Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – 1600’s 1600’s Dutch merchant Dutch merchant used magnifying used magnifying glass to view glass to view cloth cloth Developed first Developed first usable microscope. usable microscope. First person to First person to view small view small organisms in pond organisms in pond water. water.
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – 1600’s Dutch merchant used magnifying glass to view cloth Dutch merchant used magnifying glass to view cloth Developed first usable.
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek –
1600’s1600’s
Dutch merchant Dutch merchant used magnifying used magnifying glass to view clothglass to view cloth
Developed first Developed first usable microscope.usable microscope.
First person to view First person to view small organisms in small organisms in pond water.pond water.
Leeuwenhoek first to view Leeuwenhoek first to view bacteriabacteria
Leeuwenhoek took Leeuwenhoek took samples of pond samples of pond water and view water and view them through his them through his microscope.microscope.
Robert Hooke develops simple Robert Hooke develops simple microscope- 1665microscope- 1665
English physicist, English physicist, developed first simple developed first simple compound microscopecompound microscope
View cork under View cork under microscope, saw tiny microscope, saw tiny box like structuresbox like structures
Called these structures Called these structures cellulae(monks cellulae(monks chamber)chamber)
Hooke first to use the term cellHooke first to use the term cell
Hooke had discovered Hooke had discovered plant cells -- more plant cells -- more precisely, what Hooke precisely, what Hooke saw were the cell walls saw were the cell walls in cork tissue. In fact, it in cork tissue. In fact, it was Hooke who coined was Hooke who coined the term "cells": the the term "cells": the boxlike cells of cork boxlike cells of cork reminded him of the reminded him of the cells of a monastery.cells of a monastery.
Schleiden and SchwannSchleiden and Schwann develop develop Cell Theory- 1838Cell Theory- 1838
The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory When Schleiden and When Schleiden and Schwann proposed Schwann proposed the cell theory in the cell theory in 1838, cell biology 1838, cell biology research was forever research was forever changed. changed. The cell The cell theory states that: theory states that:
All life forms are All life forms are made from one or made from one or more cells.more cells.
The cell is the The cell is the smallest form of life.smallest form of life.
Virchow modifies Cell TheoryVirchow modifies Cell Theory
Twenty years later in Twenty years later in 18551855 Rudolf VirchowRudolf Virchow proposed an important proposed an important extension of cell theory extension of cell theory that that "All living cells "All living cells arise from pre-arise from pre-existing cells"existing cells". . (("Omnis cellula e "Omnis cellula e celula"celula") This statement ) This statement has become what is has become what is known as the "known as the "Biogenic Biogenic lawlaw".".
Basic Cell StructureBasic Cell Structure Cells range in size Cells range in size
from 0.2um to 7 ft.from 0.2um to 7 ft. All cells have certain All cells have certain
flexible layer,usually flexible layer,usually a bi-layer of a bi-layer of phospholipidsphospholipids
Cytoplasm – colloidal Cytoplasm – colloidal material, acts as material, acts as cushioncushion
Two basic types of cellsTwo basic types of cells
Prokaryotic cells – “pre-kernel” most Prokaryotic cells – “pre-kernel” most likely first type of cell. Capable of likely first type of cell. Capable of carrying out all requirements of life. carrying out all requirements of life. Unicellular organisms onlyUnicellular organisms only
Eukaryotic cells- “true-kernel” most Eukaryotic cells- “true-kernel” most abundant type of cells. Both abundant type of cells. Both unicellular and multicellular unicellular and multicellular organisms. organisms.
support, movement support, movement and is used during and is used during mitosis to aids in mitosis to aids in cell division.cell division.
Composed of two Composed of two primary filamentsprimary filaments..
Microtubules – Microtubules – hollow tubes of hollow tubes of protein, used to protein, used to maintain shape, maintain shape, aid in movement aid in movement and especially and especially important in cell important in cell division.division.
CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON
Microfilaments – also known as Microfilaments – also known as actin filaments, small actin protein actin filaments, small actin protein filaments.filaments.
Provides support for cell, and aids Provides support for cell, and aids in the movement of organelles in the movement of organelles with in the cellswith in the cells
Certain cytoskeleton proteins will Certain cytoskeleton proteins will become cilia or flagellum.become cilia or flagellum.
