A Major-Project Report on “Optimizing performance characteristics of solar panel using Biomimetics” Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING Submitted by Manjunath Mattikoppa 2BV14IP024 Madhusudan Bijapur 2BV14IP019 Shivling Tubachi 2BV14IP044 Rahul Lamani 2BV14IP041 Under the Guidance of Prof. Gururaj Fattepur K L E Society’s B.V.B COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY HUBLI-31 Department of Industrial & Production Engineering (2017-2018)
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A Major-Project Report on
“Optimizing performance characteristics ofsolar panel using Biomimetics”Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in
INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING
Submitted byManjunath Mattikoppa 2BV14IP024
Madhusudan Bijapur 2BV14IP019
Shivling Tubachi 2BV14IP044
Rahul Lamani 2BV14IP041
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Gururaj Fattepur
K L E Society’s
B.V.B COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
HUBLI-31
Department of Industrial & Production Engineering
(2017-2018)
ABSTRACT
In this fast moving world, there have been a lot of discoveries and
inventions happening all over the world. People have been finding out solutions to
the problems which have been prevailing in the world since many years. And many of
the solutions have been found by the so called common man. It is the dedication
and reasoning which help to achieve something, whether it is a solution to the
problem or analyzing a problem.
Every problem in the world is sure to have a solution, but what it needs is
approach towards it. A problem should be analyzed with proper designs and
methodologies to come up with the best possible solution. And engineers are the one who
make it possible. With the thorough knowledge of science and mathematics, it isn't
difficult to find the optimum solution.
The methodologies which are applied to the problem solving process should in
anordered manner. The appropriate steps have to be followed so as to reach the
target. And since the engineers are taught the same, they are the best to get through the
solution in the stipulated time assigned to them and increase the efficiency of the solution.
We, in this project, have tried to find the solution to a simple problem existing in
this hectic world. And we have tried our best to maintain all the respects of the
Engineering Design strategy so that we could come up with the best possible
solution. And we have tried our best to fight out the identified problem.
Table of contents
Sl.No Description Page No.
1. Introduction1.1 Introduction to Product Design. 1
1.2 Significance of Product Design in recent technology 2
1.3 Energy and its energy sources. 4
1.4 Introduction to solar cells. 8
1.5 Introduction to Biomimetics. 12
1.6 Objectives 14
1.7 Constraints 16
1.8 Functions 16
2. Literature review2.1 Literature survey on Solar energy.
17
2.2 Journal paper on Solar Power Analysis Based On Light Intensity. 17
2.3 Journal paper on Effect of temperature on the efficiency of solar panel. 182.4 Journal paper on Use of Biomimicry in industrial design 182.5 A study on Moth eye antireflection property to reduce reflection. 192.6 A study on Natural convection system for maintaining low temperature. 192.7 A journal paper on Sunflower as tracking system. . 20
3.Methodology3.1 Research Plan
23
4. Design calculations4.1 Measuring PV Efficiency 254.1.2 Calculations for stand height. 26
5 . Experimental plan5.1 Experiment methodology
28
5.2 Tabulation for Solar panel readings 28
5.3 ANOVA 33
5.4 Table for different glasses readings 34
5.5 Table for reading of the solar panel with tracking,cooling 36
and fresnel lens5.6 Results 38
Case Study 39
REFERENCES 40
APPENDIX 41
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Description Page No.
1 Book 3
2 Types of energy 4
3 Ice Harbor dam 6
4 Wind energy systems 7
5 Solar hot water systems 8
6 Net electricity generation 8
7 Solar cell 9
8 PV installed capacity 10
9 Bionic car 12
10 Japanese Bullet Train 13
11 Kangaroos Emulation 13
12 Glass wings 13
13 Bionic Photovoltaic Panels 14
14 Objective tree 15
15 Moth eye structure 19
16 Tracking system experimental setup 27
17 Cooling system experimental setup 27
18 Experimentation with normal solar panel 29
19 Experimentation with square lens 29
20 Experimentation with window glass 30
21 Experimentation with Bubble wrap 31
22 Experimentation with Fresnel lens 31
23 Experimentation with Cooling System 3224 Box Plot 34
25 Individual Value Plot 35
26 ANOVA Result 35
27 Reading Of The Solar Panel With Tracking, Cooling And Fresnel Lens 37
List of Tables
Table No. Description Page No.
