AP EURO Part 2 [9+5] Part 1 [5+1] 2 The Second Industrial Revolution (1820-1900) Part 3 [10+2]

AP EURO

Part 2 [9+5] Part 1 [5+1]

2The Second Industrial

Revolution(1820-1900)

Part 3 [10+2]

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The Second Industrial Revolution (1820-1900)Summary (NO NOTES UNTIL VIII)

A. Summary: Europe witnessed from 1820 to 1900 the development of the Second Industrial Revolution that transformed almost every aspect of everyday life: work, wages, industry, and the social structure.

B. Key Ideas1. Factory system centralized and standardized industrial work.2. Division of labor promoted:

a. Use of unskilled labor.b. Increasing demand for manufacturing workers.c. Lowered workers’ wages due to competition for jobs.

3. Causes of The Second Industrial Revolution.a. Development and expansion of the iron and steel industry. b. Coal mining. c. Steam power.d. Railroads.

4. Effects of The Second Industrial Revolution.a. Social changes.b. Urbanization. c. Standardization of work. d. Increased pace of life.e. Heightened class consciousness.

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Summary (NO NOTES UNTIL VIII)C. Introduction

1. During the 18th century, the development of a more diverse economy propelled by a system of rural manufacturing (sometimes referred to as the First Industrial Revolution) radically increased the demand for manufactured goods.

2. In response, 19thc. entrepreneurs and inventors created a new, more mechanized system of production, known as the factory system.

3. This new system of production, coupled with the introduction of new sources of power, produced a Second Industrial Revolution.

4. This SECOND PHASE of industrialization, lasting from roughly 1820 to 1900, was characterized by the advent of large-scale iron and steel production, the application of the steam engine, and the development of a railway system.

5. The Second Industrial Revolution transformed almost every aspect of European life in the 19th century.

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VIII. The Factory System and the Division of Labor [START NOTES]A. Need to supervise labor.

1. Rural manufacturing system (or cottage industry) a. Peasants left on their own to work.b. Worked at their own pace.c. Limited to speed of the spinning wheel or loom.d. Quality/efficiency not under entrepreneur's control.

2. Factory system.a. Better supervision of labor. b. Quality/efficiency under entrepreneur's control. c. Usually used supervisors.d. Workers at central location.e. Machines and workers under the supervision of

managers.B. Division of labor.

1. Formerly complex tasks.a. Broken down into a series of simple tasks. b. Aided by machines. c. Several simultaneous effects:

1) Replaced skilled craftsmen with unskilled labor.2) Increased the supply of labor.3) Decreased wages.

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VIII. (Continued) The Factory System and…B. (Continued) Division of labor.

1. (Continued) Formerly complex tasks.c. (Continued) Several simultaneous effects:

4) Increased volume manufacturers could produce.5) Allowed products to sell for less and still increase

profits.d. Initially drew more women and children into the

workforce.e. Machines did more and more of the work.f. Decreased number of workers needed.g. Unemployment and competition for jobs. (First Time)

IX. Iron and SteelA. The nineteenth-century iron and steel industry helped to drive the

Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century. B. Demand for Iron.

1. New textile industry machines created increased demand.2. Partly constructed of iron.3. New, larger armies demanded more.

a. Guns.b. Cannon.c. Ammunition. (? I do not see this one but it was in some of the books)

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Oh, cannon balls, now I get it!

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IX. (Continued) Iron and SteelB. (Continued) Demand for Iron.

4. Growing population.1. Nails.2. Tools.

C. Charcoal (traditional) fuel for the iron smelting process.1. Charcoal comes from wood. 2. By 18th century. 3. Charcoal supply decreasing due to dwindling forests.4. Steel smelting limited because using coal as the fuel.

D. Bessemer Process.1. Henry Bessemer.2. 1850s.3. English engineer.4. Way to manufacture steel cheaper and in larger quantities. 5. Steam engine powered smelting furnaces. 6. Increased iron and steel the supply, meeting ever-growing

demand.E. Great Britain, France, Germany, and Belgium (collectively).

A. 1860 = Together produced approximately 125,000 tons of steel. B. 1913 = Together produced nearly 32 million tons.C. In ~50 yrs. a 250x increase/500% increased average per yr.

