NoPenggolongan Antiretroviral & Contoh Nama
ObatFarmakokinetikFarmakodinamik & Struktur KimiaSpektrum
Antiretroviral & IndikasiEfek Samping &
KontraindikasiInteraksi Obat
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.NRTI (Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitor)
Zidovudin
Didanosin
Zalsitabin
Stavudin
Lamivudin
Emtrisitabin
AbakavirA: Rapidly absorbed. T max is 0.5 to 1.5 h. Oral
bioavailability is 64%D: It is extensively distributed. Binding to
plasma protein is low, less than 38%. Apparent Vd is 1.6 L/kgM:
Hepatic metabolism. Major metabolites are
D-glucopyranuronosylthymidine (GZDV) and 3-amino-3-deoxythymidineE:
Primarily eliminated by hepatic metabolism. Half-life is 0.5 to 3
h. GZDV (74%) and zidovudine (14%) are recovered in the urine.A: T
max is 0.25 to 1.5 h (buffered formulation), 2 h (delayed-release).
Bioavailability is approximately 42% (buffered formulation). Food
decreases the C max and AUC by approximately 55% when didanosine
tablets were administered up to 2 h after a meal. C max and AUC of
the delayed-release capsules decreased by approximately 46% and
19%, respectively, in the presence of food. Should be taken on an
empty stomach.D: Less than 5% protein bound. Vd is approximatelyM:
Hepatic metabolismE: Half-life is approximately 1.5 h (buffered
formulation). Approximately 18% recovered in the urine (buffered
formulation). Renal Cl is approximately 458 mL/min (buffered
formulation) in patients with CrCl of at least 90 mL/min.A: Oral
bioavailability is about 80%. Absorption rate of a 1.5 mg oral dose
was reduced with food. C max is 25.2 ng/mL. T max is 0.8 h. AUC is
72 ngh/mLD: Vd is 0.534 L/kg. Less than 4% protein bound. Drug
interaction involved in binding site is unlikely.
M: Major metabolite is dideoxyuridineE: Renal elimination is the
primary route of eliminationA: Following oral administration,
stavudine is rapidly absorbed, with peak plasma concentrations
occurring within 1 hour after dosingD: Binding of stavudine to
serum proteins was negligible over the concentration range of 0.01
to 11.4g/mL. Stavudine distributes equally between red blood cells
and plasmaM: Metabolism plays a limited role in the clearance of
stavudine. Unchanged stavudine was the major drug-related component
circulating in plasma after an 80-mg dose of 14C-stavudine, while
metabolites constituted minor components of the circulating
radioactivity. Minor metabolites include oxidized stavudine,
glucuronide conjugates of stavudine and its oxidized metabolite,
and an N-acetylcysteine conjugate of the ribose after glycosidic
cleavage, suggesting that thymine is also a metabolite of
stavudineE: Following an 80-mg dose of 14C-stavudine to healthy
subjects, approximately 95% and 3% of the total radioactivity was
recovered in urine and feces, respectively. Radioactivity due to
parent drug in urine and feces was 73.7% and 62.0%, respectively.
The mean terminal elimination half-life is approximately 2.3 hours
following single oral doses. Mean renal clearance of the parent
compound is approximately 272 mL/min, accounting for approximately
67% of the apparent oral clearance
A: C max is approximately 1.28mcg/mL (single dose of 100 mg). T
max is 0.5 to 2h. Absolute bioavailability is approximately 87%D:
Less than 36% protein bound. Vd is approximately 1.3 L/kgM:
Metabolism of lamivudine is a minor route of elimination. The
metabolite is trans-sulfoxide metaboliteE: The majority is
eliminated unchanged in the urine. Mean half-life is 5 to 7 h. Cl
is approximately 398.5 mL/minA: Rapidly and extensively absorbed
after oral administration. Absolute bioavailability is about 93%
(capsules) and 75% (solution). Postdose T max about 1 to 2 h.
Steady-state C max is about 1.8 mcg/mL. AUC is about 10 mcg/mLh.
Mean steady-state trough plasma concentration at 24 h postdose is
0.09 mcg/mLD:-M:-E: Plasma t is approximately 10 h. Eliminated in
the urine (86% with 13% as putative metabolites) and feces (14%).A:
Rapidly and extensively absorbed. Bioavailability is 83% (tablets).
