Trends in Southeast Asia Series: 15(2005) Anti-Terrorism, Maritime Security, and ASEAN-China Cooperation: A Chinese Perspective Guo Xinning This paper was written under the ASEAN-China Study Programme of ISEAS. The ASEAN-China Study Programme is funded by Professor Saw Swee Hock ISEAS DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE. This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 30 Heng Mui Keng Terrace, SINGAPORE 119614. <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg >
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This paper was written under the ASEAN-China Study Programme of ISEAS. TheASEAN-China Study Programme is funded by Professor Saw Swee Hock
ISEAS DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE. This version was obtained electronically direct from thepublisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may bereproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 30 Heng MuiKeng Terrace, SINGAPORE 119614. <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg>
The responsibility for facts and opinions expressed in this publicationrests exclusively with the author, and his/her interpretations do not
necessarily reflect the views or the policy of the Institute or itssupporters.
ISSN 0219-3213December 2005
About the Writer
Guo Xinning was visiting researcher at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
Singapore. He is research fellow in the Institute for Strategic Studies, National
Defence University. He is also senior colonial in the People’s Liberation Army,
People’s Republic of China.
Executive Summary
1. ASEAN-China relations are generally healthy. The strategic partnershipbetween ASEAN and China will be further enhanced if coordinated efforts aretaken to address terrorism and maritime security. Terrorism has affected Chinaand some ASEAN countries for years, while maritime security is becoming asecurity issue of greater significance for both ASEAN countries and China. Ifhandled improperly, the challenges of terrorism and maritime security mayundermine economic and social development, and to a greater extent, nationalsecurity.
2. So far, the primary source of terrorist threat to China is the so-called “East Turkistan” separatist movement that has attempted to establish a grand “East Turkistan” stretching across Central Asia. Xinjian Uygur Autonomous Region, a western province of China, is assumed to be a part of it. This “East Turkistan” is to be established by violent means.
3. In recent years Southeast Asia has risen to the fore in the internationalcampaign against terrorism. As with in China, terrorist groups in SoutheastAsia are, almost without exception, connected to religious extremism andseparatism. The most notorious terrorist organisations active in Southeast Asiainclude Jemaah Islamiyah, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and AbuSayyaff Group.
4. With regards to maritime security, the sea plays a hugely important economicrole for both Southeast Asia and China. The sea carries the vast bulk of tradeand communication, provides food supplies, and supplies substantial energyresources. As such, maritime security will be of increasing concern toSoutheast Asia and China.
5. Piracy is perhaps the most serious maritime security problem in the region. Inrecent years, piracy in Southeast Asia has been more and more rampant.According to the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), the reportednumber of acts of piracy and armed robbery in 2004 was 330. Among allregions in the world, the Far East (including the Malacca Straits and SouthChina Sea) was the most affected area.
6. Relating to issues of piracy and maritime security is the security of sea lanesof communication. For China, the security of sea lanes is vital to ensure thecontinued import of oil, energy and raw materials, all of which are crucial forits economic growth. Meanwhile, most ASEAN economies are export-oriented, heavily dependent on foreign trade, thus making sea lane securityvital for the sustained economic development of countries in the region.
7. Successful response to terrorism and maritime security threats requiresinternational cooperation. The normalisation of relations with China in 1990
by Indonesia, and then Singapore and Brunei Darussalam, set the path forChina’s admission into the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) in 1994 and, eventually, ASEAN dialogue partnership status in 1996. Since then, thepartnership has resulted in the deepening of cooperation in economic, politicaland security areas. The signing of the Joint Declaration on the StrategicPartnership for Peace and Prosperity in Bali in October 2003 was a veryimportant milestone in ASEAN-China relations. This formal documentelevated ASEAN-China relations to a new height.
