AP Art Final Exam

AP Art History Final Exam: Term 1

Mesopotamia/Near East:-Rosetta Stone= Key to understanding the language/culture of these people-Epic of Gilgamesh= the only thing from Mesopotamia to focus on life after death/focus on death (says there is no afterlife)-Most Mesopotamian buildings built w/ Mud Brick- Temple/Zigurats built for only priests to enterCuneinform= early, wedge shaped form of writing

Sumerian:

Anu Ziggurat and White Temple, Uruk, c. 3000 BCE40 foot platform w/ “White Temple” on top (Zigurat is the platform that supports the temple)One of 2 temples in Uruk (dedicated to Anu- the Sky God)

Bridge between earth and the heavensSited as Center of the City/Cardinal Compass Point

Votive Figuresc. 2700 BCE (from modern Tell Asmar Iraq)Proxy Prayer FiguresSymmetricalBig Eyes, open in prayerUsed Lapis- Suggested Widespread trade in the regionBoth Male and Femalehad Proxy figures representing people to be taken into the Temples

Standard of Urc. 2600 BCEWood Inlaid w/ shell, lapis lazuli, and red limestone23 in long, 7.5 in wideMeant to show powerUse is not totally known (maybe military standard)Shows Sumerians travled far to get it (Lapis from Afghanistan)One side shows workers lined up, giving offerings to head of state (who sits, bigger than everyone else: important)Other shows king leading people to victory in battleOrganized in registersFound in a Royal Tomb

Akkadian:Victory Stele of Naram-SinFrom Susa (Iran)2250 BCE, SandstoneArguably world’s first historical documentation (shows Assyrians defeat Sumerians)It is about imperial authorityGuy at top=King, victorious (important b/c biggest, placed near top=divine b/c closer to gods, hieretic perspective)

BabyloniansStele of HammurabiFrom Susa, iranc. 1750 BCEBasaltShows Hammurabi receiving laws from Shamash, Sun God(Sun God important b/c sitting down, rays of light imenating, big)Lists laws for society (illustration of God at top indicates they are divine)

AssyriansProduced LOTS of graphic violence (military propaganda)Assyrians Cities filled with carved narratives on wallsBuilding Complexes Organized around courtyards, laid out in gridsLamassu (from Palace of Ashurnasirpal II)c. 883-859 BCEModern Day IraqAlabastarSupported and Protected DoorwaysMade of Human and Animal elementsLots of these in Assyrian Culture

Ashurnasirpal II Killing Lionsc. 875 BCEAlabaster(From same palace as Lamassu)Carved reliefs, painted PolychromesCarvings like these Line palace walls (mostly military victories, but also some genre scenes)

Neo Babylonian1000 years after original BabylonIshtar Gatec. 575 BCEGlazed BrickCommunicates Power through colossal scale, color (royal blue- looks like lapis), crennelation/battlements, principle dieties of city presented bu designs (Marduk- The Dragon, Bulls- Ahad, storm God)Two sets of towersHas been reconstructed in BerlinPatron= Nebuchudnezzar

Persia:Called ParsaBest Metalworkers in the world

Royal Audience Hall (Apadana) of Darius I and Xerxes IPersepolis, Iranc. 500 BCERaised platform meant to receive dignitaries from all over Persian EmpireShows evidence of Greek, Egyptian work, etcIn Carvings, Darius is seated w/ Xerxes behind him, receiving dignitariesOthers show animals to emphasize ferocity of leadersLots of Columns

Ancient Egypt:At the highest levels of society, you are idealized more. Representation becomes more realistic as class level descends. West Side of Nile=Burial sideOld Kingdom:

Palette of Narmerc. 3000 BCEStoneOne of Most important pieces of Egyptian artFrom Old Kingdom PeriodOrganized in RegistersLeader of Upper Egypt (Narmur) conquers lower Egypt/unifies it all.

Show hierartic Scale (Narmur is enormous compared to everyone else), enemy also large (makes Narmur’s victory seem even greater)Bodies twisted to face viewer: also symbolizes power- Composite Form

Symbolic Work of Art, also used to hold makeupLower Egypt Symbolized by PapyrusPharaoh is identified w/ God HorusOn middle of Back are symmetrical animals (shows everything as unified)

Stepped Pyramid and Mortuary Precinct of Djoser (Zoser)From Saqqarac. 2600 BCELimestone (most Egyptian architecture used Mud Brick. Only special stuff like this used stone)Architect: Imhotep, 1st named architect in historyBuilt from several Mastabas stacked on one anotherMeant to Protect tomb of pharaoh DjoserPart of a Necropolis (Saqqara)

Ti Watching a Hippopotamus HuntTomb of Ti Saqqarac. 2500 BCEPainted Limestone ReliefTi= huge, composite, idealized. guides people through journey to afterlifeA Moral JourneyHippos symbolize evil

Great Pyramids, GizaMenkaure,Khafre, and Khufu4th Dynasty, c. 2500 BCEWest side of NileIn descending orderSphynx is in between themAligned so that setting sun hits them perfectly

Menkaure and Khamerernebty from GizaC. 2500 BCESlate w/ Traces of PaintKa Sculpture

Specific, meant to be a portrait of Menkaure, but also shows him as idealized. Very specific unnatural walk, etcSymmetrical

Seated Scribec. 2500 BCEPainted Limestone w/ rock crystal inlaid eyesFrom a mastaba at SaqqaraBilateral symmetryWas important, but not enough to be idealized.