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SECOND INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

(1820-1900)

PART 1

Comprehension Questions

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1. Which of the following was NOT an effect of the “Division of Labor”?

A. It increased the supply of labor available to manufacturers.

B. It raised wages for manufacturing workers.C. It increased the volume that manufacturers

could produce.D. It allowed manufacturers to sell their products

more cheaply.E. It allowed manufacturers to increase their

profits.

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1. Which of the following was NOT an effect of the “Division of Labor”?

A: is incorrect because the division of labor did increase the supply of labor available to manufacturers by making all jobs unskilled jobs. B: is correct because the division of labor increased the

supply of labor available, thereby causing wages for manufacturing workers to fall, not increase. C: is incorrect because the division of labor increased volume by

speeding up the manufacturing process.D: is incorrect because the combination of increased productivity and cheaper labor allowed manufacturers to sell their products more cheaply and still increase their profits through increased volume. E: is incorrect, see response above for D.

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X. New Sources of PowerA. Coal.

1. Coal mines.2. Most important fuel of the Industrial Revolution. 3. Coal used to heat homes.4. Coals then used to fuel the blast furnaces of the expanding

iron and steel industry. 5. Coal demand increased further as steam engines devoured

enormous quantities of coal for fuel. 6. Used to fuel steam engines pumping water from coal and iron

ore mines.7. Natural deposits of coal:

a. Huge mining industries grew up around them.b. Agricultural production in these areas largely abandoned. c. Peasants drawn by thousands to work in the mines.

B. Steam.1. Perfection of the steam engine (Newcomen/Watt)2. Increased scale and pace of heavy industry.3. Replaced human muscle and hydropower. 4. Early 18th century to pump water out of coal mines.

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X. (Continued) New Sources of PowerB. (Continued) Steam.

5. Used to drive machinery:a. Bellows of iron forges.b. Looms for textile manufacture.c. Grain mills.

6. Allowed entrepreneurs to relocate their mills away from water power sources (Like Mill Times).

7. 1820s & 1830s:a. Entrepreneurs began to exploit the potential of the steam

engine as a source of locomotive power (train – The Rocket).

b. Used to power steamships – now could travel up river. c. 1830s, adapted to power useful freight railway

locomotives.C. Electricity.

1. Near end of 19th century.2. Widespread application boosted 2nd Industrial Revolution. 3. More versatile.4. More easily transported.5. Electrical generators used to power a wide variety of small-

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X. (Continued) New Sources of PowerC. (Continued) Electricity.

6. First large-scale public electric power plant.a. By 1881.b. Britain (where else of course).

7. By end of century lines were run to illuminate houses across Europe.

D. Petroleum and the Internal Combustion Engine.1. Daimler and Benz perfected the internal combustion engine.

a. 1886.b. German engineers.c. Burned petroleum as fuel.d. Create the automobile. e. Yes, there were steam powered cars (Jay Leno owns one).f. Early German automobiles luxury items.

2. Henry Ford.a. 1908.b. American.c. "Model T" an automobile for the common man.d. Mass produced it at large factories. e. Used interchangeable parts.f. Assembly line.g. Cheap labor.

3. Internal combustion & Diesel (kerosene) engines made travel/ transportation cheaper & widely available.

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XI. Railway SystemsA. George Stephenson

1. British inventor. 2. 1820s. 3. Developed a railway line.4. Passenger trains pulled by steam-powered locomotives.

B. Stockton & Darlington Line opened in 1825.C. Liverpool to Manchester by 1830. D. Locomotives’ speed and reliability huge success.E. Created railway boom of the 1830s and 1840s.F. Britain's competitors quickly developed their own railway systems. G. Spurred development of heavy industries.H. Facilitated speedy transportation of iron and steel.I. Consumed large quantities of iron, steel, and coal.

XII. Reciprocal Nature of Heavy IndustryA. The Industrial Quadrangle. (I wrote a paper in college on this)

1. Iron/Steel.2. Steam.3. Coal.4. Railways.5. These four industries created an ever-increasing cycle of

supply and demand that drove the Second Industrial Revolution of the nineteenth century.