8. Besides conventional forms of cooperation, much progress has also been madeon non-traditional security issues. In 2002, the 6th ASEAN-China summit sawthe issuance of a joint declaration on cooperation in non-traditional securityissues. These issues include drug trafficking, people-smuggling, includingthat of women and children, arms-smuggling, money-laundering, and cybercrime. These issues have affected regional and international security and areposing new challenges to regional stability.
9. Although ASEAN-China cooperation is healthy, there are several obstaclesthat may hinder this relationship. Firstly, the issue of political trust - What arethe implications of the ever-increasing power of China for ASEAN countries?Secondly, territorial disputes in the South China Sea are potential flashpoints.How these disputes are handled will reflect the quality of ASEAN-Chinarelations. Thirdly, different ASEAN countries have different attitudes towardscooperation with China. This will make it hard for ASEAN countries to comeup with a coordinated position on different issues. Fourthly, closer ASEAN-China cooperation may be read by the US and Japan as attempts by China toexpand its influence and weaken their position in the Southeast Asia. It may bedifficult for ASEAN to balance its relations with the US, Japan and China.
10. In conclusion, ASEAN and China have established a Strategic Partnership forPeace and Prosperity. More needs to be done to enhance the quality of thispartnership, while many new challenges and problems will emerge to test theresolve of this partnership. Among others, joint efforts in anti-terrorism andmaritime security will give new momentum to further enhancement ofASEAN-China relationship.
ANTI-TERRORISM, MARITIME SECURITY,AND ASEAN-CHINA COOPERATION: A CHINESE PERSPECTIVE
After the end of the Cold War, we have witnessed fundamental changes in
international security. We are now troubled not only by traditional security issues
such as armed conflicts, territorial disputes and other military related ones, but also by
non-traditional ones like international terrorism, transnational crimes, the spread of
deadly epidemic diseases, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction
(WMDs). Among others, terrorism and maritime security are two major issues of
mutual concern for ASEAN and China. Terrorism and religious extremism have
disturbed China and some ASEAN countries for years, while maritime security is
becoming a security issue of greater significance for both ASEAN countries and
China. If handled improperly, the challenges from terrorism and maritime security
may undermine the process of economic and social development, and to a greater
extent, national security. Common interests will be a driving force for closer
cooperation in areas of anti-terrorism and maritime security between ASEAN
countries and China.
Terrorist Threats to China
Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. And though this phenomenon may have come
into being hundreds of years ago, it was not paid much attention before the end of the
Cold War. The September 11th terrorist attacks in New York, however showed that no
country, no matter how powerful, was immune to terrorism. Four years have passed
since a global war against terror was launched, and international cooperation against
terrorism has been greatly enhanced. Yet the shadow of terrorist threats still looms. So
far as ASEAN countries and China are concerned, the fight against terrorism has been
ISEAS DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE. This version was obtained electronically direct from thepublisher on condition that copyright is not infringed. No part of this publication may bereproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 30 Heng MuiKeng Terrace, SINGAPORE 119614. <http://bookshop.iseas.edu.sg>
Australian Navy and Australian Defence Industries Ltd, 1993, pxix.6 John F. Bradford,“The Growing Prospects for Maritime Security Cooperation
in Southeast Asia”,http://www.nwc.navy.mil/press/Review/2005/summer/art3-su05.htm.
7 “Sea Lane Security and International Cooperation”, edited by China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, Shishi Publishing House, January2005, p 265.
8 “Reports on Acts of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships”, annual report by International Maritime Organization (IMO) issued on 5 May 2005.
9 The 9/11 commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission onTerrorist Attacks Upon the United States, New York: W.W.Norton, 2004,p 391.
10 Keynote address by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the 4th InternationalInstitute of Strategic Studies Asia Security Conference in Singapore, 3 June2005, Singapore Government Press Release, Media Relations Division,Ministry of Information, Communications and the Arts.
11 “The development of China’s Foreign Economic Relations in 2004 and itsTendency for 2005”, http://www.china.org.cn/chinese/zhuanti/2005swbg/961484.htm.
