Aonla

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ANAND AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYANAND

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC

SUBMITTED BY :

PAWAN KUMAR NAGAR

RG.NO:04-2690-2015

Aonla BREEDINGSUBJECT:FSC.506

(BREEDING OF FRUIT CRPPS)

AONLASR.NO PARTICULAR CHARACTOR1 Common name Aonla 2 Botanical name Emblica officinalis l3 Family Euphorbiaceae 4 Origin Indo – china5 Chromosome number 2n=286 Propagation T – budding/patch7 Bud differentiation 1st week of march8 Inflorescence Racemose 9 Type of pollination Cross 10 Type of fruit Capsul 11 Number of seed/fruit 6 seed12 Fruits bear on Determinate shoots13 Harvesting time November to December 14 Yield 100-150kg/tree

Introduction Aonla is one of the most important minor fruit of

Indian origin,which is predicted to be the 'fruit of 21 century' even though it existed from time immemorial.

It is also called as 'Indian gooseberry', 'amla', nelli, amalaki, amali, ambala, and amalakam in different parts of india.

Aonla is very hardy, prolific bearer and highly remunerative.

Its juice contains 20 times as much vitamin C as orange juice. Aonla is known for its pharmaceutical properties.

The crop is also seen in sri lanka,Malaysia, pakistan and china.

It's mineral and vitamin contents include calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and to vitamin C. Its calorific value is 58. 100 g of fruit provides 470 to 680 mg of vitamin C. The dehydrated berry provides 2428 to 3470 mg of

vitamin C per 100 g. It is largely cultivated in Uttar Pradesh Gujarat,

Maharashtra and Karnataka. It has very good demand for the industries for the

preparation of various health care products also like hair oils, dye, shampoo, face creams and tooth powders.

Centre of Diversity

Grown in various agroedaphic situation. Indigenous to tropical South –Eastern Asia particularly

Central and Southern India. Wild and cultivated species available in the region

extending from the base of Himalayan to sri lanka and from Malasia to South China.

In India, it is widely grown in UP, Gujarat, Rajasthan, MP and TN.

Gemplasm rerources In Aonla variability existing in seedling

population in respect of fruit size, maturity period and yield per plant.

Major center where germplasm resources maintain are CIAH, Bikaner, NDUAT, Faridabad, AAU, Anand and RBS College, Agra.

In hill ecosystem of HP, where it was found that there is ample scope for selection of frost tolerant type although fruit size smaller than existing one.

Chomu, Pushkar valley and Badighati region of Rajasthan is hunting ground for Aonla variability.

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BOTANY AND MORPHOLOGY

Aonla belongs family Euphorbiaceae and scientifically is Emblica officinalis (formerly known as phyllanthus emblica ).

The genus includes a large number of sp. And other edible ones are phylenthus acidus (star gooseberry or otaheite goose berry) and p.longiflorus .

The chromosome number in aonla is 2n=28 and wide variation from 2n=98 to 104 is reported.

The tree is small to medium in size, 8-18m It has a crooked trunk and spreading branches. 

The plant exhibit phyllanthoid branching habit produsing short determinate shoots.

Unisexual flowers are produced as axillary cymules on determinate shoots.

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Fruits are drupaceous and capsular with fleshy exocarp. 

Fruits are sour and astringent and not consumed as a table fruit.  

The branchlets are glabrous or finely pubescent, 10–20 cm long, usually deciduous.

The leaves are simple, subsessile and closely set along branchlets and light green.

The flowers are greenish-yellow.

It is a deciduous tree shedding its determinate shoots completely and before this lateral buds develop new shoots to visibly give it a look of evergreen tree.

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FLORAL BIOLOGY Flowers, unisexual, pale green, 4 to 5 mm in length, borne in leaf-axils in clusters of 6 to 10. staminate flowers, tubular at the base,

having a very small stalk, gamosepalous, having 6 lobes at the top; stamens 1 to 3, polyandrous, filaments 2 mm long.

Pistillate flowers, fewer, having a gamopetalous corolla and two-branched style.

Bearing Behavior: both staminate and pistillate flowers are borne on the same branch, but the staminate flowers occur towards the apices of small branches.

Female flowers take about 72 hours to open fully. Pedicel is very short.

Disc is a lanceolate cup with 3 carpels. Style is short, connate, twice bifid and distally dilated.

The new shoot emerge out during first week of April. The flowering period varied in different varieties from 17-26 days. Flowering period twice in a year February-March and June-July.