Middle Kingdom:Rock Cut Tombs, Beni Hasan

12th Dynastyc. 1900-1800 BCEEngaged columns break from temples/pyramids as funerary structures

New Kingdom:Senmut, Mortuary Temple of HatshepsutDeir El-Bahri18th Dynastyc. 1475 BCERock Cut tombsHer body not exactly in the tombs (was only female pharaoh?)Meant to harmonize w/ natureWest of NileHas great rhythm of columns (Pier)Inside had hypostyle halls and chapels

Akhenaten and his FamilyFrom Tell el-Amarnac. 1350 BCEPainted Limestone relief (sunken relief)Amarna style (style that describes Akhenaten art. Different from Egypt art before or after)- Great, graceful, curving form: stylized naturalismHe changed lots about Egyptian cultureMost of his art destroyed by subsequent pharaohsThis piece different b/c art of pharaohs had never before or after shown them in daily life, playing with kids, etc

Queen Tiyc. 1350 BCE (18th dynasty)boxwood, ebony, glass, silver, gold, lapis, cloth, clay, and waxAkhenaten’s mom (so is done in Amarna style)

Funerary Mask of Tutankhamun18th Dynastyc. 1325 BCEGold, glass, semiprecious stonesSon of Akhenaten (still has much of Amarna style present, even if has traditional iconography, etc, trying to go back to traditional form)

Great Temple of Amun at Karnakc. 1500-1100 BCEHas Pylons, a Hypostyle Hall, Clerestory Fenestration (spread out over 3 spaces)Symmetrical and Axial to create processional pathPatrons= New Kingdom PraraohsObelisks around entrances

Temple of Rameses II, Abu Simbel19th Dynastyc. 1250 BCEone of 2 temples at Abu Simbelat angles so would point towards Nilecut right into the stone

giant sculpture of Rameses At southernmost point of Egyptian Empire (huge b/c near end of Egyptian empires days of greatness. Like many empires, builds bigger and bigger to mask its decline)

Judgement of Hunefer before OsirisIllustration from the Book of the Dead19th Dynastyc. 1285 BCEpainted papyruswas really a collection of prayers from the New Kingdom (to Help Hunefer in afterlife)

Continuous narrative (shows Hunefer multiple times in single frame)Far end shows his family mourning

Agean (Hellatic) Period: Main 3 Aegean cultures: Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenean

Cycladic Art: (Neolithic/Late Bronze age of Aegean art)Figure of a Womanc. 2600-2400 BCEMarbleOriginally PaintedFound on gravesNot much known about purpose b/c no recorded history from the period (somehow related to afterlife)Large head, small arms, geometric/precise lines carved in

Minoan Civilization:Knossos= large city, laid out like grid, destroyed by earthquakeArthur evans discovered it, saw lots of Bull Imagery, assumed was Palace of Minos (incorrectly)Was a very ocean-centered societyPalace Complex “Palace of Minos”Knossos, Cretec. 2000-1300 BCEhas rare columns that taper near bottomdidn’t have high walls b/c not frequently at warHad lots of nature imageryTouched up extensively by Arthur Evans

Leaping Bull “Torredor Fresco”From Knossosc. 1500 BCEMain thing that convinced Evans this was actually palace of Minos

Girl Gathering Saffrom Crocus Flowers

Detail of Wall Painting, Thera (part of Minoan Island world)c. 1650 BCEEmphasizes beauty of natureAlso coming of age work, b/c crocus flowers indicate menstruation

Landscape, Spring Fresco Wall painting from Akritoric. 1500 BCE

Octopus Flask, VaseFrom Cretec. 1500 BCECeramicFluid, flowing motion, focused on the seaMade by coiling, b/c wheel not yet invented

Meant to carry water

Mycenean Civilization (mainland Greece)Period of the Illiad

Lions gate, Mycenaec. 1300-1200 BCELimestonePost and Lintel, Corbeled Stones on Top+ stone w/ carved lionsWarlike= Needed gates to warn of invaders

Treasure of Atreusc. 1300-1200 BCEEnormous tomb w/ corbelled domeMistakenly identified as treasure hiding spot. Centralized Plan

Ancient Greek:Influenced by Ancient Egyptian artRational: mind overcomes emotionHessiod’s Theogany=Very important inspiration (Greek Creation Story)

3 primary types of Greek Vessels (ceramics)1. Amphora (for olive oil)- artists start writing their names for first time on

these

2. Kraters (for wine mixing)3. Kylix (used to drink wine. Often had imagery of Dionysus)

Diplyon Vase (Funerary Vase) -Diplyon Cemetary, Athens c. 750 BCETerra Cotta, 42”A KraterGeometric PeriodHuge SizeOrganized in Registers

Archaic Period:Always organized in registers. Has distincitive smile.Red Figureware vs Black FigurewareBlack= Black Sillouhettes, Red= more yellowish figuresMore realistic/naturalistic

Temple of Hera I, Paestum, Italy c. 550 BCEArchaic PeriodPeripteral, Doric

Dying WarriorFrom east pediment of the Temple of Aphaia, AeginaC. 500 BCEMarbleReconstructed in MunichOriginally Part of huge piece (Pedimental sculptures)

