Anthropometry

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AnthropometryAnthropometryBy : Aamir Rauf MemonBy : Aamir Rauf Memon

2nd Year DPT Student2nd Year DPT Student

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What is Anthropometry?What is Anthropometry?

GreekGreek Anthro- : manAnthro- : man -pometry: measurements-pometry: measurements Literal meaning: “measurement of humans” Literal meaning: “measurement of humans”

The study of measurements or proportions The study of measurements or proportions of the human body according to sex, age, of the human body according to sex, age, etc. for identification purposes etc. for identification purposes Dimensions of bones, muscles, and adipose Dimensions of bones, muscles, and adipose

(fat) tissues (fat) tissues

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Definition of AnthropometryDefinition of Anthropometry

Anthrop(s) Anthrop(s) = human= humanMetricos Metricos = of or pertaining to measurement= of or pertaining to measurementBasic DefinitionBasic DefinitionThe science of measurement of body size [NASA, 1978].The science of measurement of body size [NASA, 1978].Detailed DefinitionDetailed Definition “ “The application of scientific methods to human subjects The application of scientific methods to human subjects

for the development of design standards & specific for the development of design standards & specific requirements and for the evaluation of engineering requirements and for the evaluation of engineering drawings, mock-ups & manufactured products for the drawings, mock-ups & manufactured products for the purposes of assuring the suitability of these products for purposes of assuring the suitability of these products for the intended user population.”the intended user population.”

[Roebuck, Kroemer & Thompson, 1975].[Roebuck, Kroemer & Thompson, 1975].

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Definition of AnthropometryDefinition of Anthropometry

“ “AnthropometryAnthropometry is a science that deals with is a science that deals with the measurement of size, weight, and the measurement of size, weight, and proportions of the human body. It is proportions of the human body. It is empirical (experimentally derived) in nature empirical (experimentally derived) in nature and has developed quantitative methods to and has developed quantitative methods to measure various physical dimensions.” measure various physical dimensions.” (Chaffin, 1984)(Chaffin, 1984)

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Historical PerspectiveHistorical Perspective

1313thth century Marco Polo noticed different century Marco Polo noticed different body sizes and shapes of new racesbody sizes and shapes of new races Physical Anthropology traced to himPhysical Anthropology traced to him

Leonardo da Vinci (The Vitruvian Man, (The Vitruvian Man, 1485)1485)

Standards start to show in 1906 (Monaco) Standards start to show in 1906 (Monaco) and 1912 (Geneva)and 1912 (Geneva)

Anthropology branch of US Air Force had Anthropology branch of US Air Force had dramatic impactdramatic impact

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History of AnthropometryHistory of Anthropometry

1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of 1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of identificationidentification depending on the unchanging depending on the unchanging character of certain measurements of parts of character of certain measurements of parts of the human bodythe human body1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified““Bertillonage”- first adapted by the French Bertillonage”- first adapted by the French police police

1887: introduced in the United States by Major 1887: introduced in the United States by Major McClaughry, the translator of Bertillon's book, McClaughry, the translator of Bertillon's book, when he was the warden of the Illinois State when he was the warden of the Illinois State PenitentiaryPenitentiary at Joliet.at Joliet.

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History of AnthropometryHistory of Anthropometry

1888: Francis Galton starts research on 1888: Francis Galton starts research on “Finger Prints” to further anthropometry“Finger Prints” to further anthropometry

1892: Francis Galton publishes 1892: Francis Galton publishes Finger Finger PrintsPrints

1894: England adopted the system. 1894: England adopted the system.

1903: Will West & William West1903: Will West & William West

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Galton’s Discovery because of Galton’s Discovery because of Anthropometry?Anthropometry?

““My attention was first drawn to the ridges in 1888 when My attention was first drawn to the ridges in 1888 when preparing a lecture on Personal Identification for the Royal Institution, preparing a lecture on Personal Identification for the Royal Institution, which had for its principal object an account of the anthropometric which had for its principal object an account of the anthropometric method of Bertillon, then newly introduced into the prison administration method of Bertillon, then newly introduced into the prison administration of France. Wishing to treat the subject generally, and having a vague of France. Wishing to treat the subject generally, and having a vague knowledge of the value sometimes assigned to finger marks, I made knowledge of the value sometimes assigned to finger marks, I made inquiries, and was surprised to find, both how much had been done, and inquiries, and was surprised to find, both how much had been done, and how much there remained to do, before establishing their theoretical how much there remained to do, before establishing their theoretical value and practical utility.value and practical utility.

