AP Equation Key2

Double Replacement1. Hydrogen sulfide is bubbled through a solution of silver nitrate.

H2S(g) + 2AgNO3(aq) 2HNO3(aq) + Ag2S(s)H2S + 2Ag+ + 2NO3- 2H+ +2NO3- + Ag2SH2S + 2Ag+ 2H+ + Ag2S

2. An excess of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of magnesium nitrate.

2OH- + Mg2+ Mg(OH)2

3. Solutions of sodium iodide and lead nitrate are mixed.

2I- + Pb2+ PbI2

4. A solution of ammonia is added to a solution of ferric chloride.

3NH3(g) + 3H2O(l) + FeCl3(aq) 3NH4Cl(aq) + Fe(OH)3(s)3NH3 + 3H2O + Fe3+ + 3Cl- 3NH4+ + 3Cl- + Fe(OH)3 3NH3 + 3H2O + Fe3+ 3NH4+ + Fe(OH)3

5. Solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chromate are mixed.

2Ag+ + CrO42- Ag2CrO4

6. Excess silver acetate is added to a solution of trisodium phosphate.

3Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4

7. Manganese(II) nitrate solution is mixed with sodium hydroxide solution.

Mn2+ + 2OH- Mn(OH)2

8. A saturated solution of calcium hydroxide is added to a solution of magnesium chloride.

Mg2+ + 2OH- Mg(OH)2

9. Hydrogen sulfide gas is added to a solution of cadmium nitrate.

H2S + Cd2+ CdS + 2H+

10. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium acetate.2H+ + SO42- + Ba2+ + 2C2H3O2- BaSO4 + 2HC2H3O2

11. A precipitate is formed when solutions of trisodium phosphate and calcium chloride are mixed.

2PO43- + 3Ca2+ Ca3(PO4)2

12. A solution of copper(II) sulfate is added to a solution of barium hydroxide.

Cu2+ + SO42- + Ba2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2 + BaSO4

13. Equal volumes of dilute equimolar solutions of sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid are mixed.

Na2CO3(aq) + HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq)2Na+ + CO32- + H+ +Cl- Na+ + Cl- + Na+ + HCO3-H+ + CO32- HCO3-

14. Solid barium peroxide is added to cold dilute sulfuric acid.

BaO2(s) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + H2O2(l)BaO2 +2H+ + SO42- BaSO4 + H2O2

15. Excess hydrochloric acid solution is added to a solution of potassium sulfite.

2HCl(aq) + K2SO3(aq) H2O(l) + SO2(g) + 2KCl(aq)2H+ + 2Cl- + 2K+ + SO32- H2O + SO2 + 2K+ + 2Cl-2H+ + SO32- H2O + SO2

16. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium chloride.

H2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)2HCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)2H+ + SO42- + Ba2+ + 2Cl- 2H+ + 2Cl- + BaSO4SO42- + Ba2+ BaSO4

17. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of ammonium chloride.

NaOH(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) NaCl(aq) + NH3(g) + H2O(l)Na+ + OH- + NH4+ + Cl- Na+ + Cl- + NH3 + H2ONH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O

18. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of potassium carbonate.

2HCl(aq) + K2CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2KCl(aq)2H+ + 2Cl- + 2K+ + CO32- H2O + CO2 + 2K+ + 2Cl-2H+ + CO32- H2O + CO2

19. Gaseous hydrogen sulfide is bubbled through a solution of nickel(II) nitrate.

H2S(g) + Ni(NO3)2(aq) 2HNO3(aq) + NiS(s)H2S + Ni2+ + 2NO3- 2H+ + 2NO3- + NiSH2S + Ni2+ NiS + 2H+

20. A solution of sodium sulfide is added to a solution of zinc nitrate.

Na2S(aq) + Zn(NO3)2(aq) 2NaNO3(aq) + ZnS(s)2Na+ + S2- + Zn2+ + 2NO3- 2Na+ + 2NO3- + ZnSS2- + Zn2+ ZnS Better:HS- + OH- + Zn2+ ZnS + H2O

21. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to solid manganese(II) sulfide.