12 Speech by Zhang Guobao, Vice Chairman of the National Development andReform Commission, September 13, 2005, http://www.china.org.cn/e-news/news050913.htm.
13 "Eight Steps in Securing Our Homelands", speech by Ong Keng Yong,Secretary-General, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, at Third Asia-Pacific Homeland Security Summit and Exposition, Honolulu, USA, 21September 2005, http://www.aseansec.org/17765.htm.
14 Speech by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong at the 11th InternationalConference on “The Future of Asia”, 25 May 2005, Tokyo, Japan, http://www.aseansec.org/17474.htm.
15 “Securing a Win-Win Partnership for ASEAN and China", speech by HE OngKeng Yong, Secretary General of ASEAN, at the ASEAN-China Forum 2004,Singapore, 23 June 2004, http://www.aseansec.org/16255.htm.
16 Speech on the 2nd China-ASEAN Expo & China-ASEAN Business andInvestment Summit, Mr. Fu Ziying, Assistant Minister of Commerce of thePeople’s Republic of China, Sept.15, 2005, http://www.china.org.cn/e-news/news050915-1.htm.
17 “Securing a Win-Win Partnership for ASEAN and China", Keynote Addressby Ong Keng Yong, Secretary-General, Association of Southeast Asian
26
Nations, at the ASEAN-China Forum 2004, Singapore, 23 June 2004,http://www.aseansec.org/16255.htm.
18 “Welcome Remarks” by HE Ong Keng Yong, Secretary General of ASEAN, at the 2nd China-ASEAN Business and Investment, Nanning, China, 19October 2005, http://www.aseansec.org/17830.htm
19 “Securing a Win-Win Partnership for ASEAN and China", Keynote Addressby Ong Keng Yong, Secretary-General, Association of Southeast AsianNations, at the ASEAN-China Forum 2004, Singapore, 23 June 2004,http://www.aseansec.org/16255.htm.
20 “Joint Declaration of ASEAN and China on Cooperation in the Field of Non-Traditional Security Issues”, issued at the 6th ASEAN-China Summit, PhnomPenh, 4 November 2002, http://www.aseansec.org/13186.htm.
21 “Press Release”, ASEAN-China Senior Officials Meeting on theImplementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the SouthChina Sea, held in Kuala Lumpur, 7 December 2004.http://www.aseansec.org/16888.htm.
22 “Building an ASEAN-China Strategic Partnership”, by S Pushpanathan, Head of External relations and ASEAN Plus Three Relations at the ASEANSecretariat. http://www.aseansec.org/16253.
23 Aileen S.P. Baviera, “China’s Relations with Southeast Asia: Political Security and Economic Interests”, PASCN Discussion Paper No. 99-17,Philippine APEC Study Center Network.
24 “Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea”, issued in November 2002, ASEAN Secretariat, http://www.aseansec.org/13165.htm.
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1(2004): Barry Desker, The WTO After Cancun: The Challenge to Multilateralism,November 2004.
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Series EditorTerence Chong
Assistant EditorNg Boon Yian
Editorial CommitteeLee Hock Guan
Sakulrat MontreevatLee Poh Onn
Tin Maung Maung Than
Papers in this series are preliminary in nature and are intended tostimulate discussion and critical comment. The Series Editors and the Editorial Committee
accept no responsibility for facts presented and views expressed,which rests exclusively with the individual author. No part of this
publication may be produced in any form without permission.Comments are welcomed and may be sent to the author at the
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.http://www.iseas.edu.sg
The Institute of Southeast Asian Studies was established as an autonomousorganization in 1968. It is a regional research centre for scholars and otherspecialists concerned with modern Southeast Asia, particularly the many-faceted problems of stability and security, economic development, and politicaland social change.
The Institute’s research programmes are the Regional Economic Studies (RES, including ASEAN and APEC), Regional Strategic and Political Studies(RSPS) and Regional Social and Cultural Studies (RSCS).