Enough was then seen to show that the subject was of real Enough was then seen to show that the subject was of real importance, and I resolved to investigate it; all the more so, as the importance, and I resolved to investigate it; all the more so, as the modern processes of photographic printing would enable the evidence modern processes of photographic printing would enable the evidence of such results as might be arrived at, to be presented to the reader on of such results as might be arrived at, to be presented to the reader on an enlarged and easily legible form, and in a trustworthy shape. Those an enlarged and easily legible form, and in a trustworthy shape. Those that are put forward in the following pages, admit of considerable that are put forward in the following pages, admit of considerable extension and improvement, and it is only the fact that an account of extension and improvement, and it is only the fact that an account of them seems useful, which causes me to delay no further before them seems useful, which causes me to delay no further before submitting what has thus far been attained, to the criticism of others.”submitting what has thus far been attained, to the criticism of others.”

Excerpt from Galton’s Finger PrintsExcerpt from Galton’s Finger Prints

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Applications of AnthropometryApplications of Anthropometry

Identification of repeated criminalsIdentification of repeated criminals Cesare Lombroso's Cesare Lombroso's Criminal AnthropologyCriminal Anthropology (1895): (1895):

“murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have “murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have long hands and scanty beards”. long hands and scanty beards”.

Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial characteristicscharacteristics

Prevention of impersonationPrevention of impersonationDifferentiation between the races Differentiation between the races Eugenics in EuropeEugenics in Europe

Aryans from Jews: The Bureau for Enlightenment on Population Policy Aryans from Jews: The Bureau for Enlightenment on Population Policy and Racial Welfare recommended the classification of Aryans and non-and Racial Welfare recommended the classification of Aryans and non-Aryans on the basis of measurements of the skull and other physical Aryans on the basis of measurements of the skull and other physical features, “craniometric” certification, required by law. The features, “craniometric” certification, required by law. The consequences for not meeting requirements included denial of consequences for not meeting requirements included denial of permission to marry or work, and for many it meant the death camps permission to marry or work, and for many it meant the death camps Intelligence tests became associated with AnthropometryIntelligence tests became associated with Anthropometry

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AnthropometryAnthropometry

Technique of measuring peopleTechnique of measuring people

MeasureMeasure

IndexIndex

IndicatorIndicator

ReferenceReference

InformationInformation

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Body Identification using Body Identification using AnthropometryAnthropometry

Bertillon used 5 basic measurements:Bertillon used 5 basic measurements: head lengthhead length head breadth head breadth length of middle fingerlength of middle finger Length of left footLength of left foot length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger length from the elbow to the extremity of the middle finger Today that list is more extensive:Today that list is more extensive:

GenderGender HeightHeight WeightWeight AgeAge Bicep circumference, buttock depth, chest breadth, elbow Bicep circumference, buttock depth, chest breadth, elbow

circumference, eye height, forearm to hand, ear breadth, head circumference, eye height, forearm to hand, ear breadth, head circumference, head length, hip breadth sitting, hip breadth standing, circumference, head length, hip breadth sitting, hip breadth standing, sitting height, waist depth, wrist breadth, wrist circumference to name sitting height, waist depth, wrist breadth, wrist circumference to name a few…there are currently 107 measurementsa few…there are currently 107 measurements

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MeasurementsMeasurementsWeight Weight

Height Height

Length and stature or heightLength and stature or height

Mid Upper Arm Circumference MUACMid Upper Arm Circumference MUAC

Characteristics we need:Characteristics we need: easyeasy

cheapcheap

acceptableacceptable

reproduciblereproducible

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MeasurementsMeasurements

Reference planesReference planes

Taken between solid identifiable bony Taken between solid identifiable bony landmarks in standard anatomical positionslandmarks in standard anatomical positions Anthropometric measuring kitsAnthropometric measuring kits 3-D body scanning (esp. for functional 3-D body scanning (esp. for functional

anthropometry)anthropometry) Motion capture systemsMotion capture systems

Develop regression models with statistical Develop regression models with statistical relationshipsrelationships

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Measurement TechniquesMeasurement Techniques

1-Classical1-Classicalor Linear Measurement or Linear Measurement Deals with simple dimensions Deals with simple dimensions of the stationary human being of the stationary human being (weight, stature & lengths,(weight, stature & lengths,breadths, depths & breadths, depths & circumferences of particular circumferences of particular body structures).body structures).• • Measurements of height, Measurements of height, breadth, depth, distance breadth, depth, distance curvature, circumference and curvature, circumference and reachreach• • Grid, anthropometer, Grid, anthropometer, calipers, measuring tape, scalecalipers, measuring tape, scale• • Simple but time consumingSimple but time consuming

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Measurement TechniquesMeasurement Techniques

2. New2. New

Photographs (2D)Photographs (2D)

Computer Modeling-Computer Modeling-stick personstick person Co-ordinate Co-ordinate

LocationsLocations

MRI (3D)MRI (3D)

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What is the concept of percentile?What is the concept of percentile?