2H+ + MnS H2S + Mn2+

22. Solutions of tri-potassium phosphate and zinc nitrate are mixed.

2PO43- + 3Zn2+ Zn3(PO4)2

23. Dilute acetic acid solution is added to solid magnesium carbonate.2HC2H3O2 + MgCO3 H2O + CO2 + Mg2+ + 2C2H3O2-

24. Gaseous hydrofluoric acid reacts with solid silicon dioxide.

4HF + SiO2 2H2O + SiF4

25. Equimolar amounts of trisodium phosphate and hydrogen chloride, both in solution, are mixed.

PO43- + H+ HPO42-

26. Ammonium chloride crystals are added to a solution of sodium hydroxide.

NH4Cl + OH- NH3 + H2O + Cl-

27. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of lead(II) nitrate.

H2S + Pb2+ PbS + 2H+

28. Solutions of silver nitrate and sodium chromate are mixed.

2Ag+ + CrO42- Ag2CrO4

29. Solutions of sodium fluoride and dilute hydrochloric acid are mixed.

F- + H+ HF

30. A saturated solution of barium hydroxide is mixed with a solution of iron(III) sulfate.

3Ba2+ + 6OH- + 2Fe3+ + 3SO42- 3BaSO4 + 2Fe(OH)3

31. A solution of ammonium sulfate is added to a potassium hydroxide solution.

NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O

32. A solution of ammonium sulfate is added to a saturated solution of barium hydroxide.

2NH4+ + SO42- + Ba2+ +2OH- 2NH3 + 2H2O + BaSO4

33. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to solid calcium fluoride.

2H+ + SO42- + CaF2 CaSO4 + 2HF

34. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a dilute solution of mercury(I) nitrate.

2Cl- + Hg22+ Hg2Cl2

35. Dilute sulfuric acid is added to a solution of lithium hydrogen carbonate.

H+ + HCO3- H2O + CO2

36. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of potassium sulfite.

2H+ + SO32- H2O + SO2

37. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through water containing a suspension of calcium carbonate.

CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O 2HCO3- + Ca2+

38. Excess concentrated sulfuric acid is added to solid calcium phosphate.

3H2SO4 + Ca3(PO4)2 2H3PO4 + 3CaSO4 (or 3Ca2+ + 3SO42-)

39. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled into a solution of mercury(II) chloride.

H2S + Hg2+ HgS + 2H+

40. Solutions of zinc sulfate and sodium phosphate are mixed.

3Zn2+ + 2PO43 - Zn3(PO4)2

41. Solutions of silver nitrate and lithium bromide are mixed.

Ag+ + Br- AgBr

42. Solutions of manganese(II) sulfate and ammonium sulfide are mixed.

Mn2+ + S2- MnS or better:Mn2+ + HS- + OH- MnS + H2O

43. Excess hydrochloric acid solution is added to a solution of potassium sulfite.

2H+ + SO32- H2O + SO2 (or H2SO3)

SingleReplacement1. A piece of aluminum metal is added to a solution of silver nitrate.

Al(s) + 3AgNO3(aq) Al(NO3)3(aq) + 3Ag(s)Al + 3Ag+ + 3NO3- Al3+ + 3NO3- + 3AgAl + 3Ag+ Al3+ + 3Ag

2. Aluminum metal is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride.

2Al(s) + 3CuCl2(aq) 3Cu(s) + 2AlCl3(aq)2Al + 3Cu2+ + 6Cl- 3Cu + 2Al3+ + 6Cl-2Al + 3Cu2+ 2Al3+ + 3Cu

3. Hydrogen gas is passed over hot copper(II) oxide.

H2 + CuO H2O + Cu

4. Small chunks of solid sodium are added to water.

2Na + 2H2O 2Na+ + 2OH- + H2

5. Calcium metal is added to a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid.

Ca + 2H+ Ca2+ + H2

6. Magnesium turnings are added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.

3Mg + 2Fe3+ 3Mg2+ + 2Fe

7. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of sodium bromide.

