AP Biology Carbohydrates
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AP Biology
Carbohydrates
AP Biology 2006-2007
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Carbohydratesenergy
molecules
AP Biology
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ate
CH2O
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Function: energy energy storage raw materials structural
materials
Monomer: sugars
ex: sugars, starches, cellulose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
C6H12O6(CH2O)x
AP Biology
Sugars Most names for sugars end in -ose Classified by number of carbons
6C = hexose (glucose) 5C = pentose (ribose) 3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Glucose
H
OH
HO
O H
HHO
H
Ribose
CH2OH
Glyceraldehyde
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
O
C
C
C6 5 3
AP Biology
Functional groups determine function
carbonyl
ketone
aldehyde
carbonyl
AP Biology
Sugar structure5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution
Carbons are numberedCarbons are numbered
Where do you find solutions
in biology?In cells!
AP Biology
Numbered carbons
C
CC
C
CC
1'
2'3'
4'
5'
6'
O
energy stored in C-C bondsenergy stored in C-C bonds
AP Biology
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides
simple 1 monomer sugars glucose
Disaccharides 2 monomers sucrose
Polysaccharides large polymers starch
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
H
H
H
OH
O
Glucose
AP Biology
Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
glycosidic linkage
|glucose
|glucose
monosaccharides disaccharide
|maltose
H2O
AP Biology
Building sugars Dehydration synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
monosaccharides
|sucrose
(table sugar)
disaccharide
So that’s why M&Ms make me fat!
H2O
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AP Biology
Polysaccharides Polymers of sugars
costs little energy to build easily reversible = release energy
Function: energy storage
starch (plants) glycogen (animals)
in liver & muscles
structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
AP Biology
Linear vs. branched polysaccharides
starch(plant)
glycogen(animal)
energystorage
slow release
fast release
AP Biology
Polysaccharide diversity Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose structure determines function…
in starch in cellulose
AP Biology
Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest
starcheasy todigest enzyme
enzyme
cellulosehard todigest
cellulosehard todigest
AP Biology
Cellulose Most abundant organic
compound on Earth herbivores have evolved a mechanism to
digest cellulose most carnivores have not
that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
cellulose = undigestible roughage
But it tasteslike hay!
Who can liveon this stuff?!
Regents Biology
Cowcan digest cellulose well; no need to eat other sugars
Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
Regents Biology
Helpful bacteria How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?
BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest cellulose-rich (grass) meals
Ruminants
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.Tell me aboutthe rabbits,
again, George!
I eat
WHAT!
Caprophage
Regents Biology 2006-2007
Let’s build some
Carbohydrates!
EATX
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