Organelles in the Organelles in the cytoplasmcytoplasm
Ribosomes can be Ribosomes can be considered the considered the matchmakers of the matchmakers of the protein making protein making process. process.
Ribosomes are either Ribosomes are either free floating in the free floating in the cytoplasm of a cell or cytoplasm of a cell or attached to attached to endoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum in a cell.reticulum in a cell.
materials such as materials such as water, salt and water, salt and carbohydrates.carbohydrates.
Saclike structure, most Saclike structure, most plants will have a large plants will have a large single vacuole. The single vacuole. The pressure in this large pressure in this large vacuole helps give vacuole helps give support to heavy support to heavy structure in plants. structure in plants. Animals will have Animals will have several small vacuoles several small vacuoles also called vesicles.also called vesicles.
powerhouse of the cell. powerhouse of the cell. Take glucose and Take glucose and converts it to energy that converts it to energy that the cell can use (ATP).the cell can use (ATP).
Double folded membrane Double folded membrane found in over 97% of all found in over 97% of all eukaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells, including plant cells.including plant cells.
Once believed to be its Once believed to be its own organism.own organism.
Has its own DNAHas its own DNA
Organelles – special to plantsOrganelles – special to plants Chloroplasts – used Chloroplasts – used
in photosynthesis. in photosynthesis. Converts light energy Converts light energy to chemical energy. to chemical energy.
Found in plants and Found in plants and certain protists. certain protists. NEVER in ANIMAL NEVER in ANIMAL CELLS.CELLS.
Contains chlorophyll Contains chlorophyll and other pigments.and other pigments.
Has its own DNAHas its own DNA
Origin of the CellOrigin of the Cell First cells believed to be a First cells believed to be a
prokaryotic. prokaryotic. Built in mechanisms for survival.Built in mechanisms for survival. Eukaryotic cells believed to have Eukaryotic cells believed to have
formed a symbiotic relationship with formed a symbiotic relationship with prokaryotic organisms.prokaryotic organisms.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Mitochondria and Chloroplasts believed to have been separate believed to have been separate prokaryotic organisms at one time. prokaryotic organisms at one time. DNA in these organelles come from DNA in these organelles come from mother only.mother only.
The primordial Earth was a very different place than today, with greater amounts of energy, stronger storms, etc. The oceans were a "soup" of organic compounds that formed by inorganic processes (although this soup would not taste umm ummm good). Miller's (and subsequent) experiments have not proven life originated in this way, only that conditions thought to have existed over 3 billion years ago were such that the spontaneous (inorganic) formation of organic macromolecules could have taken place.
Getting things into the cellGetting things into the cell The cell membrane is a The cell membrane is a
selectively permeable selectively permeable membrane, but things membrane, but things must get into the cell. must get into the cell.
Water can enter the cell Water can enter the cell through a process called through a process called Osmosis.Osmosis.
Glucose will enter the Glucose will enter the cell through facilitated cell through facilitated diffusiondiffusion
Large protein move into Large protein move into the cell by endocytosisthe cell by endocytosis
DiffusionDiffusion
Diffusion is the movement of Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region in which molecules from a region in which they are highly concentrated to a they are highly concentrated to a region in which they are less region in which they are less concentratedconcentrated..
Does not require any energy Does not require any energy (passive).(passive).
Allows particles to reach lowest Allows particles to reach lowest state of energy. state of energy.
Diffusion Across Cell Diffusion Across Cell MembraneMembrane
Molecules such as:Molecules such as: OxygenOxygen Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide NitrogenNitrogen Important to allow cell to function Important to allow cell to function
when energy is not availablewhen energy is not available Allows for respiration to occurAllows for respiration to occur
OsmosisOsmosis
Movement of water from an area Movement of water from an area of low solute to an area of higher of low solute to an area of higher solute.solute.
No energy required (passive)No energy required (passive) Only water movesOnly water moves Major method of getting water into Major method of getting water into
the cell.the cell.
OsmosisOsmosis
OsmosisOsmosis
Solutions and Solutions and ConcentrationsConcentrations
Hypertonic solutions contain higher concentrations of solutes than those in surrounding cells resulting in the cell shrinking in size.
Hypotonic solutions contain lower concentrations of solutes than those in surrounding cells resulting in the cell swelling.
Isotonic solutions contain equal concentrations of solutes than those in surrounding cells and the cell volume remains unchanged .