Cl2 + 2Br- 2Cl- + Br2

8. A strip of magnesium is added to a solution of silver nitrate.

Mg + 2Ag+ Mg2+ + 2Ag

9. Solid calcium is added to warm water.

Ca + 2H2O Ca2+ + 2OH- + H2

10. Liquid bromine is added to a solution of potassium iodide.

Br2 + 2I- 2Br- + I2

11. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of potassium iodide.

Cl2 + 2I- 2Cl- + I2

12. Lead foil is immersed in silver nitrate solution.

Pb + 2Ag+ Pb2+ + 2Ag

13. Solid zinc strips are added to a solution of copper(II) sulfate.

Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

14. Sodium metal is added to water.

2Na + 2H2O 2Na+ + 2OH- + H2

15. A bar of zinc metal is immersed in a solution of copper(II) sulfate.

Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu

16. A small piece of sodium metal is added to distilled water.

2Na + 2H2O 2Na+ + 2OH- + H2

Combustion

1. Lithium metal is burned in air.

4Li + O2 2Li2O

2. The hydrocarbon hexane is burned in excess oxygen.

2C6H14 + 19O2 12CO2 + 14H2O

3. Gaseous diborane, B2H6, is burned in excess oxygen.

B2H6 + 3O2 B2O3 + 3H2O

4. A piece of solid bismuth is heated strongly in oxygen.

4Bi + 3O2 2Bi2O3

5. Solid zinc sulfide is heated in an excess of oxygen.

2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2

6. Propanol is burned completely in air.

2C3H7OH + 9O2 6CO2 + 8H2O

7. Excess oxygen gas is mixed with ammonia gas in the presence of platinum.

7O2 + 4NH3 4NO2 + 6H2O

8. Gaseous silane, SiH4, is burned in oxygen.

SiH4 + 2O2 SiO2 + 2H2O

9. Ethanol is completely burned in air.

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

10. Solid copper(II) sulfide is heated strongly in oxygen gas.

2CuS + 3O2 2CuO + 2SO2

11. Ethanol is burned in oxygen.

C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

12. Carbon disulfide vapor is burned in excess oxygen.

CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2 or SO3

Anhydrides

1. Excess water is added to solid calcium hydride.

2H2O + CaH2 Ca2+ + 2OH- or (Ca(OH)2) + 2H2

2. Solid lithium hydride is added to water.

LiH + H2O Li+ + OH- + H2

3. Liquid phosphorus trichloride is poured into a large excess of water.

PCl3 + 3H2O H3PO3 + 3H+ + 3Cl-

4. Solid sodium carbide is added to an excess of water.

Na2C2 + 2H2O C2H2 + 2Na+ + 2OH- (carbide ion is C22- or C4-)(Salts such as CaC2 or Na2C2 are called acetylides. They react with water to form acetylene, C2H2.)

5. Solid magnesium nitride is added to excess deuterium oxide.

Mg3N2 + 6D2O 3Mg(OD)2+ 2ND3

or Mg3N2 + 6H2O 3Mg(OH)2+ 2NH3

6. Water is added to a sample of pure phosphorus tribromide.

3H2O + PBr3 H3PO3 + 3H+ + 3Br-

7. Water is added to a sample of pure sodium hydride.

H2O + NaH Na+ + OH- + H2

8. Dinitrogen trioxide gas is bubbled into water.

N2O3 + H2O 2HNO2

9. Solid phosphoruspentachloride is added to excess water.

PCl5 + 4H2O H3PO4 + 5H+ + 5Cl-

10. Solid dinitrogen pentoxide is added to water.

N2O5 + H2O 2H+ + 2NO3-

11. Sulfur trioxide gas is added to excess water.

SO3 + H2O 2H+ + SO42-

12. Solid sodium oxide is added to water.

Na2O + H2O 2Na+ + 2OH-

13. Phosphorus(V) oxytrichloride is added to water.

POCl3 + 3H2O H3PO4+ 3H+ + 3Cl-

14. Water is added to a sample of solid magnesium nitride.

6H2O + Mg3N2 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3

15. Solid potassium oxide is added to water.

K2O + H2O 2K+ + 2OH-

16. Solid sodium cyanide is added to water.

NaCN + H2O HCN + Na+ + OH-

17. Trisodium phosphate crystals are added to water.

Na3PO4 + H2O 3Na+ + OH- + HPO42- ( or H2PO4-)