C max is approximately 3 mcg/mL and AUC 0-12 is approximately 6.02
mcgh/mLD: Vd after IV administration is approximately 0.86 L/kg.
Plasma protein binding is approximately 50%M: Metabolized to
inactive metabolites by alcohol dehydrogenaseE: 1.2% is excreted in
the urine as abacavir; 81% as inactive metabolites; 16% is excreted
in the feces. The half-life is approximately 1.54 h and Cl is
approximately 0.8 L/h/kg (after IV administration).
Gugus AZT 5-monofosfat bergabung pada ujung 3 rantai DNA virus
& menghambat enzim reverse transcriptase (RT)
Bekerja pada HIV RT dengan cara menghentikan pembentukan rantai
DNA virus
Bekerja pada HIV RT dengan cara menghentikan pembentukan rantai
DNA virus
Bekerja pada HIV RT dengan cara menghentikan pembentukan rantai
DNA virus
Bekerja pada HIV RT & HBV RT dengan cara menghentikan
pembentukan rantai DNA virus
Merupakan derivate 5-flourinated lamivudin, diubah ke bentuk
trifosfat oleh enzim selular. Bekerja pada HIV RT & HBV RT
dengan cara menghentikan pembentukan rantai DNA virus
Bekerja pada HIV RT dengan cara menghentikan pembentukan rantai
DNA virus
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya
(lamivudin, abakavir), mencegah penularan HIV dari ibu ke
janinSpektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV, terutama infeksi HIV tingkat lanjut,
dalam kombinasi dengan anti HIV lainnya
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV, terutama pasien dewasa infeksi HIV
tingkat lanjut yang tidak responsive terhadap zidovudin, dalam
kombinasi dengan anti HIV lainnya (bukan didanosin)
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV, terutama infeksi HIV tingkat lanjut,
dalam kombinasi dengan anti HIV lainnya
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2, HBV
Indikasi: infeksi HIV & HBV, infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi
dengan anti HIV lainnya (zidovudin & abakavir)Spektrum: HIV
type 1 & 2, HBV
Indikasi: infeksi HIV & HBVSpektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV, dalam kombinasi dengan anti HIV lainnya
(zidovudin, lamivudin)Efek samping: anemia, neutropenia, sakit
kepala, mual
Kontraindikasi: Potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity to
any component.Efek samping: diare, pancreatitis, neuropati
perifer
Kontraindikasi:
Potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity to any
component.Efek samping: neuropati perifer, stomatitis, ruam,
pankreatitis
Kontraindikasi:
Potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity to any
component.Efek samping: neuropati perifer, asidosis laktat, sakit
kepala, ruam, mualKontraindikasi: Stavudine is contraindicated in
patients with clinically significant hypersensitivity to stavudine
or to any of the components contained in the formulationEfek
samping: asidosis laktat, hepatomegali dengan steatosis, sakit
kepala, mual
Kontraindikasi:
Potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity to any
component.Efek samping: nyeri abdomen, diare, malaise, sakit
kepala, lipodistrofi, mual, rhinitis, pruritus, ruam. Jarang:
reaksi alergi, asidosis laktat, mimpi buruk, parestesia, pneumonia,
steatosis hati
Kontraindikasi:
Potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity to any
component.Efek samping: mual, muntah, diare, reaksi hipersensitif
(demam, malaise, ruam), gangguan gastrointestinal
Kontraindikasi: Moderate or severe hepatic function impairment;
hypersensitivity to any component of the product.Adriamycin,
amphotericin B, dapsone, flucytosine, interferon, pentamidine,
vinblastine, vincristine
May increase risk of toxicity, including nephrotoxicity,
cytotoxicity, or hematologic toxicity.
Atovaquone, fluconazole, methadone, probenecid, valproic
acid
May increase serum concentration and potential toxicity of
zidovudine.
Doxorubicin
May antagonize the effect of zidovudine. Avoid use.
Experimental nucleoside analogs
May affect RBC/WBC counts or function and may increase potential
for hematologic toxicity.
