AP-Chapter 28 Stalin’s Soviet Union Text, pages 891-898.

AP-Chapter 28

Stalin’s Soviet Union

Text, pages 891-898

Vladimir Lenin“Father of the Revolution”

Ruled:

October 1917- January 1924

The NEPNew Economic Policy

• instituted in 1921

• a restoration of capitalist economics – Farmers can sell surplus– Traders/handicraft reappeared

“A step backward to go forward.”

U.S.S.R• In 1922, the country of Russia was named the

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS– Each republic was controlled from the new capital,

MOSCOW.

• In 1924, the communists created a constitution based on socialist & democratic principles. – Communist Party held all the power.

– Lenin est. a dictatorship of the Communist Party, not a “dictatorship of the proletariat.” as Marx intended.

• Lenin died in 1924 and didn’t see the progress made. • By 1928, the USSR slowly recovered.

Trotsky vs. Stalin for control

Trotsky vs. Stalin; next leader Trotsky: world wide revolution of comm. Stalin: “socialism in one country”

Trotsky: exiled and deported by Stalin He was assassinated at his villa in 1940 by

a probable agent (NKVD) of Stalin, Ramon Mercader, who posed as a friend of Trotsky's and then killed him with the blow of an ice axe to his head.

The assassination of Trotsky

Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin

• Ruled: January 1928-March 1953

• Used a totalitarianism form of government.

Key Traits of TotalitarianismKey Traits of Totalitarianism

• Dictatorship & one party rule

• Dynamic leader

• Rigid ideology

• State control over all sectors of society

• State control over individuals

• Dependence on modern technology

• Organized violence to enforce dictators rule

Stalin’s Economic Plan vs. Stalin’s Economic Plan vs. Lenin’s NEPLenin’s NEP

• Stalin’s Five-Year Plans---total government control over the economy.(command economy)

• NEP--- Mixture of government control with some free enterprise & some private ownership.

FIVE YEAR PLANSFIVE YEAR PLANS3 Aims:• 1. build heavy industry• 2. improve transportation• 3. increase farm production

Agricultural Rev.• 1928-collectivization• Kulaks• Gulag• 1938 – 93% of peasants of collectives• Limited family labor and produce own food

IndustryIndustry

Gasplan

• Set production goals

• Controlled raw materials and finished products

• Gov’t could assign workers

• Millions moved to cities

• Learn a specialized skill = social mbility

Weapons of Totalitarianism Police Terror

• Stalin’s Secret Police used tanks and armored vehicles to stop riots.

• Great Purge 1934-purge of Old Bosheviks for “crimes against the Soviet State.

• Purge was over in 1939, historians est. that between 8-13 MILLION were executed!

NKVD((Russian: НКВД) Emblem---Народный Комиссариат Внутренних ДелNarodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del

(Cheka under Lenin)

NKVD((Russian: НКВД)

Former headquarters

FSB: Russia’s Secret Police, today

"Those chosen to join the FSB of Russia must be trustworthy, and unconditionally loyal to the Fatherland and their profession.”

FSB are the initial letters of the Russian words Federalnaya Sluzhba Bezopasnosti - Federal Security Service - the country's secret police.

Formerly the KGB that was dismantled in 1991 The secret police have long been a part of Russian life. Emperors, Communist

Party general secretaries, and presidents have all had a state security force of one form or another.

FSB Emblem--------------------------------------------------

Indoctrination & Propaganda

Instruction in the Gov’t/s set of beliefs; to mold peoples minds

Biased or incomplete info. to sway people to certain beliefs, or opinions.

CensorshipStalin took control of all news media!! He would not tolerate individual creativityPravda: leading newspaper of the Soviet UnionAugust 22, 1991, a decree by Russian President

Boris Yeltsin shut down the Communist Party and seized all of its property, including Pravda.