18. Solid lithium oxide is added to excess water.

Li2O + H2O 2Li+ + 2OH-

19. Solid barium oxide is added to distilled water.

BaO + H2O Ba2+ + 2OH-

20. Solid calcium hydride is added to distilled water.

CaH2+ 2H2O Ca2+ + 2OH- or (Ca(OH)2) + 2H2

21. Phosphorous(V) oxide powder is sprinkled over distilled water.

P2O5 + 3H2O 2H3PO4

Redox

1. Iron(III) ions are reduced by iodide ions.

2Fe3+ + 2I- 2Fe2+ + I2

2. Potassium permanganate solution is added to concentrated hydrochloric acid.

2MnO4- + 16H+ + 10Cl- 2Mn2+ + 5Cl2 + 8H2O

3. Magnesium metal is added to dilute nitric acid, giving as one of the products a compound in which the oxidation number for nitrogen is -3.

4Mg + 10H+ + NO3- NH4+ + 4Mg2+ + 3H2O

4. A solution of potassium iodide is electrolyzed.

2I- + 2H2O I2 + H2 + 2OH-

5. Potassium dichromate solution is added to an acidified solution of sodium sulfite.

Cr2O72- + 3SO32- + 8H+ 2Cr3+ + 3SO42- + 4H2O

6. Solutions of potassium iodide, potassium iodate, and dilute sulfuric acid are mixed.

5I- + IO3- + 6H+ 3H2O + 3I2

7. A solution of tin(II) sulfate is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.

Sn2+ + 2Fe3+ Sn4+ + 2Fe2+

8. Metallic copper is heated with concentrated sulfuric acid.

Cu + 2H+ + H2SO4 Cu2+ + SO2 + 2H2O

9. Manganese(IV) oxide is added to warm, concentrated hydrobromic acid.

MnO2 + 4H+ + 2Br- Mn2+ + Br2 + 2H2O

10. Chlorine gas is bubbled into cold dilute sodium hydroxide.

Cl2 + 2OH- ClO- + Cl- + H2O

11. Solid iron(III) oxide is heated in excess carbon monoxide.

Fe2O3 + 3CO 2Fe + 3CO2

12. Hydrogen peroxide solution is added to acidified potassium iodide solution.

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2I- 2H2O + I2

13. Hydrogen peroxide is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate.

3H2O2 + 8H+ + Cr2O72- 7H2O + 2Cr3+ + 3O2

14. Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled through an acidified solution of potassium permanganate.

5SO2 + 2H2O + 2MnO4- 2Mn2+ + 4H+ + 5SO42-

15. A solution containing tin(II) ions is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate.

3Sn2+ + 14H+ + Cr2O72- 2Cr3+ + 3Sn4+ + 7H2O

16. Solid silver sulfide is warmed with dilute nitric acid.

Ag2S + 4H+ + 2NO3- 2Ag+ + S + 2NO2 + 2H2Oor NO

17. A dilute solution of sulfuric acid is electrolyzed between platinum electrodes.

2H2O 2H2 + O2

18. Pellets of lead are dropped into hot sulfuric acid.

Pb + 2H+ + H2SO4 2H2O + SO2 + Pb2+ (or PbSO4 )

19. Potassium permanganate solution is added to a solution of oxalic acid, H2C2O4 , acidified with a few drops of sulfuric acid.

2MnO4- + 5H2C2O4 + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O

20. Powdered iron is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.

Fe + 2Fe3+ 3Fe2+

21. A concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid is added to powdered manganese dioxide and gently heated.