Ganciclovir
Life-threatening hematologic toxicity may occur.
Nelfinavir, ribavirin, rifamycin, ritonavir, stavudine
May decrease zidovudine serum concentrations, reducing the
therapeutic effect.
Phenytoin
Phenytoin levels have been reported to increase, decrease, or
not change with coadministration. Zidovudine Cl is
decreased.Allopurinol
Because allopurinol may cause increased didanosine plasma
levels, do not coadminister.
Antacids
Aluminum- or magnesium-containing antacids may potentiate
adverse reactions associated with the antacid component of
didanosine pediatric powder.
Antiretroviral agents
Antiretroviral agents have caused fatal lactic acidosis in women
when coadministered with didanosine.
Delavirdine, indinavir
Administer 1 h prior to didanosine to avoid decreasing plasma
levels of delavirdine or indinavir.
Drugs that cause peripheral neuropathy or pancreatitis
Increased risk of these toxicities.
Food
Reduces absorption of didanosine by as much as 50%.
Fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines
Do not administer within 2 h of didanosine.
Ganciclovir, valganciclovir
Didanosine plasma concentrations may be elevated, increasing the
risk of toxicity.
Itraconazole, ketoconazole, dapsone, and other drugs whose
absorption can be affected by gastric acidity
Administer at least 2 h before didanosine.
Methadone
May decrease didanosine plasma levels.
Ribavirin
Risk of didanosine toxicity may be increased. Avoid
coadministration.
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
Didanosine plasma concentrations may be increased, necessitating
a dose reduction in didanosine.
Aminoglycosides, amphotericin, foscarnet
May increase risk of peripheral neuropathy and other zalcitabine
toxicities caused by decreased clearance of zalcitabine.
Chloramphenicol, cisplatin, dapsone, disulfiram, ethionamide,
glutethimide, gold, hydralazine, iodoquinol, isoniazid,
metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, phenytoin, ribavirin,
vincristine
May increase risk of peripheral neuropathy.Drugs associated with
pancreatitis (eg, pentamidine)
Fatal pancreatitis has occurred, possibly related to zalcitabine
and IV pentamidine given concurrently.
Zidovudine: Zidovudine competitively inhibits the intracellular
phosphorylation of stavudine. Therefore, use of zidovudine in
combination with stavudine should be avoided.
Doxorubicin: In vitro data indicate that the phosphorylation of
stavudine is inhibited at relevant concentrations by
doxorubicin.
Ribavirin: In vitro data indicate ribavirin reduces
phosphorylation of lamivudine, stavudine, and zidovudine. However,
no pharmacokinetic (eg, plasma concentrations or intracellular
triphosphorylated active metabolite concentrations) or
pharmacodynamic (eg, loss of HIV/HCV virologic suppression)
interaction was observed when ribavirin and lamivudine (n=18),
stavudine (n=10), or zidovudine (n=6) were coadministered as part
of a multi-drug regimen to HIV/HCV co-infected patients
Stavudine does not inhibit the major cytochrome P450 isoforms
CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4; therefore, it is
unlikely that clinically significant drug interactions will occur
with drugs metabolized through these pathways.
Because stavudine is not protein-bound, it is not expected to
affect the pharmacokinetics of protein-bound drugs
Drugs with active renal secretion via the organic cationic
transport system (eg, trimethoprim)
Lamivudine Cl may be reduced, increasing plasma
concentrations.
Interferon- and ribavirin-based regimens
Risk of hepatic decompensation may be increased.
Zalcitabine
Lamivudine and zalcitabine may inhibit the intracellular
phosphorylation of one another. Use in combination is not
recommended
Do not coadminister with Atripla or Truvada , or drugs
containing lamivudineEthanol
Increases exposure to abacavir by decreasing the elimination and
prolonging the half-life.
Methadone
Plasma levels of methadone may be decreased in some patients,
reducing the therapeutic effect.
8.NtRTI (Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor)
Tenofovir disoproksil fumaratA: Tenofovir C max is approximately
0.3 mcg/mL and AUC is approximately 2.29 ngh/mL. T max is
approximately 1 h, and bioavailability is approximately 25%.
Administration following a high-fat meal increases the oral
bioavailability, with an increase in AUC of approximately 40% and a
C max increase of approximately 14%.