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XII. (Continued) Reciprocal Nature of Heavy IndustryB. Iron and steel industry required:

1. Improvements in the steam engine to run its blast furnaces. 2. Greater amounts of coal to fuel the engines.3. Railways to transport both the coal and the smelted iron and

steel.C. Coal industry required:

1. More and improved steam engines to pump water out of the mines.

2. Power for digging machinery.3. Rail and trains to transport the coal.

D. Steam power industry required:1. Iron and steel to forge the engines.2. Coal to run the engines.3. Railways to transport them to factory sites.

E. Railways required:1. Huge amounts of steel and iron for the construction of:

a. Engines.b. Rail cars.c. Track.d. Steam engines to drive the locomotives and coal to fuel

the engines.

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XIII. The Spread of IndustrializationA. The process of industrialization varied greatly across Europe. B. The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain.

1. Great Britain had several natural advantages:a. Well-developed commercial economy.b. Merchant class with capital to invest.c. Extensive river system ideal for transporting goods

throughout the country.d. Rich coal and iron deposits (early easy access).e. No internal tariffs to inhibit trade.f. Uniform and stable monetary system.g. National banking system.

2. Held the lead for more than a century.C. Industrialization Spread Eastward from Britain

1. Industrial Revolution moved eastward across the Continent, with three generalizations:a. The further east it went, the later the process began.

1) France industrialized later than Britain.2) Germany later than France, with Russia last.

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XIII. (Continued) The Spread of IndustrializationC. (Continued) Industrialization Spread Eastward from Britain

1. (Continued) Industrial Revolution moved eastward…. a. The further east it went, the faster the process occurred.

1) Innovations copied or purchased, rather than invented and developed.

2) France industrialized at a faster pace than Britain.3) Germany faster still, and Russia fastest of all.

b. The further east it went, the more the government was involved.1) Governments feared the political and military effects

of falling behind their rivals.a) No government involvement in industrialization of Britain.

b) Some involvement in France.c) More involvement in German States/Prussia.d) Russian industrialization almost totally government driven.

2) Governments invested heavily in industrialization.

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XIII. (Continued) The Spread of IndustrializationD. (Continued) Russia Lags Behind

1. By 1850 large-scale industrialization had spread to:a. Northeastern France. b. Belgium.c. Northern German States/Prussia. d. Northwestern Italy.

2. Southern, Central, and Eastern areas of Europe lag behind:a. Italy.b. Poland.c. Russia.d. Due to insufficient natural resources.e. Lack of a commercialized agricultural system to allow for

a mobile workforce. f. These areas retained their rural character.

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XIII. (Continued) The Spread of IndustrializationD. (Continued) Russia Lags Behind

3. Russia lagged behind until two successive Tsars:a. Both determined that Russia should become an industrial

power. b. Alexander III (1881–1894):

1) 1892.2) Appointed Serge Witte as finance minister. 3) Under Witte's leadership, Russia became an iron- and

steel-producing nation.c. Nicholas II (1894–1917) [the last Tsar]:

1) Extensive factories in Moscow and St Petersburg by 1900.

2) Trans-Siberian railroad linking European Russia with Asia East nearly completed by 1904.

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SECOND INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

(1820-1900)

PART 2

Comprehension Questions

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2. The invention of new forms of power such as steam and electricity led to ______________________.

A. the creation of the factory system B. facilitated the invention of the automobileC. decreased demand for coalD. allowed manufacturers to relocate their mills

away from water sourcesE. doomed the shipping industry

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2. The invention of new forms of power such as steam and electricity led to ______________________.

A: is incorrect because the factory system is a way of organizing labor; it is not dependent on a particular source of power.

B: is incorrect because the invention of the automobile was facilitated by the invention of the internal combustion engine, not steam and electricity. C: is incorrect because both steam engines and electrical generators relied on coal for fuel, therefore INCREASING demand for it. D: is correct as the shift to steam and electrical power and

away from hydropower allowed manufacturers to move away from water sources and relocate in more

convenient locations. E: is incorrect because, although the invention of the steam locomotive led to a railway boom, the application of it to ships allowed the shipping industry to prosper as well.

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3. In general, the Second Industrial Revolution in Europe ______________________.