Archaic PeriodUsed to be painted

Kouros c. 600 BCEMarbleGrave Marker (replaced ceramic vessels)Archaic PeriodKouros means ‘young man’Illustrated primary Greek image of beautySymmetrical

Kouros From Cemetery at Anavysos

C. 530 BCE MarbleMuch more lifelike than earlier KourosArchaic

KoreFrom ChiosFemale version of KourosC. 520 BCEMarbleMuch Smaller than kourosNot symmetrical unlike kourosArchaic

Ajax and Achilles Playing a Gamec. 540 BCEBlack Figure Painting on ceramic amphoraIn Vatican Museum, RomeBy ExekiasArchaic

Death of SarpedonRed figure decoration on a calyx KraterC. 515 BCE

Ceramic(Masterpiece of Red Figurewear)Sarpedon has archaic smile but design moving towards more naturalism/complex special characteristicsBy Euphronios

Kritios BoyC. 480 BCEMarbleFirst to demonstrate Contraposto Style (more naturalistic walking, shows weight shift)Face shows movement to celebrate mind, not emotionEarly Greek Classic

Discus Throwerc. 450 BCELifesize Marble (copy)- original was bronzeBy MyronEarly Classic b/c has contraposto, seems frozen ‘in the moment,’ severe, not human, only really occupies its own space

Charioteer (from the Sanctuary of Apollo), DelphiC. 470 BCEBronze, Silver, Copper, OnyxNo Contraposto, but also no Archaic smile= Early ClassicImportant b/c one of the few remaining Greek bronzes

Spear Bearer (Doryphoros)Roman Copy of Original Bronze- MarbleC. 450 BCERepresents ideals of high classical age: people not as they are, but as they can be in the ideal world (humanism, rationalism, idealism)- Kinda like Plato (as things should be)By Polykleitos

Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens447-432 BCEPatron= PericlesArchitects: Kallicrates and Iktinos

Sculptor: PhideusDedicated to Athena (enormous statue of her inside)Sculptures from it=”Elgin Marbles”, in British Museum now3 zones:

1. (focuses on Gods) East Pediment: Birth of Athena, West Pediment: Contest Between Athena and Poseidon for being principle Deity of City2. Medipese: warfare and early human history3. Continuous Freeze: Panatheneic procession (once a year when Athenians allowed inside to dress statue of Athena)

Doric, peripteral

Porch of the Maidens (Caryatid Porch)Erecthion, Acropolis, Athens430-406 BCEBuilt on Site of Posiedon/Athena battle: Keeps terrain the same, built on irregular plane- Sacred RockHas engaged Columns (uncommon in Greek architecture)Multiple PorchesBuilding never completedCaryatids (female figures that have taken on elements of column)

Contraposta= Enthesis (widening part of the columns at the bottom)High Classic

Temple of Athena NikeAcropolis, Athens C. 425 BCEArchitect: KallicratesAmphiprostyle, IonicWar Monument to express PowerUsed to have low wall surrounding it (Nike adjusting her sandal was part of this)

Nike (Victory) Adjusting her SandalFragment relief for the Temple o Athena NikeC. 410 BCE42”Essence of High Classic Art: Simple, circular, has energy that moves outward from it

At rest/calm, yet also in motionClothes stretched against it to reveal details of body underneath

Grave Stele of HegesoMarble, 6’C. 400 BCERepresents Most Common type of High Classic mourning materialsHegeso= important b/c bigger, sitting downMost grave steles at time were about men, yet Hegeso was woman= must have been very important (also even has a slave)Holding jewelry (focusing on memories rather than afterlife)Figures not in Profile, sort of melt into background= creates illusion of spaceClothing shows off her figure, detailed muscles, etc, show this is later high classic

Hermes and the Infant Dionysus(Roman Copy), Marble (w/ traces of red paint on lips/hair)C. 325 BCE

Discovered in 1877, OlympiaDemonstrates ‘s’ curve, almost effeminate. Elongated. Muscles, face, everything softer, very different from High Classic.By Praxiteles Late Classic

(Praxiteles also made several famous Aphrodite sculptures: late classic when female body finally starts being regarded as beautiful)

The Scraper (Apoxyomenos) (Roman Copy-Marble)C. 325 BCEBy Lysippos (Sculptor to Alexander the great, transitional artist between Classical and Hellenistic Periods)

Different from Praxiteles stuff: Arms explode out of own spaceEssentially a genre scene: an athlete scraping off sweatStill Late Classic though

Apollo BelvedereIn Vatican before 1509 (part of Papal collection) One of best known pieces of classic art during the RenaissanceSoft, undefined muscles

Dying Gaul TrumpeterRoman Copy of Bronze Original, Life SizeC. 220 BCEFrom Pergamon (found in 1623 Rome) (Hellenistic period=not exactly Greek, but Greek like. Expanded all over)Monument for Greeks, shows enemy instead b/c makes their victory seem all the more greatMeant to inspire empathy in emotion, doesn’t idealize him (shows his agony)Spreads out beyond own spaceFacial hair, jewelry, etc identify him as a GaulHellenistic

Altar from Pergamon (Altar of Zeus)Turkey, C. 175-150 BCEMarble Frieze 7’6” (means continuous row of sculptures along bottom here)Excavations began in 1873Shows battle of Titans and Olympians (meant to represent Greek victory over Gauls)Best known representation of Hellenistic art