4H+ + 2Cl- + MnO2 Cl2 + Mn2+ + 2H2O

22. A strip of copper metal is added to a concentrated solution of sulfuric acid.

Cu + 4H+ + SO42- Cu2+ + SO2 + 2H2O

23. Copper(II) sulfide is oxidized by dilute nitric acid.

3CuS + 8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O + 3S

24. A solution of copper(II) sulfate is electrolyzed using inert electrodes.

2Cu2+ + 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 2Cu

25. A solution of potassium iodide is added to an acidified solution of potassium dichromate.

6I- + 14H+ + Cr2O72- 3I2 + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O

26. Hydrogen peroxide solution is added to a solution of iron(II) sulfate.

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2Fe2+ 2Fe3+ + 2H2O

27. Solid silver is added to a dilute nitric acid (6M) solution.

3Ag + 4H+ +NO3- 3Ag+ + NO + 2H2O

28. A solution of formic acid, HCOOH, is oxidized by an acidified solution of potassium dichromate.

3HCOOH + 8H+ + Cr2O72- 7H2O + 2Cr3+ + 3CO2

29. A piece of iron is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.

Fe + 2Fe3+ 3Fe2+

30. An acidified solution of potassium permanganate is added to a solution of sodium sulfite.

6H+ + 2MnO4- + 5SO32- 2Mn2+ + 5SO42- + 3H2O

31. A solution of tin(II) chloride is added to a solution of iron(III) sulfate.

Sn2+ + 2Fe3+ Sn4+ + 2Fe2+

32. Concentrated hydrochloric acid solution is added to solid manganese(IV) oxide and the reactants are heated.

4H+ + 2Cl- + MnO2 Mn2+ + Cl2 + 2H2O

33. A strip of copper is immersed in dilute nitric acid.3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

34. Potassium permanganate solution is added to an acidic solution of hydrogen peroxide.

2MnO4- + 6H+ + 5H2O2 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O

35. Solid copper is added to a dilute nitric acid solution.

3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O

36. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold solution of dilute sodium hydroxide.

Cl2 + 2OH- ClO- + Cl- + H2O

37. A solution of potassium permanganate is mixed with an alkaline solution of sodium sulfite.

2MnO4- + 2OH- + SO32- SO42- + H2O + 2MnO42- or 2MnO4- + H2O + 3SO32- 3SO42- + 2OH- + 2MnO2)

38. Solid sodium dichromate is added to an acidified solution of sodium iodide.

Na2Cr2O7 + 14H+ + 6I- 2Cr3+ + 3I2 + 7H2O + 2Na+

39. Hydrogen gas is passed over hot iron(III) oxide.

3H2 + Fe2O3 2Fe + 3H2O

40. Solutions of potassium iodide and potassium iodate are mixed in acid solution.

5I- + IO3- + 6H+ 3I2 + 3H2O

41. Hydrogen peroxide is added to an acidified solution of sodium bromide.

H2O2 + 2H+ + 2Br- Br2 + 2H2O

42. Chlorine gas is bubbled into a cold, dilute solution of potassium hydroxide.

Cl2 + 2OH- Cl- + ClO- + H2O

43. A solution of iron(II) nitrate is exposed to air for an extended period of time.

4Fe2+ + O2 + 4H2O 2Fe2O3 + 8H+

44. A stream of chlorine gas is passed through a solution of cold, dilute sodium hydroxide.

Cl2 + 2OH- Cl- + ClO- + H2O

45. A solution of tin(II) chloride is added to an acidified solution of potassium permanganate.

5Sn2+ + 16H + + 2MnO4- 2Mn2+ + 5Sn4+ + 8H2O

46. A concentrated solution of hydrochloric acid is added to solid potassium permanganate.

16H+ + 10Cl- + 2KMnO4 5Cl2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 2K+

47. A solution of potassium dichromate is added to an acidified solution of iron(II) chloride.

Cr2O72- + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ 2Cr3+ + 6Fe3+ + 7H2O

Acid-Base Neutralizations

1. Solutions of ammonia and hydrofluoric acid are mixed.

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH- OH- + HF H2O + F-NH3 + HF NH4+ + F-

2. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through a solution of potassium hydroxide.