The percentage of female flower varies from 1.12 to 8.33 depending upon varieties.

According to Dhar (1979) the ratio of female to male flowers may vary from 1:109 to 1:501 depending upon the cultivars.

Genetically:  Cultivated forms of Emblica officinalis have variable numbers ranging from 2n=98 to 2n=104. The vitamin C content was found to be directly proportional to the size of the fruit and size of the fruit is directly related to chromosome number.

Fruit Dormancy: After successful pollination and fertilization, the set fruits do not show any external symptom of fruit growth for about four months because the zygote and the endosperm nucleus rest for this period of time.

Anthesis Main period of anthesis in aonla have

been recorded between 6 AM to 4 PM with a peak period between 6 AM to 8 AM and minimum between 4-6 PM .

Just after the anthesis, either dehiscence starts immediately or after 10-15 minutes of anthesis .

Mode of Dehiscence The dehiscence of anthers started just

after opening of flower. The anther lobes started bursting longitudinally.

All the anthers of flower did not dehisce synchronously, some of these start to dehisced just after opening of flower whereas others did so later in the day, it took about 10 to 15 minute for complete dehiscence.

Breeding objectivesI. To breed var. having wider geographic adaptability.II. To develop var. suitable for export.III. To evolve colored var. based on market demand.IV. To breed var. resistant to frost.V. To breed var. resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.VI. Exploitation of available hybrid vigour (heterosis)

for yield and quality.VII. To breed var. having high yield with good quality

fruits.VIII. Varieties with less fibre content.IX. Good pollinating var.X. Var. with hight sex ratio with more number of

female flowers.

Breeding methods1. Introduction2. Selection3. Polyploidy4. Mutation5. Biotechnological tools6. Hybridization

1.Introduction It is one of the oldest method for

improvement of fruit crops. It is bringing or exchange of germplasm / genetic material from one place where it is not known previously.

Presently, germplasm exchange is being done in different crop through NBPGR, new delhi.

This method may be an important tool to bring exotic materials from foreign country for further evaluation and incorporation of specific gene lacking in indigenous aonla.

2. Selection While selecting new ideotypes, plant height, vigour,

growth habit, precocity, fruiting intensity, fruit size etc are kept in mind.

There are sufficient variation in fruit size and number of fruit / determinate shoots, which directly affect the fruit yield and provide ample scope for selecting superior type.

Major work done at

NDUAT, Faridabad (NA-4, 5, 6 ,7 10)

GAU (Anand-1, 2 and 3)

RBS, college, Agra (Balwant) Recently some coloured and cluster bearing genotypes

have been identified through exploitation in Rajasthan, which will be further evaluated at national repository of aonla at CIAH, Bikaner.

3. Polypoidy Exact ploidy level is not known in aonla but

it is realized by the scientists that aonla is characterized by polyploidy behavior in composition of chromosome.

The structural and numerical changes in chromosome can be made through application of colchicines, which is found to be useful for getting small seeded fruit or seedlessness.

Keeping in view the usefulness of polypoidy breeding, these principles may be applied in aonla to obtain desirable economic attributes.

4. Mutation Mutation is sudden heritable change in a

character of plant. In India, research work related to

application of mutation in aonla is almost negligible but there is greater prospects to develop coloured varieties through induced mutation and selection from bud sport.

5. Biotechnological tools Incorporation of desirable gene in aonla is

possible only with the application biotechnological approach.

In fact, there is absolute dearth of information on biotechnological approaches.

Tissue culture, cell culture and genetic manipulation through molecular technique may be useful to get early result in varietal improvement programme.

This technique can also be helpful to modify particular traits and in turn provide new avenue for improving both the colour and quality of the fruit available for industrial and domestic uses.

6. Hybridization Hybridization is crossing of two parents

which are genetically dissimilar. Not a single variety has been bred so far through this method.

Occurance of xenia effect between Chakaiya x Krishna, Banarasi x NA-9, Francis x NA-7, kanchan x NA-6 and NA-6 x NA-9 for fruit size and weight were reported from crosses.

Breeding problems Since, aonla is highly heterozygous plant,

therefore, large size of population is required for selection.

It has long generation cycle i.e. 2-8 years, depending upon sp. and var.

Lack of recombination. Long juvenile phase prohibiting early

assessment of strain. Precedence of self incompatibility. Frost susceptibility. Lack of knowledge on inheritance pattern.