A. began on the Continent and spread in all directions

B. took place in Great BritainC. took place more slowly in Eastern EuropeD. was stimulated by government investment in

Western EuropeE. took place later but more rapidly in Eastern

Europe

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3. In general, the Second Industrial Revolution in Europe ______________________.

A: is incorrect because the Second Industrial Revolution originated in Great Britain and spread eastward across Europe, not in all directions. B: is incorrect because the Second Industrial Revolution was not

unique to nor contained in Britain. C: is incorrect because the Second Industrial Revolution occurred LATER but more rapidly in Eastern Europe. D: is incorrect because there was more government investment

involved in EASTERN Europe where governments feared falling economically and technologically behind their Western rivals.E: is correct as the Second Industrial Revolution originated in Britain and took place later but more rapidly in Eastern Europe, which was able to copy and purchase key industrial innovations.

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4. The railway boom of the 1830s and 1840s ______________________.

A. increased demand for steel but decreased demand for coal

B. did not affect the demand for steelC. increased demand for both steel and coalD. increased demand for coal but decreased

demand for steelE. did not affect the demand for coal

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4. The railway boom of the 1830s and 1840s ______________________.

A: is incorrect because the railway boom increased demand for BOTH steel and coal.

B: is incorrect because the railway boom did affect the demand for steel: It increased demand.C: is correct as the railway boom increased demand for steel because steel was required for the manufacture of railway engines, cars, and rails; it also increased demand for coal because coal was the fuel for steam locomotives. D: is incorrect because the railway boom increased demand for

BOTH steel and coal. E: is incorrect because the railway boom did affect the demand for coal: It also increased demand.

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5. Which of the following was an advantage enjoyed by Great Britain that helps to explain why the Second Industrial Revolution originated there?

A. An extensive river system.B. The lack of internal trade tariffs.C. A well-developed commercial economy.D. Natural resources.E. All of the above.

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5. The railway boom of the 1830s and 1840s ______________________.

A: is correct because Britain's extensive river system allowed it to move raw materials and manufactured goods with relative ease. Always read ALL the answer choices to make sure there is not a better answer farther down.B: is correct because the lack of internal trade tariffs allowed manufacturers to buy and transport materials without eating into their profit. Always read ALL the answer choices to make sure there is not a better answer elsewhere in the choices.C: is correct because Britain's well-developed commercial economy provided both a merchant class and capital for investment. D: is correct because Britain's rich deposits of iron and coal provided the necessary raw materials. Always read ALL the answer choices to make sure there is not a better answer elsewhere in the choices.E: is correct as it is the BEST answer choice. Although not

necessarily listed in the same way some synthesis is necessary like on the real Exam: Natural Resources

stands in for Iron and Coal deposits. The others are correct too but of course this is the BEST answer choice.

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6. In Russia, _______________________.

A. industrialization occurred rapidly under the direction of the government

B. industrialization was a gradual processC. textile production was crucial to the

industrialization processD. railway construction was deemed unnecessary

for industrializationE. industrialization occurred early and rapidly due

to trade with the East

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6. In Russia, _______________________.

A: is correct as Industrialization occurred rapidly in Russia under the direction of finance minister Serge Witte.

B: is incorrect because Russia industrialized LATER than its European rivals but VERY RAPIDLY, with most of the process taking place between 1892 and 1904. C: is incorrect because Russian industrialization was driven by its railway construction and steel production, not by its textile

industry. D: is incorrect because the construction of the trans-Siberian railway was very necessary—indeed, a crucial part of Russian industrialization. E: is incorrect because again, Russia did NOT industrialize early; it industrialized LATER than its European counterparts.

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XIV.Social EffectsA. The Second Industrial Revolution transformed European society in

significant ways:1. Urbanization:

a. Rapid Change.b. Hastily built housing in cities.c. Life nearer to the factories.

2. Families:a. Separated as compared to Cottage Industry.b. Place of work shifted from the home to factories.

3. Workers:a. Work lost its seasonal quality.b. Workers required to follow a routine schedule. c. Overall health of the workforce declined.d. Harsh and unhealthy conditions in the factories.e. The availability of work became unpredictable.f. Employment rose and fell with the demand for goods.