1 Normal solar panel readings 28
2 Square lens readings 29
3 Window glass readings 30
4 Bubble wrap readings 30
5 Fresnel lens readings 31
6 Cooling system readings 32
7 Solar panel readings 33
8 Different Glasses Readings 34
9 Reading of The Solar Panel With Tracking, Cooling And Fresnel Lens 36
OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PANEL USING
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Dept of Industrial and Production Engineering Page 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to Product Design.
A product is a set attributes offered to consumers to full fill their needs or requirements.
In other words, a product acts as a vehicle which helps in providing required benefits to user.
Product development is the set of activities beginning with the perception of a market
opportunity and ending in the production, sale and delivery of a product.
1.1.1 Characteristics of a successful product design:
From the perspective of the investors in a for-profit enterprise, successful product results in
products that can be produced and sold profitably. The characteristics involves
● Product quality: It determines the efficiency of the product and may or may not meet
the customer needs. If the product meets the customer needs then it is said to posses
high standards of quality else the product will be considered as a low quality.
● Product cost: It determines the profit incurred by the firm for a particular sales
volume and a particular sales price. Higher the cost of manufacturing lower it is
economical to the customers.
● Development time: It determines the responsiveness of the firm to develop the
product within a shortest period of time more efficiently.
● Development capability: The asset that a firm can use to develop products more
effectively and economically in the future.
High performance with the above mentioned dimensions will ultimately lead to economic
success of the company. Pollution and environment are the significant parts of the product
design in present as well as in future.
Roles in product design:
There are three major roles in any product design,
● Marketing: It is the mediate interaction between the firm and the customers.
Marketing always focuses on identification of product opportunities and identifying
customer needs. It sets target prices, launch and promotion of the product.
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● Design: It plays a lead role in defining the physical form of the product to best meet
the customer requirements. The design function includes engineering
design(mechanical, electrical, simulation, etc.) and industrial design(asthetics, user
interfaces).
● Manufacturing: It is primarily responsible for designing, operating and co-
ordinating the production system in order to produce the product. It also includes
purchasing, distribution and installation. This collection of activities are also known
as supply chain.
1.1.2 Challenges in product design:
Designing great product is hard but not impossible. Some challenges that makes the product
design challenging are-
● Dynamics: Technologies improve every second, customer preferences changes,
competitors introduce new product. Decision making of constant change is a
formidable task.
● Details: Details of each component to be used in the product is required and
decisions to tackle various problems during the product design has to be taken
depending on the details obtained.
● Time pressure: Any difficult problem in product design can be easily manageable it
there is no time bound. But product design decisions should be made quickly without
or without complete information.
● Team diversity: Successful design requires many people with different skills and
talents. The design team should involve a wide range of people with different training,
experience, perspectives and personalities.
● Team spirit: The product design teams are highly motivated and cooperative groups.
The main aim of the team members is to focus on designing the product.
1.2 Significance of Product Design in recent technology.
To sell the product effectively and economically, the product needs to be well designed,
which also involves packaging. Product packaging is the first thing that the customers
inspects about. Many people take purchasing decisions primarily on product design,
especially when there are multiple products of same type. Great product design executes both
OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PANEL USING
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needs and desires of the customers. In to days word markets are flooded with similar products
but the only thing differentiates between them is the design of the product.
Below is the example to justify the significance of product design:
Figure number 1.1: Book (Source: Internet)
We all have read the books but all of them where of same design, but there was innovation made
by means of product design which involves the cover of the book in the form of a suit. This
attracted the customers to buy the book.
The Power of product Design offers an introduction and a practical guide to product
innovation, integrating the key topics that are necessary for the design of sustainable and
energy-efficient products using sustainable energy technologies.
Product innovation in sustainable energy technologies is an interdisciplinary field. In
response to its growing importance and the need for an integrated view on the development
of solutions, this text addresses the functional principles of various energy technologies next
to the latest design processes and innovation methods.
From the perspective of product design applications, engineer gets clear explanations of
technologies that are significant for product integration, such as batteries, photovoltaic solar
energy, fuel cells, small wind turbines, human power, energy saving lighting, thermal energy
technologies in buildings, and piezoelectric energy conversions. The design processes and
innovation methods presented in this project include various approaches ranging from
technical, societal and creative methods that can be applied in different stages of the design
process.
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1.3 Energy and its energy sources.
Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy comes in various forms, such as motion, heat,
light, electrical, chemical, nuclear energy, and gravitational. The classification of energy into
different ‘‘types’’ often follows the boundaries of the fields of study in the natural sciences.
For example, chemical energy is the kind of potential energy stored in chemical bonds, and
nuclear energy is the energy stored in interactions between the particles in the atomic
nucleus. Microscopic forms of energy are related to the molecular structure of a system and
they are independent of outside reference frames.