D: Vd of tenofovir is approximately 1.3 L/kg. Binding to plasma
or serum proteins is less than 0.7% and 7.2%, respectively M:
Tenofovir is not a CYP-450 substrateE: Elimination of tenofovir is
by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Approximately 70%
to 80% is recovered in urine as unchanged drug.Bekerja pada HIV RT
& HBV RT dengan cara menghentikan pembentukan rantai DNA
virus
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2 serta berbagai retrovirus lainnya
& HBV
Indikasi: infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi dengan efavirens, tidak
boleh dikombinasi dengan lamivudin & abakavirEfek samping:
mual, muntah, flatulens, diare
Kontraindikasi: None well documented.Atazanavir, indinavir
May increase tenofovir plasma levels. Tenofovir may decrease
plasma levels of atazanavir and indinavir, decreasing the
therapeutic effect. Do not administer atazanavir without ritonavir
in patients receiving tenofovir.
Didanosine
Plasma concentrations of didanosine may be increased, increasing
the risk of adverse reactions. Reduce the didanosine dose to 250 mg
when administered with tenofovir in adults weighing more than 60
kg. Monitor patients closely and administer under fasting
conditions.
Drugs that reduce renal function or compete for active tubular
secretion (eg, acyclovir, adefovir, cidofovir, ganciclovir)
May increase serum levels of tenofovir and/or increase the
levels of other renally eliminated drugs. Avoid coadministration
with adefovir.
Lopinavir/Ritonavir
May increase tenofovir plasma levels.
Nephrotoxic agents
Risk of nephrotoxicity may be increased; avoid tenofovir in
patients who are currently receiving or have recently received
nephrotoxic agents.
NSAIDs (eg, ibuprofen)
May increase the pharmacologic and toxic effects of tenofovir.
Coadminister with caution.
Tacrolimus
Coadministration increased C max of tenofovir by 13%.
9.10.11.NNRTI (Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase
Inhibitor)
Nevirapin
Delavirdin
EfavirenzA: Nevirapine oral absorption is more than 90%,
bioavailability is 93% (tablets) and 91% (oral solution), T max is
4 h, and C max is approximately 2 mcg/mLD: Nevirapine crosses the
placenta and is found in breast milk. Protein binding is
approximately 60% and is highly lipophilic and widely distributed.
Nevirapine Vd is 1.21L/kg (IV), and CSF approximates 45% of
concentration in plasma.M: Extensively metabolized by CYP isozymes.
In vitro studies indicated that metabolism is primarily by CYP2B6
and CYP3A4E: Nevirapine is eliminated in urine (81.3%) and feces
(10.1%). Less than 3% of the parent compound is excreted in urine.
Autoinduction results in a decrease of the half-life from 45 h
(single dose) to approximately 25 to 30 h (multiple dosesA: Rapidly
absorbed. T max approximately 1 h. C max approximately 35 mcM. AUC
approximately 180 mcMh.
D: Approximately 98% protein bound, primarily albuminM:
Primarily metabolized by CYP3A and possibly CYP2D6 to several
inactive metabolites.E: Approximately 44% excreted in feces and
approximately 51% in urine (less than 5% as unchanged drug). t is
approximately 5.8 h.
A: C max is 1.6 to 9.1 mcM. T max is 3to 5h. Food significantly
increases the AUC and C max . Should be taken on an empty stomachD:
Approximately 99.5% to 99.75% is protein bound, predominantly to
albuminM: Metabolized in the liver by CYP-450 (primarily CYP3A4 and
CYP2B6) to inactive metabolitesE: The half-life is 52 to 76 h
(single dose) and 40to 55 h (multiple doses). Approximately 14% to
34% is excreted in the urine (less than 1% as unchanged drug), and
16% to 61% is excreted in the feces.Bekerja pada siklus alosterik
tempat ikatan non-substrat HIV-1 RT
Bekerja pada siklus alosterik tempat ikatan non-substrat HIV-1
RT
Bekerja pada siklus alosterik tempat ikatan non-substrat HIV-1
RT
Spektrum: HIV type 1 Indikasi: infeksi HIV-1 dalam kombinasi
dengan anti-HIV lainnya, terutama NRTISpektrum: HIV type 1
Indikasi: infeksi HIV-1 dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya,
terutama NRTI
Spektrum: HIV type 1 Indikasi: infeksi HIV-1 dalam kombinasi
dengan anti-HIV lainnya, terutama NRTI & NtRTIEfek samping:
ruam, demam, fatigue, sakit kepala, somnolens, mual, peningkatan
enzim hati
Kontraindikasi: Moderate or severe (Child-Pugh class B or C)
hepatic impairment.