4. Pace of Work:a. Driven by machines.b. Increased dramatically, machines never sleep.

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XIV.(Continued) Social EffectsA. (Continued) The Second Industrial Revolution transformed….

5. Women:a. First been drawn into cities to work in the factories.b. Gradually lost their manufacturing jobs as machines

decreased the demand for labor.c. Cut off from their families for support.d. Many had no other option than prostitution.

6. Artisans and craftsmen:a. Lost their livelihoods.b. Unable to compete with the lower cost of mass-produced

goods.7. Marriage:

a. Traditional impediment disappeared (land).b. People began to marry younger.

8. Class Structure:a. Further change.b. Industrialization created class of newly wealthy

industrialists.c. Middle class managers and clerks precariously situated.

B. A much greater portion of the population could afford factory-made goods.

C. Close working and living conditions produced a sense of class consciousness among the working class.

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XV. Artistic Movements in the Industrial AgeA. Artistic expression in the INDUSTRIAL AGE was dominated by

three styles: REALISM, IMPRESSIONISM, and POST-IMPRESSIONISM.

B. Realism:1. Middle of the 19th century.2. Young painters rejected both the romantic fantasies and the

glorification of the past that had interested their predecessors. 3. Sought to accurately and honestly render the life around them

in meticulous detail. 4. Gustav Courbet.

a. Primary example of the Realist Movement.b. His Burial at Ornans (1849–1850).

1) Depicted members of a small village burying one of its community members.

2) Without any particular emotion or moral message.5. By the late 19th century, Realism gave way to the impressionist

movement.

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XV. (Continued) Artistic Movements in the Industrial AgeC. (Continued) Impressionism:

1. The impressionists desired to render not the reality of the scene but the reality of the visual experience.

2. The visual experience interaction between:a. Light.b. Color.c. Human perception.

3. Created images by painting with visible brush strokes and heightened color.

4. Édouard Manet's.a. His work, Impressionisme soleil levant, or Impressionism,

Sunrise (1872).b. Often cited as the work that gave impressionism its name.

5. Other influential impressionist painters:a. Pierre Auguste Renoir.b. Edgar Degas.c. Claude Monet. (Yes, there is a Monet and Manet)

6. After about a decade, a new generation of painters began to reject the limitations imposed by the impressionist movement.

7. Teacher View: I recognize these pictures in that they look more like what they are supposed to be when you squint.

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XV. (Continued) Artistic Movements in the Industrial AgeD. Post-Impressionism:

1. Combined:a. Visible brush strokes.b. Heightened color.c. Real-life subject matter.d. Emphasis on geometric form.e. Unnatural color to create a more emotionally expressive

effect. 2. Vincent van Gogh.

a. Perhaps the most famous post-impressionist painter.b. His Starry Night (1889) quintessential example.

3. Other Post-Impressionist painters of the late 19th century.a. Georges Seurat.b. Mary Cassatt. (note: female painter)c. Paul Gauguin.d. Paul Cézanne.

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XVI.Science in the Industrial AgeA. Dominate physical sciences in the 19th century.

1. Advances in gas theory.2. Spirit of scientific realism 3. Concentrated on providing a scientific understanding of the

processes that drove the engines of the Industrial Revolution.B. Kinetic Theory of Gases.

1. Middle of the 19th century.2. German Rudolph Clausius and Scotsman James Maxwell:

a. Physicists.b. Their theory envisioned gas pressure and temperature as

resulting from a certain volume of molecules in motion.c. Measure and predict, pressure and temperature

statistically. C. Laws of Thermodynamics.

1. Later in the 19th century.2. Robert Mayer, Hermann von Helmholtz, and William

Thompson. a. Physicistsb. Pursued statistical analysis for laws.

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XVI. (Continued) Science in the Industrial AgeD. “Matter in Motion" Models.

1. Physics success created a wider philosophical movement.2. All natural phenomena understood as the result of:

a. Matter.b. Motion.

E. Materialism Movement.1. First articulated by a trinity of German natural philosophers:

a. Karl Vogt, Jakob Moleschott, and Ludwig Büchner. b. By the end of the 19th century.c. Foundational assumption of the scientific view of the

world.F. Theory of Evolution.