1.3.1 Types of energy.
Primary and secondary types of energy are the two main types as shown in Fig.3
Primary energy is extracted or captured directly from the environment, while the secondary
energy is converted from the primary energy in the form of electricity or fuel. Distinguishing
the primary and secondary energy sources are important in the energy balances to count and
record energy supply, transformations, and losses.
Figure number 1.2: Energy Transformation (Source: Internet)
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1.3.2 Renewable Energy Resources
Renewable energy comes from natural resources and are naturally replenished. Major
renewable energy sources are:
• Hydroelectric
• Wind
• Solar energy
Renewable energy comes directly from the sun, or from heat generated deep within the earth.
In 2017, about 19% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13%
coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.2% from
hydroelectricity. Other renewables, such as small hydro, biomass, wind, solar, geothermal,
and biofuels contributed around 2.7% and are growing rapidly. The share of renewables in
electricity generation is around 18%, with 15% of global electricity coming from
hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables. Climate change concerns, high oil prices, and
government support are leading to increase in renewable energy usage and
commercialization. Consequently, between 2012 and 2017, worldwide renewable energy
capacity grew at rates of 10–60% annually creating businesses and employment. Renewable
energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas: power generation, hot water/space
heating, transport fuels, and rural energy services.
New and emerging renewable energy technologies are still under development and include
cellulosic ethanol, hot-dry-rock geothermal power, and ocean energy. Renewable energy
generally gets cheaper in the long term, while fossil fuels 42 2 Energy and Energy Types
generally get more expensive. Fossil fuel technologies are more mature, while renewable
energy technologies are being rapidly improved to increase the efficiency of renewable
energy and reduce its cost. In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy
generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive; therefore producing renewable
energy locally can offer a viable alternative.
OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PANEL USING
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1) Hydroenergy:
Hydroenergy is derived from the force or energy of moving water. Most hydroelectric energy
comes from the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The
power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height
between the source and the water’s outflow. This height difference is called the head. The
amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. To deliver water to a turbine
while maintaining pressure arising from the head, a large pipe called a penstock may be used.
In 1878, the world’s first house to be powered with hydroelectricity was in Northumberland,
England. The old Schoelkopf Power Station near Niagara Falls in the US began to produce
electricity in 1881.
One of the major advantages of hydroelectricity is the elimination of fuel. Because there is
no fuel combustion, there is little air pollution in comparison with fossil fuel plants and
limited thermal pollution compared with nuclear plants. Hydroelectric plants also tend to
have longer economic lives than fuel-fired power generation, with some plants now in service
which were built 50–100 years ago. Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are
automated and need few personnel on site during normal operation. The sale of electricity
from the station may cover the construction costs after 5–8 years of full operation.
Hydroelectric usually refers to large-scale hydroelectric dams. Micro hydro systems typically
produce up to 100 kW of power. Hydro systems without dam derive kinetic energy from
rivers and oceans. Ocean energy includes marine current power, ocean thermal energy
conversion, and tidal power. Figure 4 shows the Ice Harbor dam in the US.
Figure number 1.3: Ice Harbour dam (Source: Internet)
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2) Wind Energy:
The Earth is unevenly heated by the sun and the differential heating drives a global atmospheric
convection system reaching from the earth’s surface to the stratosphere. Most of the energy stored in
these wind movements can be found at high altitudes where continuous wind speeds of over 160 km/h
(99 mph) occur. To assess the frequency of wind speeds at a particular location, a probability
distribution function is often fitted to the observed data. Wind power is a totally renewable energy
source with no greenhouse gas emissions, but due to its unpredictability, has problems integrating
with national grids.
Figure number 1.4: Wind energy systems (Source: Internet)
3) Solar Energy:
Solar energy is derived from the sun through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered
electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat engines. Other solar applications
includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, daylighting, solar hot water,
solar cooking, and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes. Solar technologies
are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they
capture, convert and distribute solar energy:
Active solar techniques include the use of solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
Some active solar techniques include solar process heat by commercial and industrial
buildings, space heating/cooling, and water heating.
Passive solar systems rely on gravity and the tendency for water to naturally circulate as it is
heated. Passive solar techniques orient buildings to the Sun, select materials with favorable
thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and design spaces that naturally circulate air.
OPTIMIZING PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLAR PANEL USING
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Figure number 1.5: Solar hot water systems (Source: Internet)
1.3.3 Net electricity generation by energy sources(in trillion kilowatts):
Figure number 1.6: Net electricity generation (Source: Internet)