AOARD Nano- Micro Systems, Mechanics, Materials and Aerospace Program March 29 2007 Dr. Jim C Chang Program Director AFOSR/AOARD Air Force Research Laboratory ECE Department North Carolina State
Jan 26, 2016
AOARD Nano- Micro Systems, Mechanics, Materials and
Aerospace Program
March 29 2007
Dr. Jim C Chang
Program Director
AFOSR/AOARD
Air Force Research Laboratory
ECE Department
North Carolina State University
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
AOARDDetachment 2
EOARDDetachment 1
Air Force Research Laboratory
Air Force Materiel Command
9 other Technology
Directorates
3 Technical
Directorates
International
Office
Where AOARD Fits
AFOSRBASIC RESEARCH IS THE FOUNDATION
HQ AFRL
HUMAN EFFECTIVENESS
INFORMATIONPROPULSION MUNITIONS
TECHNOLOGY DIRECTORATES
AFOSR is the Sole Manager of US Air Force Basic Research Funds
AFOSR Within the AF Research Lab
DIRECTED ENERGY
SPACE VEHICLES
AIR VEHICLES
SENSORSMATERIALS &
MANUFACTURING
Focused Long Term Challenges
Example Transformational Capabilities
Combined Air Operations Center of the Future
Reusable Launch Vehicle
Rapid Access to Space
Long Range Strike
Sensor Craft Persistent ISR
Cyber Craft
Strategic Technologies
Cooperative Aerospace Operations
Cooperative Aerospace Operations
20 Km Spot
Integrated-Automated Target RecognitionIntegrated-Automated Target Recognition
Thermal ManagementThermal Management
Airborne Laser
Nanoscience & Technology
Nanoscience & Technology
Local Environment NanoSensors (LENS)
Biological Materials & Systems ExploitationBiological Materials & Systems Exploitation
Rapid Decision ManagementRapid Decision Management
Aerospace and Materials Sciences
Chemistry and Life Sciences
Physics and Electronics
Sub-thrusts
AFOSR Research Areas
• Physics• Electronics• Space Sciences
• Solid Mechanics and Structures
• Materials• Fluid Mechanics• Propulsion
• Info Sciences• Mathematics
• Chemistry• Bio Sciences• Human Performance
Mathematics and Information
Sciences
Areas of enhanced emphasis:• Information Science• Computer-Assisted Human Decision-Making• Micro UAV Swarms• Nanoscience• Novel Energy Technology
• Funded by AFOSR since 1986
• AFOSR support established initial femtosecond facilities
• Allows new insights into reaction mechanisms, the effects of solvation, and HEDM synthesis.
1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry:Femtochemistry
Prof. Ahmed ZewailCaltech
•1999 Nobel Prize in chemistry
•Awarded for development of “femtochemistry” methods to visualize, understand, and predict reactions
• Funded by AFOSR since 1989
• AFOSR support branched into other applications of conjugated polymers
• Discovery of Ultrafast (300 fs) photoinduced charge transfer led to organic solar cell research and bio-chemical sensor development
2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry:Conductive Polymers
Prof. Alan J. HeegerUCSB
•2000 Nobel Prize in chemistry
•Awarded "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
1Opt. Commun. 141, 243 (1997)2Phys. Rev. B56, 4573 (1997)
n
e-
O R
RO
RO
O R
RO
O R
hAcceptor
Donor
300 fs
+
-
AFOSR Leadership Roles• Foster Revolutionary Basic Research for Air Force Needs
– 728 extramural research grants at 211 universities
– 194 intramural research projects at Air Force laboratories
– 133 STTR small business - university contracts
– 368 transitions to DOD and industry
• Build Relationships with Leading Researchers – Here and Abroad
– 79 summer faculty; 40 postdocs at AFRL
– 264 short-term foreign visitors; 37 personnel exchanges
– 58 technical workshops; 205 conferences sponsored
– Liaison Offices in Europe and Asia
• Educate Tomorrow’s Scientists and Engineers– About 2000 post-docs and grad students on research grants
– 430 National Defense Science & Engineering Fellowships