H2S + OH- H2O +HS-

3. A solution of sulfuric acid is added to a solution of barium hydroxide until the same number of moles of each compound has been added.

2H+ + SO42- + Ba2+ + 2OH- 2H2O + BaSO4

4. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of sodium dihydrogen phosphate until the same number of moles of each compound has been added.

OH- + H2PO4- HPO42- + H2O

5. Dilute nitric acid is added to crystals of pure calcium oxide.

CaO + H2O Ca2+ + 2OH- 2H+ + 2OH- 2H2O2H+ + CaO H2O + Ca2+

6. Equal volumes of 0.1-molar sulfuric acid and 0.1-molar potassium hydroxide are mixed.

2H+ + SO42- + K+ + OH- H2O + H+ + K+ + SO42-H+ +OH- H2O

7. A solution of ammonia is added to a dilute solution of acetic acid.

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-OH- + HC2H3O2 H2O + C2H3O2- NH3 + HC2H3O2 NH4+ + C2H3O2-

8. Excess sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled through a dilute solution of potassium hydroxide.

SO2 + H2O H2SO3H2SO3 + 2OH- 2H2O + SO32-SO2 + 2OH- H2O + SO32-

9. Sulfur dioxide gas is bubbled into an excess of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide.

SO2 + H2O H2SO3H2SO3 + Ca2+ + 2OH- CaSO3 + 2H2OSO2 + Ca2+ + 2OH- CaSO3 + H2O

10. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of calcium hydrogen carbonate until the number of moles of sodium hydroxide added is twice the number of moles of the calcium salt.

2OH- +Ca2+ + 2HCO3- 2H2O + CaCO3 + CO32-

11. Equal volumes of 0.1M hydrochloric acid and 0.1M sodium monohydrogen phosphate are mixed.

H+ + HPO42- H2PO4-

12. Hydrogen sulfide gas is bubbled through excess potassium hydroxide solution.

H2S + OH- H2O + HS-

13. Ammonia gas and carbon dioxide gas are bubbled into water.

2NH3 + CO2 + 3H2O 2NH4+ + 2OH- + H2CO32OH- + H2CO3 2H2O + CO32-2NH3 + CO2 + H2O 2NH4+ + CO32-

14. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide.

CO2 + H2O H2CO3H2CO3 + 2OH- CO32- + 2H2OCO2 + 2OH- CO32- + H2O

15. Acetic acid solution is added to a solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate.

HC2H3O2 + HCO3- H2O + CO2 + C2H3O2-

16. Excess potassium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of potassium dihydrogen phosphate.

2OH- + H2PO4- 2H2O + PO43-

17. Carbon dioxide gas is bubbled through a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H2CO3 + 2OH- CO32- + 2H2O CO2 + 2OH- CO32- + H2O

Complex Ions

1. Concentrated (15M) ammonia solution is added in excess to a solution of copper(II) nitrate.

4NH3 + Cu2+ [Cu(NH3)4]2+

2. An excess of nitric acid solution is added to a solution of tetraaminecopper(II) sulfate.

4H+ + [Cu(NH3)4]2+ 4NH4+ + Cu2+

3. Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of diamminesilver(I) nitrate.