Efek samping: ruam, peningkatan tes fungsi hati, neutropenia
Kontraindikasi: Potentially life-threatening hypersensitivity to
any component.Efek samping: sakit kepala, pusing, mimpi buruk,
sulit konsentrasi, ruam
Kontraindikasi: Concomitant use with astemizole, bepridil,
cisapride, ergot derivatives, midazolam, pimozide, St. John's wort,
triazolam, or voriconazole (in standard doses); hypersensitivity to
any component of the product.
Amiodarone, carbamazepine, cisapride, clonazepam,
cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, diltiazem, disopyramide,
ergotamine, ethosuximide, fentanyl, itraconazole, lidocaine
systemic, nifedipine, sirolimus, tacrolimus, verapamil
Plasma levels may be decreased by nevirapine.
Clarithromycin
Clarithromycin concentrations may be reduced, while
concentrations of the active metabolite of clarithromycin may be
increased.
Contraceptives, hormonal
Lower hormone levels and potential contraceptive failure.
Efavirenz, methadone
Concentrations of these agents may be decreased by
nevirapine.
Fluconazole
Nevirapine concentrations may be increased.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (eg, atorvastatin, simvastatin)
Risk of severe myopathy or rhabdomyolysis may be increased.
Ketoconazole
Coadministration resulted in significant reduction in
ketoconazole plasma concentrations. Do not coadminister
ketoconazole and nevirapine.
Protease inhibitors (eg, indinavir)
Lower protease inhibitor plasma levels.
Rifabutin
Rifabutin concentrations may be increased.
Rifampin, rifabutin, rosiglitazone
Lower nevirapine plasma levels.
St. John's wort
May reduce nevirapine concentrations, resulting in loss of
virologic response and possible resistance to nevirapine and the
class of NNRTIs.
Warfarin
Plasma concentrations of warfarin may be altered, resulting in
potential increases in coagulation time.
Antacids
Antacids reduce absorption of delavirdine. Separate doses by at
least 1h.
Anticonvulsants (eg, carbamazepine, phenobarbital,
phenytoin)
Induce hepatic metabolism of delavirdine resulting in decreased
plasma concentrations.
Benzodiazepines (eg, alprazolam, midazolam, triazolam)
Delavirdine may increase blood levels of these drugs, which may
produce extreme sedation and respiratory depression.
Cisapride, dapsone, ergot derivatives, quinidine, rifabutin,
warfarin
Delavirdine may elevate blood levels of these drugs, which may
increase the risk of arrhythmias or other potentially serious
adverse reactions.
Clarithromycin
Coadministration may increase blood levels of delavirdine or
clarithromycin.
Didanosine
Separate administration of didanosine and delavirdine by at
least 1 h; coadministration results in a 20% reduction in systemic
exposure of both drugs.
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (eg, nifedipine)
Delavirdine may elevate blood levels, which may increase
toxicity.
Fluoxetine, ketoconazole
Increased delavirdine plasma concentrations.
H 2 antagonists (eg, cimetidine)
Concurrent use may reduce absorption of delavirdine. Chronic use
of these drugs with delavirdine is not recommended.
Indinavir
Delavirdine inhibits metabolism of indinavir. Consider indinavir
dosage reduction if coadministered with delavirdine.
Rifabutin, rifampin
Induce hepatic metabolism of delavirdine resulting in decreased
plasma concentrations. These agents should not be coadministered
with delavirdine.
Saquinavir
Delavirdine inhibits metabolism of saquinavir. Monitor
hepatocellular enzymes frequently if coadministered.