1. Natural sciences.2. 19th century.3. Dominated by natural selection. 4. Charles Darwin.

a. Young man. b. Sailed around the globe as the naturalist for the HMS

Beagle.c. Five-year voyage.d. 1831 – 1836.e. Collected specimens for shipment home to England.f. Observations on the flora and fauna.

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XVI. (Continued) Science in the Industrial AgeF. (Continued) Theory of Evolution.

5. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life.a. Written by Darwin.b. Twenty-three years after HMS Beagle voyage.c. Shorten to Origin, or Origin of the Species in common

usage.d. Six editions. e. Offered explanation to the two questions at the heart of

19thc. natural science: 1) Why was there so much diversity among living

organisms?2) Why did organisms seem to "fit" into the

environments in which they lived? f. Darwin's answer:

1) Not God's will or a process of creation as prior responders.

2) More materialist in nature. 3) Diversity and the environmental "fit" of living

organisms to their environment due to "natural selection."

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XVI. (Continued) Science in the Industrial AgeF. (Continued) Theory of Evolution.

6. Central organizing principle of the science of biology.7. The Descent of Man.

a. Written by Darwin.b. 1871.c. Explained how human beings came into being through

natural selection.d. This was a step further than Origins which led to

Evolution Theory & Church/Religious opposition.Rapid Review (NO NOTES)

A. Between 1820 and 1900, the demand for goods on the part of a steadily increasing population was met by entrepreneurs who created the factory system.

B. The new system standardized and increased industrial production. C. As the century went on, the development of four interrelated heavy

industries—iron and steel, coal mining, steam power, and railroads—combined to drive Europe's economy to unprecedented heights, constituting a Second Industrial Revolution.

D. The urbanization, standardization of work, and effects of the class system wrought by the Second Industrial Revolution significantly transformed social life in Europe.

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(Continued) Rapid Review (NO NOTES)E. The changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution provoked new

developments in both the arts and sciences. F. In the arts, the three related styles of realism, impressionism, and

postimpressionism developed. G. Progress in the physical sciences manifested itself in the

development of the kinetic theory of gases, while the natural sciences were dominated by Charles Darwin's innovative theory of evolution by natural selection.

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SECOND INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

(1820-1900)

PART 3

Comprehension Questions

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7. One of the ways in which the Second Industrial Revolution affected the social structure of Europe was to produce ______________________.

A. a more even distribution of wealthB. a lower middle class of managers and clerksC. poor peopleD. a merchant classE. gender equity

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7. One of the ways in which the Second Industrial Revolution affected the social structure of Europe was to produce ______________________.

A: is incorrect because the Second Industrial Revolution did nothing to distribute wealth MORE EVENTLY throughout the population; instead, it made a RELATIVELY SMALL NUMBER of industrialists and entrepreneurs fabulously wealthy and made some workers better off than before. B: is correct as the factory system that was characteristic of the Second Industrial Revolution required and produced a class of managers and clerks whose pay and status located them precariously at the lower end of the middle class. C: is incorrect because the poor had existed before the Second

Industrial Revolution.D: is incorrect because a merchant class existed in Europe prior to the Second Industrial Revolution. E: is incorrect because, although many women initially found work in the factories of the Second Industrial Revolution, they were not paid equally and were the first to be let go when increasing

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8. As a result of the Second Industrial Revolution, the majority of skilled artisans and craftsmen _________.

A. prosperedB. became managers in factoriesC. lost their livelihoodsD. moved to towns and citiesE. were women

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8. As a result of the Second Industrial Revolution, the majority of skilled artisans and craftsmen _________.

A: is incorrect because the skilled artisans and craftsmen did not prosper; instead, they faced either unemployment or factory

work at wages much lower than the profits they had made in their shops. B: is incorrect because a factory manager was a new breed whose job was to keep the factory running at peak efficiency and whose skills were unrelated to those of the old artisans and craftsmen. C: is correct because factory-produced goods could be made in greater quantity and sold more cheaply, most skilled

artisans and craftsmen were unable to compete and lost their livelihoods.

D: is incorrect because unlike their agricultural counterparts, artisans and craftsmen had always located themselves in towns and cities. E: is incorrect because neither men nor women were being drawn into these professions during the Second Industrial Revolution.

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