Hugely emotional, violentPergameen style (anti-classical, emotional, etc)IonicBuilt as sort of modern version of Parthenon

Nike of Samothrace C. 180 BCEMarbleFound 1863, Samothrace

Pergameen StyleNike= figure of Naval victory, Base= actually front of a shipDemonstrates torsion (corkscrew energy)Very active

Laocoon and his sons, MarbleCopy1st c. BCEFound 1506, RomeOpen compostion (not self contained), dramatic, emotional, torsionMichelangelo helped find, later incorporated into his own sculpturesBest description of his deathPart of Belvedere Collection

Belvedere TorsoC. 150 BCEMarbleFound 1432, RomeHuge twisted, explosive power, very HellenisticIncorporated into body of Adam in Sistine Chapel

Aphrodite of Melos (Venus de Milo)C. 150 BCEMarbleFound 1820, MelosClassical Revival Style

Still not totally classic, more detailed, has torque evident in leg, muscles in motion, more sexual, more human

One of most reproduced pieces of Hellenistic artMissing hand probably holding golden apple

Old WomanRoman Copy1st Century BCEMarbleHellenistic: Genre scene, realistic, doesn’t focus on the ideal, but rather how things are. Also has torque and is in motion.

Alexander the Great Confronts Darius III at Battle of IssosRoman Copy of Greek Original (from Pompeii)C. 310 BCE8x17Very detiailed, realisticUses illusions (foreshortening, charascura, etc) to create depthHuge energyHellenisticPerhaps painted by woman named Helen of Egypt

Hellenistic stuff done often on colossal scale (empires in declining years often begin making bigger sculptures, etc to demonstrate power still)

Etruscan Art:

Interior of the Tomb of Reliefs, Cerveteri, Italy, 3rd Century BCECarved out of rock to resemble a house, Funerary

Sarcophagus with Reclining Couple, from Cerveteri, ItalyC. 520 BCE, Painted Terra CottaLength 6’7”Somewhat similar to kourosFound in a tomb (funerary art= most common type of Etruscan art. Focused on the happy parts of life)Illustrates gender equality

Etruscan Temples:

Mud brick walls, columns and entablatures= wood and tufa (volcanic rock)Columns= Tuscan Order (Etruscan variation of doric order- unfluted shaft, simplified base, capital, and entabliture)Sculptures on roof rather than pedimentsPlan types= PseudoperipteralRaised up on a platformOne staircase in frontDeep porchesEngaged Columns

Roman Republic: (also called Roman Verism. Focused on realism, exact likeness. Reveered age, etc) (Ends w/ Julius Caesar)

Aulus Metellus (the Orator), c. 80 BCE, Bronze 6’Roman Official, name (Aulus M) inscribed on hem of garment in Etruscan lettersDressed like classic roman senator (robe, leather boots, etc)

Roman Patrician Carrying Portrait Busts of Two Ancestors, c. 100 BCE, Marble, 5’5” Palazzo de Conservator, RomeIndicates man was wealthy, artistic. The busts illustrate his distinguished lineage. The head is not the original.

Temple of Portunus, Rome, ItalyC. 100 BCENot known if actually dedicated to PortunusRectangular (like many Roman temples), LongitudinalCombo of Etruscan and Greek: Front Porch on one end, also has Greek Ionic orderFull columns on porch, with engaged half-columns around cellaColumns were really just decorative nowContinuous frieze in entablaturePositioned beside Tiber

Initiation Rights of the Cult of Bacchus, Second Style wall paintings from the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, Italy, c. 50 BCEFrieze Section 5’Shows people (especially women) worshipping BacchusFrom the Dining Room (trinclinium)Indicates ‘plenty’

Second Style Wall Painting, from Boscoreale, ItalyC. 50 BCEFrom a Villa (Frescoes)Showed some Hellenistic and Classical

Roman Houses:Poured Concrete, Faced w/ Brick, faced w/ veneer2 blocks:

Front (around impluvium)= where business occurs2nd (peristyle, garden)

Early Empire (Roman Hellenism or idealism. Elevate them to the levels of the Gods) (Augustus to Marcus Aurelius)

Augustus of Prima Porta, c. 20 BCEMarble 6’8”Vatican Museums, RomeAugustan= 1st emperorPax Romana (Augustan Age)Baby God (Venus) indicates Divine lineageBarefoot= Holy groundWas painted originallyColossal scaleIn some ways=still republican but more like Greek idealism (old but also timelessly youthful)Everything shows him as god like leader, larger than lifeBreastplate:

Lots of stories:God at bottom represents earth (Cornuccopia represents ‘plenty’ under Augustan)Older man stretching fabric= Aeolus (Sky): All this goodness on earth is under the skyMan offering tribute, shows defeated, submissive to Rome

Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace)13-9 BCE, Marble, RomePrinciple Augustan PieceNot In Situ (siting was once important: positioned close to Augustan’s tomb, outside city, based on Roman Roads)Raised up on a podium, single staircase in frontEnclosed Space (not skeletal like Greek)Represents Pax Romana, achieved by strong militaryPanels on front show allegories of peace and plenty (look Greek)Friezes down sides shows members of Augustus’s family

Realistic, roman style, but also refers to cella frieze on ParthenonVery Busy, no clear foreground, background, etc