Astemizole, bepridil, cisapride, ergot derivatives, midazolam,
pimozide, triazolam
May elevate levels of these drugs, which may increase the risk
of arrhythmias, hematologic abnormalities, or other potentially
serious adverse reactions. Coadministration is contraindicated.
Atazanavir, calcium channel blockers (eg, diltiazem, felodipine,
nicardipine, nifedipine, verapamil), clarithromycin, fosamprenavir,
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (atorvastatin, pravastatin,
simvastatin), indinavir, itraconazole, ketoconazole, lopinavir,
methadone, rifabutin, saquinavir, sertraline
Efavirenz may decrease plasma concentrations of these agents,
which could reduce their efficacy.
Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin
Plasma concentrations of the anticonvulsant may decrease.
Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, rifampin
May decrease plasma levels of efavirenz, which may reduce
antiviral activity.
Ethinyl estradiol, nelfinavir, ritonavir
Efavirenz may increase plasma concentrations, which could
increase activity or toxicity of these agents.
Food
Efavirenz plasma concentrations may be elevated, increasing the
risk of adverse reactions. Efavirenz should be taken on an empty
stomach, preferably at bedtime.
Ritonavir
May increase efavirenz plasma levels, which could increase
adverse reactions.
St. John's wort
May reduce efavirenz plasma concentrations, which may decrease
the clinical efficacy. Coadministration is contraindicated.
Voriconazole
Contraindicated at standard doses. Voriconazole doses should be
increased while efavirenz doses should be decreased.
Warfarin
Plasma concentrations may be increased or decreased
12.13.14.15.16.17.18.PI (Protease Inhibitor)
Sakuinavir
Ritonavir
Indinavir
Nelfinavir
Amprenavir
Lopinavir
AtazanavirA:
D:
M:
E:
A:
D:
M:
E:
A:
D:
M:
E:
A:
D:
M:
E:
A:
D:
M:
E:
A:
D:
M:
E:
A:
D:
M:
E:Bekerja pada tahap transisi, menghambat enzim HIV protease
peptidomimetic
Bekerja pada tahap transisi, menghambat enzim HIV protease
peptidomimetic
Bekerja pada tahap transisi, menghambat enzim HIV protease
peptidomimetic
Bekerja pada tahap transisi, menghambat enzim HIV protease
peptidomimetic
Bekerja pada tahap transisi, menghambat enzim HIV protease
peptidomimetic
Bekerja pada tahap transisi, menghambat enzim HIV protease
peptidomimetic
Bekerja pada tahap transisi, menghambat enzim HIV protease
peptidomimetic
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya
(NRTI & beberapa PI seperti ritonavir)
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya
(NRTI & beberapa PI seperti sakuinavir)
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya
seperti NRTI
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya
seperti NRTI
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya
seperti NRTISpektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya
seperti NRTI
Spektrum: HIV type 1 & 2
Indikasi: infeksi HIV dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya
seperti NRTIEfek samping: diare, mual, nyeri abdomen
Kontraindikasi:
Efek samping: mual, muntah, diare
Kontraindikasi:
Efek samping: mual, hiperbilirubinemia, batu ginjal
Kontraindikasi:
Efek samping: diare, mual, muntah
Kontraindikasi:
Efek samping: mual, diare, ruam, parestesia perioral/ oral
Kontraindikasi:
Efek samping: mual, muntah, peningkatan kadar kolesterol &
TG, peningkatan -GT
Kontraindikasi:
Efek samping: hiperbilirubinemia, mual, perubahan EKG
(jarang)
Kontraindikasi:
19.Viral Entry Inhibitor
EnfuvirtidA:
D:
M:
E:Menghambat masuknya HIV-1 ke dalam sel dengan cara menghambat
fusi virus ke membrane sel: berikatan dengan HR1 (first
heptad-repeat) pada subunit gp41 envelope glikoprotein virus serta
menghambat terjadinya perubahan konformasi yang dibutuhkan untuk
fusi virus ke membrane sel
Spektrum: HIV type 1
Indikasi: infeksi HIV-1 dalam kombinasi dengan anti-HIV lainnya
Efek samping: reaksi local (nyeri, eritema, pruritus, iritasi,
nodul/ kista), eosinofilia, pneumonia bakterial
Kontraindikasi: