
E, m, & P of photons• Relativity? Yep.• Rest mass:
• Energy:
• Momentum:
0m
hfKE
???
h
c
hf
c
EP
Pccv
PmcE
22
Photon P: EX 27-6• 1019 photons emitted per second from 100W
light bulb are all shot at a black piece of paper and absorbed. Find the Pper-photon and Ftotal.
NF
smkgx
t
hN
t
PF
smkgx
nm
sJxhP
8
27119
2734
10
103.1sec10
103.1500
1063.6
Photon Interaction / Pair Production• PhotoEffect: photon knocks e- out of atom
and photon disappears.• Photon knocks e- into higher state and photon
disappears.• **Photon scatters from e- giving some E to e-
and photon loses E. (Compton Scattering)• Pair Production: Photon actually creates
matter.
Honors / APFIZZIX
Honors / APFIZZIX
Ch H24/AP30 PPT Lesson Thingee
Nuclear FIZZIX
Intro Stuff•THE Nucleus–Why are they there?
Nuclear STRONG Force!
Intro Stuff•Nuclear Radiation–Alpha,
42He
Intro Stuff•Nuclear Radiation–Beta,
e
Intro Stuff•Nuclear Radiation–Gamma,
Photon
Not-So-Intro Stuff•- decay & release of Energy:–- (electron) is NOT in the parent nucleus and is NOT an orbital e-!
Not-So-Intro Stuff•- decay–No P+ + e-
–HUH?
Particles:
• Quarks (1967; Murray Gell Mann)–Charges of -1/3 or +2/3–Makes Hadrons [nucleons best
known]–Nucleons (Fermionic Hadrons)
• 3 Quarks each• Proton = uud
– u has +2/3, d has -1/3
• Neutron = udd
- Energy release
ePaTh 01
23491
23490
- Energy release
MeVE
MeVu
uu
27.0
5.9311
00029.004330.23404359.234
04330.23404359.234
Y?
eVxE
JxeVJxE
xkgxE
mcE
kgxu
8
1910
2827
2
27
10315.9
106022.11049449.1
109979.21066054.1
1066.11
MeVu 5.9311
EX 30-3 pg 838• Find mass defect of He nucleus
032980.4
)007825.1(2)008665.1(2
2242
uu
mmHe Hn
EX 30-3 pg 838• Find mass defect of He nucleus
• However…
032980.4
)007825.1(2)008665.1(2
2242
uu
mmHe Hn
umHe 002603.4
EX 30-3 pg 838• Missing mass?
• Where is it? What happened to it? What the WHAT?– Energy: KE or radiation– Called Binding Energy (Energy needed to break
the nucleus apart.)
MeVuMeVu
uuu
3.285.931030377.0
030377.0002603.4032980.4
EX 30-6 pg 843• Disintegration Energy of UTh?
uHe
uTh
uU
HeThU
ThU
002603.4
028731.228
037146.232
?
42
22890
23292
42
22890
23292
22890
23292
EX 30-6 pg 843• Disintegration Energy of UTh?
MeV
uMeVuE
u
uum
uU
u
uuHeTh
4.5
5.931005812.0
005812.0
031334.232037146.232
037146.232
031334.232
002603.4028731.228
23292
42
22890
Intro Stuff•Nuclear Radiation–Human exposure
Natural
Medical
Weapons
Nuke Plants
KnotesEXAM #7 THIS WEEK
B & Atomic/Nuclear Intro Shtuff MG: Tuesday SA: FRIDAY!
Background radiation:24+27+28+40+200 =319 mrem = 3.19 mSv= 3180 Sv
Doses• The following is a graphical
representation of human radiation absorption.
• Just in case the numbers are confusing…
• Based on radiation data provided by the lead nuclear reactor operator at Reed College, Oregon– http://reactor.reed.edu/
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
Note: FOR A YEAR!!!
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
Note: 36.5 Sv FOR A YEAR!!!
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
Note: A COAL PLANT!!!
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
http://xkcd.com/radiation/
Doses (Wiki: Sieverts)
• 0 – 0.25 Sv (0 - 250 mSv): None• 0.25 – 1 Sv (250 - 1000 mSv): Some people feel nausea
and loss of appetite; bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen damaged.
• 1 – 3 Sv (1000 - 3000 mSv): Mild to severe nausea, loss of appetite, infection; more severe bone marrow, lymph node, spleen damage; recovery probable, not assured.
• 3 – 6 Sv (3000 - 6000 mSv): Severe nausea, loss of appetite; hemorrhaging, infection, diarrhea, skin peels, sterility; death if untreated.
• 6 – 10 Sv (6000 - 10000 mSv): Above symptoms plus central nervous system impairment; death expected.
• Above 10 Sv (10000 mSv): Incapacitation and death.