2H+ + Cl- + [Ag(NH3)2]+ AgCl + 2NH4+

4. Solid aluminum nitrate is dissolved in water.

Al(NO3)3 + 6H2O [Al(H2O)6]+3 + 3NO3-

5. A suspension of copper(II) hydroxide is treated with an excess of ammonia water.

Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH-

6. A solution of diamminesilver(I) chloride is treated with dilute nitric acid.

[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl- + 2H+ 2NH4+ + AgCl

7. An excess of concentrated ammonia solution is added to freshly precipitated copper(II) hydroxide.

4NH3 + Cu(OH)2 [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH-

8. Excess dilute nitric acid is added to a solution containing the tetraamminecadmium(II) ion.

4H+ + [Cd(NH3)4]2+ 4NH4+ + Cd2+

9. An excess of ammonia is bubbled through a solution saturated with silver chloride.

2NH3 + Ag+ [Ag(NH3)2]+

10. Solid aluminum oxide is added to a solution of sodium hydroxide.

Al2O3 + 2OH- +3H2O 2[Al(OH)4]-

11. A concentrated solution of ammonia is added to a solution of zinc iodide.

4NH3 + Zn2+ [Zn(NH3)4]2+

12. An excess of sodium hydroxide solution is added to a solution of aluminum chloride.

4OH- + Al3+ [Al(OH)4]-

13. A concentrated solution of ammonia is added to a solution of copper(II) chloride.

4NH3 + Cu2+ Cu(NH3)42+

14. Excess concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added to solid aluminum hydroxide.

OH- + Al(OH)3 [Al(OH)4]-

15. Excess concentrated ammonia solution is added to a suspension of silver chloride.

2NH3 + AgCl [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-

16. Pellets of aluminum metal are added to a solution containing an excess of sodium hydroxide.

2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H22Al(OH)3 + 2OH- 2Al(OH)4-2Al + 6H2O + 2OH- 2[Al(OH)4]- + 3H2

17. A suspension of zinc hydroxide is treated with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.

Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- [Zn(OH)4]2-

18. Silver chloride is dissolved in excess ammonia solution.

AgCl + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-

19. Sodium hydroxide solution is added to a precipitate of aluminum hydroxide in water.

OH- + Al(OH)3 [Al(OH)4]-

20. A drop of potassium thiocyanate is added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.

SCN- + Fe3+ FeSCN2+

21. A concentrated solution of ammonia is added to a suspension of zinc hydroxide.

4NH3 + Zn(OH)2 [Zn(NH3)4]2+ + 2OH-

22. Excess concentrated potassium hydroxide solution is added to a precipitate of zinc hydroxide.

Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- [Zn(OH)4]2-

23. A solution of ammonium thiocyanate is added to a solution of iron(III) chloride.

SCN- + Fe3+ FeSCN2+

24. Excess sodium cyanide is added to a solution of silver nitrate.

2CN- + Ag+ Ag(CN)2-

Decomposition

1. A solution of hydrogen peroxide is heated.

2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O

2. Solid magnesium carbonate is heated.

MgCO3 MgO + CO2

3. A solution of hydrogen peroxide is catalytically decomposed.

2H2O2 2H2O + O2

4. Solid potassium chlorate is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide as a catalyst.

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

5. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is dissolved in water.

NaHCO3 Na+ + HCO3-

6. Solid ammonium carbonate is heated.

(NH4)2CO3 CO2 + 2NH3 + H2O

Addition

1. The gases boron trifluoride and ammonia are mixed.

BF3 + NH3 F3BNH3

2. A mixture of solid calcium oxide and solid tetraphosphorus decaoxide is heated.

6CaO + P4O10 2Ca3(PO4)2

3. Solid calcium oxide is exposed to a stream of carbon dioxide gas.

CaO + CO2 CaCO3

4. Solid calcium oxide is heated in the presence of sulfur trioxide gas.

CaO + SO3 CaSO4

5. Calcium metal is heated strongly in nitrogen gas.

3Ca + N2 Ca3N2

6. Excess chlorine gas is passed over hot iron filings.

3Cl2 + 2Fe 2FeCl3

7. Powdered magnesium oxide is added to a container of carbon dioxide gas.

MgO + CO2 MgCO3

8. A piece of lithium metal is dropped into a container of nitrogen gas.

6Li + N2 2Li3N

9. Magnesium metal is burned in nitrogen gas.

3Mg + N2 Mg3N2

10. Sulfur dioxide gas is passed over solid calcium oxide.

SO2 + CaO CaSO3

11. Samples of boron trichloride gas and ammonia gas are mixed.

BCl3 + NH3 H3NBCl3