This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
1
Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine
Department of Industrial Engineering
ANTHROPOMETRYChap 10
Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine
Learning outcomes
After completing this chapter students should be able to
• be aware of the application of Mannequins in Ergonomics in thepast,
• understand the concept and importance of Anthropometry,
• gain practical experience in collecting anthropometric data,
Application of manikins in ergonomic analysis of furniture
Mannequins - a two-dimensional drawing or figure which articulates like ADAM (Anthropometric Data Applications Mannequin) with plastic parts snap together like clear moveable paper dolls or overlay transparencies.
Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine
Application of manikins in ergonomic analysis of furniture
Application of manikins in ergonomic analysis of furniture
When using anthropometric measurements in design, consider two points:
1. How recently data was collected?2. Type of population measured
First, some data may have been collected over 25 yearsago, and measurements such as height or weight may have changed in the current population.
Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine
Application of manikins in ergonomic analysis of furniture
The population one is designing for may not be represented by the anthropometric database being referenced.
For example, ANSUR data may not be applicable indesigning a table used by elderly individuals or children.Anthropometric measurements should be a guide for design.(Natick studies or ANSUR database.)
Application of manikins in ergonomic analysis of furniture (1)
In 2000, the Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource (CAESAR) was compiled by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) to measure civilian populations.
CAESAR contains anthropometric data and 3D body scans ofover 4,000 individuals from North America and Europe.
Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine
Introduction
• To assess the fit between a person and their work,ergonomists consider
q The job being done and the demands on the worker.
q The equipment used (its size, shape, and howappropriate it is for the task).
q The information used (how it is presented, accessed,and changed).
• Ergonomics draws on many disciplines in its study ofhumans and their environments, includinganthropometry, biomechanics, mechanical engineering,industrial engineering, physiology, and psychology.
Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine
Anthropometry
• Anthropometry is the science of measurement and studyof the human body and its parts and capacities.
• Is the branch of ergonomics that deals with body shapeand size.
• The science of measuring the human body in order toascertain the average dimensions of the human form atdifferent ages, and in different divisions of race, classetc.
• People come in all shapes and sizes so you need to takethese physical characteristics into account whenever youdesign anything that someone will use, from somethingas simple as a pencil to something as complex as a car.
Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine
Anthropometry Step by Step
1. Decide who you are designing for (user population).
2. Decide which body measurements are relevant
3. Decide whether you are designing for the 'average' or
• First of all you need to know exactly who you aredesigning for.
• If you were designing an office chair, you would need toconsider dimensions for adults of working age and notthose for children or the elderly. If you were designing aproduct for the home, such as a kettle, your user groupwould include everyone except young children(hopefully!).
• You need to know which parts of the body are relevant to your design.
• For example, if you were designing a mobile phone, you would need to consider the width and length of the hand, the size of the fingers, as well as grip diameter.
• You wouldn't be too interested in the height or weight of the user (although the weight of the phone might be important!)
Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine
Step # 3: Average or Extreme?
• Nobody is 'average' in all body dimensions. Someone mightbe say, of average height but have a longer than averagehand length.
• The variation in the size and shape of people also tells usthat if you design to suit yourself, it will only be suitable forpeople who are the same size and shape as you, and youmight 'design out' everyone else!
• Percentiles are shown in anthropometry tables and theytell you whether the measurement given in the tablesrelates to the 'average' person, or someone who is aboveor below average in a certain dimension.
• For example, if we were designing a doorway using theheight, shoulder width, hip width etc., of an averageperson, then half the people using the doorway would betaller than the average, and half would be wider.
• Since the tallest people are not necessarily the widest,more than half the users would have to bend down or turnsideways to get through the doorway.
• Therefore, in this case we would need to design usingdimensions of the widest and tallest people to ensure thateveryone could walk through normally.
Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine
Designing a door height (cont.)
• Usually, you will find that if you pick the right percentile,95% of people will be able to use your design.
• For example, if you were choosing a door height, youwould choose the dimension of people's height (oftencalled 'stature' in anthropometry tables) and pick the 95thpercentile value – in other words, you would design for thetaller people.
• You wouldn't need to worry about the average heightpeople, or the 5th percentile ones – they would be able tofit through the door anyway