Intro Stuff•Half Life–Time it takes for ½ of radioactive material to “disappear”.
tN
N
eNN
o
to
ln
AP B: Don’t need this math…
AP B: Don’t need this math…1
2
ln 2 0.693T
And finally….And finally….
2mcE
Derivation of E=mc2Derivation of E=mc2
Yum-Yum Physics!
E=mc2 meaning?
• Energy/Matter EQUIVALENCY.• Matter changes to Energy &
Verse Visa• THEY ARE THE SAME THING!
Strange World of Sub-Atomic Particles
Thing SizeAtom 1x10-10m (1)
“PROTON” 1x10-15m (1 fm)
Quark < 1x10-19m (1/10,000 th P)
String < 1x10-35m
Particle Adventure
• Online Atomic/Nuclear tutorial• Completed as HOMEWORK!
–Keep an eye on EITHER• DS.com• Giancoli HW Site
–Specific duedates–GRADED!
Honors / APFIZZIX
Honors / APFIZZIX
Ch 25/30 PPT Lesson Thingee
Nuclear Energy
Fuels that Produce Electricity in the U.S.
Comparison ChartONLINE…
Fishin’ or Fooshun?
•Fission–Splitting of nuclei
•Fusion–QT Movie
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
COAL *Inexpensive*Easy to recover (in U.S. and Russia)
*Requires expensive air pollution controls (e.g. mercury, sulfur dioxide)*Significant contributor to acid rain and global warming*Requires extensive transportation system*Dangerous to mine(Chile, W VA… 200 deaths per year…)
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
NUCLEAR(Fission)
*Fuel is inexpensive*Energy generation is the most concentrated source*Waste is more compact than any source*Extensive scientific basis for the cycle*Easy to transport as new fuel*No greenhouse or acid rain effects
*Requires larger capital cost because of emergency, containment, radioactive waste and storage systems*Requires resolution of the long-term high level waste storage issue in most countries*Potential nuclear proliferation issue
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
HYDRO(Water)
*Very inexpensive once dam is built*Government has invested heavily in building dams, particularly in the Western U.S.
*Very limited source since depends on water elevation*Many dams available are currently exist (not much of a future source[depends on country])*Dam collapse usually leads to loss of life*Dams have affected fish (e.g. salmon runs)*Environmental damage for areas flooded (backed up) and downstream
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
WIND *Wind is free if available. As it turns out, the US has many areas available.*Good source for periodic water pumping demands of farms as used earlier in 1900's*Generation and maintenance costs have decreased significantly. Wind is proving to be a reasonable cost renewable source.*Well suited to rural areas. Examples include Mid-Columbia areas of Oregon and Washington, western Minnesota, Atlantic Ocean off Cape Cod.
*Need 3x the amount of installed generation to meet demand*Limited to windy areas. *Limited to small generator size; need many towers.*Highly climate dependent - wind can damage equipment during windstorms or not turn during still summer days.*May affect endangered birds, however tower design can reduce impact..
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
Gas/Oil *Good distribution system for current use levels*Easy to obtain (sometimes)*Better as space heating energy source
*Very limited availability as shown by shortages during winters several years ago & now*Considered to be major contributor to global warming*Very expensive for energy generation*Large price swings with supply and demand*Liquified Natural Gas storage facilities and gas transmission systems have met opposition from environmentalists.
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
SOLAR *Sunlight is free when available*Costs are dropping.
*Limited to southern areas of U.S. and other sunny areas throughout the world (demand can be highest when least available, e.g. winter solar heating)*Does require special materials for mirrors/panels that can affect environment*Current technology requires large amounts of land for small amounts of energy generation
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
BIOMASS *Industry in its infancy*Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used
*Inefficient if small plants are used (<10%)*Considered to be THE significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
Refuse *Fuel can have low cost*Could create jobs because smaller plants would be used*Low sulfur dioxide emissions
*Inefficient if small plants are used*Could be significant contributor to global warming because fuel has low heat content*Flyash contains metals like mercury, arsenic, cadmium and lead*Contain dioxins and furans in air and ash releases
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
H *Combines easily with oxygen to produce water and energy
*Very costly to produce*Takes more energy to produce hydrogen then energy that could be recovered. (NEGATIVE efficiency!)
Stuff Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s)
Fusion *Hydrogen and tritium could be used as fuel source(Plentiful in ocean water)*Higher energy output per unit mass than fission by 106*Low radiation levels associated with process than fission-based reactors
*Breakeven point has not been reached after ~40 years of expensive research and commercially available plants not expected for at least 35 years.(closest is PPPL, NJ. 98% BE)
Leptons & Taus & Quarks! Oh, MY!
• Types of Quarks–Up / Down–Top / Bottom–Charm / Strange