World S&T Investment1996* to 2004**
+78%
** OECD 2005 PPP; Global S&T Report (Batelle) - PPP data Lyons, Mikami 2006, AOARD
1%
2%
3%
2%
1%
EU 25% 12% 3%
5%
33% 13%
<1%
Lyons, Mikami 2005, AOARD
Asia Share1996: 26%2004: 35%
2%
1%3%
2%
2%
EU 28%
4% 3%38% 16%
<1%* UIS S&T database; World Bank - PPP data
1%
Window-on-Science Visits (WOSs)
• AOARD invites prominent Asian Scientists to USAF labs/centers:
– Visitor provides a seminar and engages in technical discussions with USAF S&T’s
– Official travel expenses are paid by AOARD
– Short-term visits to one or more locations
• Foreign military and civilian government employees may not be eligible, unless they are academicians
• AOARD sends out Base Clearance Data -- FDO and Hosting POC
• Lead time: At least 60 days before travel start date
Photo courtesy of Mr. William Rieken
Conference Support (CSP)
• AOARD funds workshops and conferences in Asia to promote scientific interactions:
– We provide financial support to Asian conference organizers
– AOARD sponsorship must be separate from corporate sponsorship
– The support may be for a stand-alone workshop or for an individual session within a large conference
• Lead time: As early as possible
AOARD, 2006
R & D Contracts/Grants (R&D)
• AOARD funds small research proposals submitted in response to AFOSR Broad Area Announcement (BAA) and USAF interests:
– USAF S&Ts evaluate the proposals
– The Proposer’s Guide is on the AFOSR web page through AOARD web page http://www.tokyo.afosr.af.mil
• Follow-on contracts are cost-shared by other USAF organization
• AOARD administers larger contracts on behalf of AFOSR and AFRL
• Lead time: Usually 60-90 days to complete the process
(White paper → Proposal → Evaluation → Contract)
AOARD, 2006
AOARD Program Activities FY-06
WOS CSP R&D TOTAL
30 11 16 57
16 15 16 47
16 5 18 39
9 3 14 26
8 8 10 26
4 5 7 16
3 2 0 5
3 2 0 5
0 2 1 3
2 1 0 3
1 0 1 2
0 1 0 1
JAPAN
COUNTRY
AUSTRALIA
KOREA
TAIWAN
INDIA
SINGAPORE
THAILAND
VIETNAM
INDONESIA
MALAYSIA
NEW ZEALAND
CHINA
PROGRAM GOALS
• Seek and Cultivate
• Teaming and Leverage
• Harvest and Discovery
OVERVIEW TOPICS
• Power and Energy
• Intelligent Structures/Systems for Aerospace Systems
• Multi-Scale and Interfaces for “Materials-by-Design”
• AFOSR/Taiwan Nanotechnology Initiative
• Aerospace Sciences Topics
Taken from a presentation by Baldwin “Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy; Energy: A 21st Century Perspective; National Academy of Engineering; June 2, 2005”
BEST RESEARCH – CELL EFFICIENCIES
Effic
ienc
y (%
)
Universityof Maine
Boeing
Boeing
Boeing
BoeingARCO
NREL
Boeing
Euro-CIS
200019951990198519801975
NREL/Spectrolab
NRELNREL
JapanEnergy
Spire
No. CarolinaState University
Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)
Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Si
Thin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2
CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized)
Emerging PVDye cells Organic cells(various technologies)
Varian
RCA
Solarex
UNSW
UNSW
ARCO
UNSWUNSW
UNSWSpire Stanford
Westing-house
UNSWGeorgia TechGeorgia Tech Sharp
AstroPower
NREL
AstroPower
Spectrolab
NREL
Masushita
MonosolarKodak
Kodak
AMETEK
Photon Energy
UniversitySo. Florida
NREL
NREL
NRELCu(In,Ga)Se2
14x concentration
NREL
United Solar
United Solar
RCA
RCARCA
RCA RCARCA
Spectrolab
Solarex12
8
4
0
16
20
24
28
32
36
University ofLausanne
University ofLausanne
2005
Kodak UCSBCambridge
NREL
UniversityLinz
Siemens
ECN,The Netherlands
Princeton
UC Berkeley
2010
AIST
2011Goal: 15 %
2011Goal: 10 %
(Dr. Jenekhe)
POWER AND ENERGY Bio-Inspired Light Harvesting Research
Prof. Mamoru Nango, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan
• Starting with a One-year AOARD Seed Grant - 2006• AFOSR MURI: Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems
and their Integration to Aero Vehicles• Team Members: UW, UCLA, UC, AFRL/VA, AFRL/ML, AOARD• Technical Effort Energy Harvesting - Mechanical & Solar ・ Solar Cell - Low Cost & Efficient ・ Polymeric: 3% to 10% ・ Bio-Inspired Design: 8% to 15% (Prof. Nango + 40 people team through AOARD)
Scientific Approach ・ Mimic biosystem photosynthesis “structure”, “function”, “process” ・ New Energy & Industrial Technology Development Organization, Japan, UK, USA
Bacteriochlorophyll a
(BChl a)
N N
N N
O
O
OO
COOCH3
Mg
3
Carotenoid
OCH3
OCH3
Accomplishment 1. X-ray crystal structure identification of LH1-RC and LH2
LH1-RC LH2
POWER AND ENERGY BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH
Abs
orpt
ion
ADKSDLGYTGLTDEQAQELHS VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWFRb.sphaeroides LH1-VYMSGLWLFSAVAIVAHLAVYIW RPWFGGCSH
hydrophobic corehydrophobic coreN-terminalN-terminal C-terminalC-terminal
2. Reconstitute LH1-RC (photosynthetic proteins) on electrodeusing bio-selfassembly
3. Stabilized APS(3-aminopropylsilane)-ITO
Zn
AuSS S
hh ee--
ee--ZnZn
ee--
ee--
MV++
RC or LH/RC complexRC or LH/RC complex
Au electrodeAu electrode
ITO electrodeITO electrodeGlass substrateGlass substrate
Photocurrent on electrodePhotocurrent on electrode
RC or LH-RCRC or LH-RC
e-e-
POWER AND ENERGY BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH
Photocurrent on electrode
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Wavelength (nm)N
orm
aliz
ed a
bso
rban
ce 870
513
880
469
no carotenoid with spirilloxanthin with spheroidene
• Future plan Develop nano-TiO2 electrode and device model for functionalized LH1-RC & LH2 to increase performance & stability
4. Synthesized LH1 polypeptide/pigments complex for broadband(UV to IR) absorption for device efficiency and stability
Spheroidene isolated from Rb. sphaeroides (Left) Spirilloxanthin isolated from Rs. rubrum (Right)
POWER AND ENERGY BIO-INSPIRED LIGHT HARVESTING RESEARCH
FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH USING ATOMS
Atoms move to the minimum-energy position
Arbitrary two atoms ’i’ and ’j’ are regarded as two nodes, and their potential as one element
Element Shape Function Formation
Advantages of Our Approach
Advantages of Our Approach
Computationally efficient Reflects physical reality Conducive for the observation of deformation mechanisms
Strain Gradient Distributions at Three Different Indentation
Depths
Jeng et al., Applied Physics Letters, 2006Jeng et al., Applied Physics Letters, 2006
Mechanical Characteristics of Nanotube Junctions
Physical Review B, 2006Physical Review B, 2006
Nanomechanics and Nanoplasticity
FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH USING ATOMS
Gas-atomization-produced Nickel-Titanium SMA powders
Electro-dissolving SMA Fiber
Impurity-Free High-Performance SMA and SMP
NANO-SMA/SMP FOR COMPOSITES
NEW AND IMPROVED MATRIX PROPERTIESMORPHING AND SHAPE CONTROL FOR PERFORMANCE
Recent Results
•Taiwan/Korea Nano-Science Initiatives: Leveraging Asia’s $1.5 billion nano-technology investment
•National Central University, Taiwan: ROCSAT: Studying low-latitude ionospheric scintillations - communication/navigation outage forecasting
•Tohoku University, Japan: Tackling Hurdles in Micro-turbine Research: lunch-box-size 100 watt power source, 10 mm rotor, 1 million rpm bearing
•Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia: Gaining access to HyShot flight data from world’s 1st in-flight scramjet combustor test (Mach 7.5)
•Cooperative Operation of UAVs: Australian Center for Field Robotics (ACFR): Multi-objective control laws & cooperative airborne inertial - SLAM
Photo Courtesy of Dr. Allan PaullPhoto courtesy of Dr. Sukkarieh Photo courtesy of Dr. Isomura