Pont du Gard, Nimes, France, Late 1st Century BCEAqueduct, but also part of road system: highway Arches= important part (Romans did not invent them, but no one used them like the Romans did)

Arcade= Row of ArchesUses Concrete (a Roman creation)

Colosseum (Flavian Ampitheater), Romec. 70-80 BCE2 Ampitheaters stacked on top of one anotherSurvived Middle Ages b/c christianized (stations of cross performed there)Concrete/Arch technology at its finest. Freestanding/independent.Concrete/Brick, covered with MarbleMostly engaged Columns and then Holastic (flat on top)Bottom level: Tuscan Columns2nd: Ionic3rd: Corinthian4th: CompositeButtressing used to Counteract Outer forceBays: intersection of Barrel vaults

Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy, after 81 CE, Concrete Faced with MarbleReliefs: Spoils from the Arch of Titus (left interior), Triumph of Titus (Right Interior) (Marble)Entrance to ForumNike present b/c shows victoryFrieze has writing about the victoryTitus leading army to crush revolting jewsReliefs use special illusionism to depict horsesSpecific and Realistic, but also other-worldyA Composite Arch

High Empire:

Column of Trajan, RomeDedicated 112 CE marble‘125 highIn Trajan’s forum (largest forum in Rome)Across from Titus archDepicts Trajan’s victory over romanians. Carved bands, get bigger as they go up, painted to be visible from elevated library that used to surround it)

Shows movement of army (incredibly realistic/shows Roman efficiency)Also includes a God of the River

Used to be part of a Basillica (city hall or civic building)

Pantheon, Rome118-125 CE

Commissioned by HadrianOutwardly simple, has a belt course around itInside= solid (tholos but solid: a rotunda) (a perfect sphere to represent the Cosmos)

Has niches, each holds one of 7 GodsUsed to be elevated/ covered w/ marble, ceiling used to be blueDome: thick walls, concrete filled with relieving arches (serve as buttresses)

Coffers (to take off weight)Oculus at top, lets in light to create illusions

Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli, Italy c. 125 CE(Know things post-hadrianic if have beards: first emperor to have a beard)Unlike earlier emperors’ villas, this one was far outside of RomeRecreates beautiful things from all over Empire (Kayriatids, northern African stuff, etc)

Illustrates beauty, but also Roman dominance

Equestrian of Marcus Aureliusc. 175 CE. Gilded Bronze, 11’Only monumental equstrian monument left from antiquity

Only survived b/c people thought it was ConstantineOriginal location unknownCommanding and realistic, but also idealAll great renaissance artists had to make a similar piece as test of skill

Late Empire (Late Roman Imperial, Symbolic)

Baths of Caracalla, Rome211-217 CEBiggest Baths in RomeSocial Places, not just for bathingSoutheast Corner of Rome

Heroic Portrait of Trebonianus Gallus, from Rome, 251-253 CE, Bronze, 7’11”, METPosed like Augustan sculpture (“I will bring back success/glory of earlier days”)Symbolically linked to past, doesn’t feel classical or particularly realisticColossal and disproportionate Symbolic Contraposto (purely visual, body hasn’t shifted at all, just one leg)Not heroic nudity

Portrait of the Tetrarchs, from Constantinople, c. 305 CE

Porphyry, 4’ S. Marco VeniceThe 4 rulers of Rome, one was DiocletianNot intended to be realistic (no contrapposta, disproportionate, etc) Instead, symbolicPoryphyry= purple, royal stoneShows Rome has become too unweildy for just one ruler

2 capitals now, prelude to Roman breakup

Palace of Diocletian, Split, Croatia, c. 300 CEVERY fortified, diff from earlier palaces/villasArcades rest on top of columnades. Different from other Roman architecture.

Arch of Constantine, Rome, c. 312-315 CECommemorates victory, making him sole powerOne of the great concluding pieces of classical age (shows heading into Medieval art)Nikes in the SpandralsMany different styles here b/c made of Spolia

Took apart monuments to earlier emperors and put them in his, juxtaposed w/ modern style. (“We’re going to reclaim the good of the past and improve in the future”)

Basilica of Constantine, Rome, 312-315 CEMain Basilica in Augustan forumMuch bigger than other Basilicas3 Aisle basilica: central aisle= knave, side aisles= barrel vaults

sets stage from coming medieval structureLongitudinalIn the aps= enormous statue of Constantine

Symbolic, neither realistic nor idealized

c. 315-330, Marble

Priestess of Bacchus, right panel of an ivory diptychc. 400 CEReturn to classical style

Classical theme (nature, bacchus worshiper gathering grapes), perspective, contrapposta

Elaborate wedding gift, sort of book cover (covers normally just wax)

Jewish Art: (Iconoclastic, often don’t have images)Basic elements of a synogague Ark (cabinet to hold Torah), Bema (table to read Torah on), Eternal flame

Otherwise, synagogues= constantly changing w/ the times, so as not to stand out

Earliest continuous narrative cycle of Biblical images in history= baby moses rescued from river

The Crossing of the Red Sea, detail from a house synogague mural, Dura Europa, Syria 244-45, Tempera on PlasterIn late roman imperial style, no one is individualized, figures show some contraposta, but no sense of perspective, etcCan’t show God’s face, just armsAll figures are looking at you

Early Christian Art:Edict of Milan (313)= Religious tolerationStyles of late roman empire incorporated into this style

Good Shepherd, Orants, and the story of JonahPainted ceiling of the Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellino, Rome. C. 300 CETandos= painting in the Round format, (in center, shows Jesus) Linet= painting in a half circle (tell story of Jonah)

Juxtaposition of old and newShows contemporary early christians painted alongside these stories (praying in orant: arms spread wide open)

Carved into TufaJesus looks classical and late imperial: conflictSimple and economic, late Roman Imperial styleResembles Roman MuralsSimilar to early Jewish art at the time

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, c. 359. Marble, Vatican50 years after Edict of Milan, Christianity widely accepted by many in RomeJB was a newly baptized roman official (someone important), expensive sarcophagusClassical and not classical, combo of old and new:

Classical: classical movement, drapery hangs to skin, contrapposta, entire piece is organized in classical architectural frameworkNot Classical: big heads, weird Contrapposta

Sides look classical (wine)= actually Eucharist (carved in registers)Back not carvedVarious niches tell many stories (both old and new testament)

Incorporates Aeolus (Sky God) below Jesus in one to show his divinityOnly Pontius Pilot one takes up two niches

Old St. Peter’s basilica, Rome. C. 320-27Constantine gave land across Tiber to be central place of Catholic Church5 aisles (only Basilica to do this)Most doesn’t exist anymore (underground does b/c burial place of St Peter)No vaulting

Church of Santa Sabina, Rome c. 422-4322 Part elevation1. Nave arcade 2. Clerestory WindowsNo vaulting3 aislesHas best preserved early Christian doorsTerminates in Apse(Most important decorations in half-dome over apse)

Church of Santa Constanza, Rome (Mausoleum of Constantina)c. 350Ambulatory Walkway (w/ barrel vaults over it)Centralized PlanConstantine was patron: masoluem for his daughter

Mausoleum of Galla Placida, Ravennac. 425Tomb for Galla Placida= Wife of emperor (and then was briefly empress)Near San VitaleCentralized form, gable roofs (to cover the barrel vaults)Outside=Plain, interior: gorgeous mosaics

Lunets (half circles) at end of each barrel vault

The Good ShepherdMosaic in lunette over the entrance to Mausoleum of Galla PlacidaContrast between old and newChiarascarro in sheep. ForeshorteningClassical: Jesus shows torsion, wears gold/blue: imperialNot classical: sort of flat, collapsed, sitting position doesn’t really look natural

Byzantine Art:

Early Byzantine Art (Age of Justinian):

Church of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of MiletusC. 530

Based on Roman practices, but also somewhat different. Not quite Basillica, not quite Centralized. Dome on top, most of interior=longitudinalBig open spaces, don’t use centralized rotundaKnave, and then gallery on topDomes, Half Domes, and Quarter DomesTaken over by the Turks, now a Mosque

Church of San Vitale, Ravenna. c. 526-47

Looks centralized on outside, but also longitudinal stretchTension between two types

Groined ambulatoryHas aps, has gallery, has narthaxEvery surface=covered in mosaics

Anti classical, b/c classical focused on the engineering, which mosaics distract fromColumns made to look almost weak= suggests divine rather than human strength

Aps features 2 best known mosaics of Byzantine artOne side features Emperor Justinian

Shows emperor as head of Church, taking part in EucharistBoth Classical (fabric has folds, chiaroscarro, subtly has aropachus-like movement) and anti classical (flat, frontal, big eyes)

Other features his wife, Empress Theodora

Church of Sant’ Apollinare in ClasseLooks early Christian6th Century

Mosaic in the Apse: The Transfiguration of Christ and Saint Apollinaris, First Bishop of Ravenna, makes it Byzantine

Depicts transfigurationJesus, Elijah, Moses (Prophecy fulfilled)Above it, in lintel, Christ is shown in a circle: trinitarian halo4 Gospel writers shows in animal forms (tetramorphs)

Tetramorphs seen in Old Testament+Revelation= Fulfillment of ProphecyMatthew= Man, Mark= Lion, Luke= Ox (patron of Artists), John= Eagle

Byzantine churchs had pictures of Jesus in Pentochrators

Archangle Michael, Panel of a diptychIvory, Constantinople. Early 6th century.Appears classical in many ways: contraposta, foreshortening,

At the same time, looks sort of flat, feet splayed weirdlyWriting in Greek, not latin

Page with Rebecca at the Well, from the Book of genesis (also known as Vienna Genesis)

Early 6th CenturyTempura, gold and silver paint on purple died vellumIlluminated Manuscript (handwritten with pictures)Classical in its personification and continuous narrative, some contraposta)

Mostly flat thoughShows Abrham’s servant trying to find wife for his son (from Genesis, tries to illustrate text exactly, but simplified)Text= Greek, silver lettering (shows every letter is important)

Middle Byzantine Art:Starts after Iconoclastic Controversy- 843Very flat, heavily goldMade of wood, painted w/ egg tempuraStart on flat plane, come out into our space

Cathedral of St. MarkVenice. Begun 1063Important b/c had exclusive rights to the west (portal between east and west)Place to keep bones of St. MarkByzantine Greek Cross plan

Central dome, smaller domes surrounding itEverything inside=goldDoes not contain clerestory

