AP Biology Chapter 5: Molecules of Life. LE 5-2 Short polymer Unlinked monomer Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond Dehydration reaction.

AP Biology

Chapter 5:Molecules of Life

LE 5-2

Short polymer Unlinked monomer

Dehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bond

Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymer

Longer polymer

Hydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bond

Hydrolysis of a polymer

CarbohydratesSee the Carbonyls and Hydroxides?

Dry vs. Wet

LE 5-5

Glucose

Maltose

Fructose Sucrose

Glucose Glucose

Dehydrationreaction in thesynthesis of maltose

Dehydrationreaction in thesynthesis of sucrose

1–4glycosidic

linkage

1–2glycosidic

linkage

Fig: 5.6

Fig: 5.7

LE 5-8

Cellulosemolecules

Cellulose microfibrilsin a plant cell wall

Cell walls Microfibril

Plant cells

0.5 µm

Glucosemonomer

Chitin

Lipids

LE 5-11a

Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fat

Glycerol

Fatty acid(palmitic acid)

LE 5-11b

Ester linkage

Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Fig: 5.13

Cell Membranes

Steroid Structure

LE 4-9

Estradiol

Testosterone

Male lion

Female lion

Atherosclerosis

Proteins

LE 5-UN78

Aminogroup

Carboxylgroup

carbon

Fig: 5.17a

Fig: 5.17b

Peptide Bonding

Fig: 5.20 – Insulin 1’ sequence

Fig: 5.21

LE 5-21b

Primarystructure

Secondaryand tertiarystructures

1 2 3

Normal hemoglobin

Val His Leu

4Thr

5Pro

6Glu Glu

7Primarystructure

Secondaryand tertiarystructures

1 2 3

Sickle-cell hemoglobin

Val His Leu

4Thr

5Pro

6Val Glu

7

Quaternarystructure

Normalhemoglobin(top view)

Function Molecules donot associatewith oneanother; eachcarries oxygen.

Quaternarystructure

Sickle-cellhemoglobin

Function Molecules interact withone another tocrystallize intoa fiber; capacityto carry oxygenis greatly reduced.

Exposedhydrophobicregion subunit subunit

2’ structure

LE 5-20d

Hydrophobicinteractions andvan der Waalsinteractions

Polypeptidebackbone

Disulfide bridge

Ionic bond

Hydrogenbond

3’ Structure

4’ Structure

Protein’s Natural Form

Denaturation of a protein

Fig: 5.23

Complimentary Base Pairing

Fig: 5.26

Fig: 5.27

Watson and Crick

Genes and Evolution