"Rossiiskaya Gazeta" (Russian Gazette) is published by the new Russian state. It was founded by the Government of the Russian Federation"

Religious PersecutionMarx called religion, “the opiate of the masses.” Ideas of communism replaced religionLeague of Militant Godless(started by Stalin)Russian Orthodox Church, Roman Catholics, &

Jews suffered greatly! Religious leaders of all faiths were killed or sent to labor camps

Life and Culture in Soviet Society

Daily LifePersonal AdvancementWomen’s RolesPoliticized Culture

Stalinist TerrorThe Kirov Murder

Kirov murder The assassination of Sergei

Kirov in 1934 is one of the great murder mysteries of the 20th century and the subject of a highly charged historical controversy.

Boss of the Leningrad Party one of Stalin’s inner circle shot by an unemployed

Communist Party member, Leonid Nikolaev Dec., 1, 1934

Stalin accused his former party rivals…including Trotsky

Stalin claimed the conspiracy ran deep into the Communist Party & would use this as an excuse for terror

Result…arrest & execution of 17 party members critical of Stalin

Other Totalitarian Government’s of the 20th Century

*Hitler of Germany (1920s-30s)

*Mussolini in Italy (1920s-30s)

*Mao (Mao tse-tung) Zedong in China (1949)

*Kim Il Sung in North Korea (1948-94)

Stalin’s Totalitarian Rule Revolutionized Soviet Society

• Explain:• Women’s roles greatly expanded. • People became better educated & mastered new

technical skills• Country became a major industrial nation by 1939• Those workers who didn’t offend the state were better

off than under the czar’s.• Russia’s military forces were benefiting from the

industrial growth.• There was a stable government under Stalin.• People had access to better medicine care.

But Lets Not Forget

• Somewhere around 30-32 million people were killed during his reign.

• Russia became a “telling” society. The secret police actively encouraged people to inform on others. Many died as a result of jealous neighbors & workers.

• Many of Russia’s talented people had been murdered during the Purges. Those with talent were seen as a threat by Stalin’s paranoia.

• Soviet army was a body without a brain as most senior officers had been arrested & murdered during the Purges.

Summarization of vocab.

• Totalitarianism- is a government control over every aspect of public and private life.

• Command Economy- is an economy system in which the government makes all economic decisions.

• Collective Farm- is a large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms.

• Kulak- is a member of a class of wealthy Russian peasants.• Great Purge- was a campaign of terror in the Soviet Union

during the 1930s, in which Joseph Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist Party members & other citizens who threatened his power.

• Socialist Realism- is a style of art in which Communist values & life under communism are glorified.

Death of Joseph Stalin

• 1. Joseph Stalin, 73 years of age, had suffered a cerebral hemorrhage and died at 9:50 p.m. on March 5, 1953.

• 2. Stalin's body was washed by a nurse and then carried via a white car to the Kremlin mortuary.

• 3. an autopsy was performed. After the autopsy was completed, Stalin's body was given to the embalmers to prepare it for the three days it would lay-in-state.

Stalin's body was placed on temporary display in the Hall of Columns.

On March 9, nine pallbearers carried the coffin from the Hall of Columns onto a gun carriage.

The body was then ceremoniously taken to Lenin's tomb on the Red Square in Moscow.

Stalin`s and Lenin`s bodies in Lenin mausoleum

De-Stalinzation

• De-Stalinization refers to the process of eliminating the cult of personality and Stalinist political system created by Soviet leader Joseph Stalin.

• Nikita Khrushchev, first secretary of the Communist Party (1953-1964) and premier of the Soviet Union (1958-1964), spearheaded this movement against the false memory of Stalin. Khrushchev's policies became known as "de-Stalinization.”

• Five years later, it was time to physically remove Stalin from a place of honor.

• A few days later, Stalin's body was quietly removed from the mausoleum. There were no ceremonies and no fanfare. About 300 feet from the mausoleum, Stalin's body was buried near other minor leaders of the Revolution. Stalin's body was placed near the Kremlin wall, half-hidden by trees.

Stalin Successor’s

• Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov:March 5, 1953 - February 8, 1955

• Nikita Khrushchev: September 7, 1953 - October 14, 1964