Byzantine churches: High domes, unbroken spaceCentral dome (celestial god= pentocrater)Second dome (Life of Christ)Third Dome (Wall of Icons, Iconostasis)

Harbaville TriptychMid 11th CenturyIvoryOne of few Byzantine pieces that isn’t flatMade as a private worship object (for someone powerful)On top: risen Christ w/ Mary and John (serving as intercession)Greek textBack has cross, stars, Cyprus treesBottom shows St. Peter w/ key to the city

Page with David the PsalmistFrom Paris Psalter, 10th CenturyPaint on VellumThrowback to classical ideals: hierartic perspective, perspective, etc

Late Byzantine Art (begins in 1261 after Christian Crusaders are expelled)Moves to Russia (lots of wood, Onion domes, but keep Byzantine idea of high central domes w/ smaller domes surrounding it)

The Old Testament Trinity (Three Angels Visiting Abraham)By Andrey RubylovIconTempera on Panelc. 1410-20Abraham/Sarah hosting guests

Chalice in center of tablePerspective moves it into our space, rather than leading us inwardExpressed ideal geometry

Early Islamic Art:Muhammad (570-632) (Justinian ended in 565)

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem, Israelc. 687-91similar plan to San Vitale3rd Great Pilgrimage site in IslamPolitical and Religious Monument

Important for both Jewish and Islamic faithLiterally built on top of rock

Interior: Arcades and ColumnadesEarly text of qua’ran on outsideAmbulatoryColors alternatively on arches

Prayer Hall, Great Mosque Cordoba, SpainBegun 785Hypostyle Hall, w/ horshoe archesGroin vaultsRegion had previously been a wealthy roman provinceSpolia incorporated (had been influenced by earlier Visigothic architecture)Has hypostyle hall at topMinaret at bottom

Tile Mosaic, from the Madrasa Imami, Isfahan, Iran.Found 1454. Glazed and Cut tilesMeant to assist in PrayerShows math, nature, and the word all brought togetherDeep blue associated w/ persia

Baptistery of St LouisMuhammad Ibn al-Zain: artist (signed it many times)From Syria or Egyptc. 1300 BCEBrass Inlaid w/ silver and goldclearly done for leader in Manluch world

Manluchs (former slaves, who formed a warrior class, and then their old culture. Not quite Islamic but not Mongolian either)

Shows a hunt= they are skilled horsemen

Shows everything in Islam was not about Qua’ran

Lion Court from Alhambra PalaceSouth of Spain, Near Granada(Alhambra b/c has red stone…literal meaning of the world Alhambra)

Asian Art: Maurya Period (Budhist-India)

Great Stupa, Sanchi, c. 200 BCE35’In Bhupal, crossroadsStupas= Reliquary mounds3d expression of Mandala (prayer mat)anyone allowed inLions on frontBudha shown on Torana as footprints

Focus is not on his physical presence, but his ideasStories of Budha’s life engraved over Torana (Torana= Gateways)

Yakshi on Torana as well (in tribhanga pose)Patron= King AshokaCircuambulatoryMandala Plan

Chaitya Hall at Karla, Maharashra, India1st c. BCE to 1st c. CE

2 schools of Budhist imagery (Images of Buddha start appearing around fall of Roman Empire)

Mathura (more indigenous style: more gradceful, etc, inspired by Yakshas)Mudra (more Hellenistic style)

1st Collosal Buddha sculptures appear in Afghanistan

China(Pre Budhist)Shang Dynasty: Mostly funerary artQin Dynasty:

Mausoleum of Emperor Shihuangdi (guy who started building Great Wall of China)

(Xian)c. 210 BCEEarthenwareThousands of individualized soldiers

Han Dynasty:Painted Bannder, Tomb of the Marquess of Dai, Hunan, c. 160 BCESilk banner over coffinUses twisting to show one of the 1st images of an afterlifeAlso shows portrait of the Deceased

Earthly and Heavenly RealmsPatron was a noblewoman

Wei Dynasty:

When Buddhism comes to China (Xia)Seated Buddha, Cave 20Xia450 CEHuge Buddha sculpture shows importance of Buddhism to China

Has Budha and a BodhisatvaWhere early monks go to meditate

Tang Dynasty:Produces off-white ceramicsGreat Wild Goose Pagodac. 650 CEHouses documents: account of Early Chinese Buddhist historyPositioned right by a TempleNot wood unlike many pagodas

Song Dynasty:Travelers Among Mountains and Streams, c. 1000 CE

Hanging scroll, ink and colors on silkBy Fan Kuan (best known Chinese painter)

Shows one can be Buddhist, Confucist, etc at same timeShows a Journey, not a particular placeIndentifies values through nature

Japanese Art:Shinto: Ise ShrineMain hall, Inner Shrine

Rebulit every 20 years(last rebuilt in 1993)Place for Shinto Pilgrimage (Shinto)Tori’I gate marks entrance

Budhist:Phoenix Hall, Byodod-in, Uji, Kyoto PrefectureHeian Period c. 1050Site for tale of Genji

Building and statue made by JochoLooks as if floating (because of raised platform, supports curve the rooftops to make it seem weightless)Cantelievery= Complex wooden system to support it (beam/bracket projecting outward)Kondo contains Budha SculptureOriginall was private residence2 Phoenixes on top. Open to everyone

Amida Buddha in Phoenix Hallc. 1050 CEGold Leaf and laquer on joined wood. Inside the Kondo of Phoenix hallAngel- like Teachers float above him (what called?)

Womb World Mandala, To-Ji, Kyoto, Heian PeriodC. 1000 CEHanging scrolls, color on silkGives a glimpse of heavenly realm, rich, powerful, goldenVery big (six feet by five feet)Mandala= prayer mapSymmetrical

Kuya PreachingKamukara PeriodC. 1200 CEBy Kosho

Painted wood with inlaid eyesRokuhara Mistu-Ji, KyotoShows Koya (preacher) chanting= Founder of the MonasterySculpted Buddhas coming out of his mouth for syllables

Types of Buddhist Temples:Pagoda- Enclosed SpaceMondo- Golden/Main hallJi- Temple

Mudra= a symbolic hand gesture

Early Medieval Art: Charlemagne wanted to recreate the glory of old romePrinciple look of Saxons= Interlace: the weaving metal. When done on wood=Viking

Anglo/Saxons in Britain (World of Beowulf): Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, Purse Coverc. 625 Gold, Glass, Cloissone (little walls inside jewelry. Metalworking technique)Best known Anglo/Saxon artifcatNot from a sea-ship. Just a river boat. The wood rotted away, just left a “ghost”What remains, coins, etc show Anglo/Saxon’s extensive trade relationsPurse Cover remainedShows animal/migratory movementsHeraldic (bilateral, symmetrical imagery)Energetic/violent: highlights Viking ideals

Hiberno Saxons:Monks up in thei Ireland area, made lots of books. Combined anglo/saxon metalworking traditions w/ booksBest known piece: Book of KellsChi Rho Iota page from Matthew (cover for Book of Matthew)c. 800 inks and pigments on velluminterlace designs start forming into “the world”: cats, mice, a chalice

Carolingian Empire:Anything after 800Contrasting styles (Classical roman w/ Anglo/Saxon)

Lorsch gate= One of few remaining Carolingian architectural designsBasically recreates arch of Constantine with millefiori

Palace Chapel of CharlemagneAachenc. 800All that remains of his palace (most important part: where he is buried/where his relics are)

Modeled after San VitaleHas ambulatory, gallery, etcUnlike Byzantine works, reaffirms solidity of architecture

Saint Gall PlanInk of Parchmentc. 817from SwitzerlandIntrouduction of Wetwarks (western towers)An abbot’s ideal of what the ideal monastery would look like (never intended to be built)Similar to other churches, but includes westwarks, cloisters, transepts, etc

Ebbo Gospels, Page w/ Saint MatthewInk, gold, colors on Vellumc. 825Charlemagne wanted literacy= Carolingian world especially known for booksClassical in that: Matthew wears a toga, uses atmospheric perspective, chiarscurro, foreshortening, etcAlso uses anglo saxon techniques like interlace though+ dynamic energy

Lindau Gospels CoverGold, pearls, sapphires, garnets, and emeraldsc. 875Primary metalwork form=RepousetOne of the few remaining bookcoversShows dramatic, grieving angels, emaciated figures, around a calmly crucified Christ (one of two ways crucifixion is depicted at this time)

Ottonian Empire:

Otto I Presenting Church to Chirstc. 975Shows Otto I presenting Church to ChristJesus in the middle w/ Cross in his halo to symbolize the TrinityOn other side, St. Peter is present w/ the keySt. Maurice stands in back (Patron Saint of Holy Roman Empire- Black Saint)Very Small

Represents Power of Pope/Power of german Leader

Church of St. MichaelHildesheim (East Germany)Destroyed in WWII (what you see now is a reproduction)Middle has early Christian basilica, w/ westwarksTransept (crossing arm)= principle geometric unit for these type of churchesCrossing tower over bay where transept/westwarks crossLooks very early Christian on interior (but has 2 types of columns inside ABBA order)

Most famous aspect: Bronze Doors of Bishop Bernwardc. 1015over 16 feet tall (biggest metal casting project since Roman Empire)

inspired by Santa Sabina doorsRoman Classical/Early Church Style (almost a classical revival piece)Narrative stories shown in panelsInspired by Illuminated ManuscriptsDesign: one side shows fall of man progression. Other side, literally progresses up as a “rise”Images have some classical perspectiveAdam and Eve are shown banished to the cityMost famous panel=Blaming one another panel

Gero Crucifix, Cologne Cathedralc. 970Gilded and Painted Wood1st time interest shown in recreating a full scale human bodyUnlike Landau Gospels meant to emphasize Jesus’s suffering.

Mayan Culture:(technically lasted from 400 BCE-1500 CE)Period we think of as Dark Ages (700-800 CE) was Golden Age for civilizations like this

Lady Xok’s (or Queen Xoox) Vision (Accension Ceremony)725 CE, from Xaxchilan2 PanelsLeft shows Shield Jaguar (one of best known leaders) holding torch while his queen is about to go into a trancelike state to encounter ancestors in the Spirit Realm (through pain)Both shown covered in Jewels/FeathersHyroglyphs at top explain what is about to happenRight Panel shows Xoox’s vision: A serpent’s mouth opens, and a warrior comes forwardShows Ancient Storm god of Tinochtilian (Ancient Culture from Area)- Links it with Ancient Cultures