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Design PrinciplesDesign Principles

ExtremeExtreme

AdjustableAdjustable

AverageAverage

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Sensitive to changesSensitive to changes

Changes in two directions up and downChanges in two directions up and down

Fast changeFast change

Usually easy to collectUsually easy to collect

Standardisation of scales needed, calibrationStandardisation of scales needed, calibration

Small changes are difficult to measure: food Small changes are difficult to measure: food intake of the child, urine, dehydration, temp, intake of the child, urine, dehydration, temp, etc: not very specificetc: not very specific

community aversion: connotationscommunity aversion: connotations

can be difficult: co-operation of childrencan be difficult: co-operation of children

to nearest 100 gr.to nearest 100 gr.

WEIGHTWEIGHT

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2020

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Difficult to measure, accuracy, large variationsDifficult to measure, accuracy, large variations

Differences are small: 24 cm increment in the Differences are small: 24 cm increment in the first year of life, 11 cm second year, 8 thirdfirst year of life, 11 cm second year, 8 third

Low sensitivityLow sensitivity

Large measurement errorsLarge measurement errors

Stunted versus stuntingStunted versus stunting stunted is a heterogeneous groupstunted is a heterogeneous group stunting is the active process: determinants are actingstunting is the active process: determinants are acting

Measure to the nearest mmMeasure to the nearest mm

Below 2 recumbent, above standingBelow 2 recumbent, above standing

HeightHeight

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Anthropometric Measuring ToolsAnthropometric Measuring ToolsS

lidin

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Tape

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Anthropometer

Medical scale

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Anthropometric Measuring Anthropometric Measuring TechniquesTechniques

WeightWeightStatureStaturePosture:Posture:

Standing Standing FrankfortFrankfort SittingSitting

Arm SpanArm SpanHead LengthHead LengthHead BreadthHead BreadthEar-to-Head HeightEar-to-Head HeightNasal LengthNasal LengthNasal BreadthNasal BreadthSkeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/Stature Skeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/Stature Cephalic Index = Head Breadth x 100/Head Length Cephalic Index = Head Breadth x 100/Head Length Nasal Index = Nasal Breadth x 100/Nasal Length Nasal Index = Nasal Breadth x 100/Nasal Length Span/Stature Index = Arm Span x 100/ Stature Span/Stature Index = Arm Span x 100/ Stature Cranial CapacityCranial Capacity

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Anthropometric Measuring Anthropometric Measuring TechniquesTechniques

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Bas

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Reference PlanesReference Planes

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Anatomical LandmarksAnatomical Landmarks

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Measurement PosturesMeasurement Postures

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Anthropometry TodayAnthropometry Today

BiometricsBiometricsNutrition and wellnessNutrition and wellness Weight TrainingWeight Training

ErgonomicsErgonomics dynamic anthropometrydynamic anthropometry: Measurements taken on and : Measurements taken on and

around the figure when it is in any position other than the around the figure when it is in any position other than the fixed ones. fixed ones.

Everyday lifeEveryday life

Evolutionary SignificanceEvolutionary Significance Changes in humans overtimeChanges in humans overtime

Monitor growth in childrenMonitor growth in children Cranial AnthropometryCranial Anthropometry

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Functional(Dynamic) AnthropometryFunctional(Dynamic) Anthropometry

““Deals with compound Deals with compound measurements of the measurements of the moving human being.”moving human being.”

Work space Envelope: Is Work space Envelope: Is the three dimensional the three dimensional apace within which an apace within which an individual works, individual works, especially with his hands.especially with his hands.

Cra

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Functional(Dynamic) AnthropometryFunctional(Dynamic) Anthropometry

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Biometrics in UseBiometrics in Use

BenGurion Airport: Hand Geometry

INSPASS: Hand Geometry

FacePass: Face Verification

Grocery Store Payment: Fingerprint US- Visit Program

Heathrow Airport- Iris

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Cranial AnthropometryCranial Anthropometry

Also known as CraniometryAlso known as Craniometry

measurement of the skull and face measurement of the skull and face

3 ways to categorize the skull3 ways to categorize the skull dolichocephalicdolichocephalic: long and thin : long and thin brachycephalicbrachycephalic: short and broad : short and broad mesocephalicmesocephalic: intermediate length and : intermediate length and

breadth breadth

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3- D Anthropometry3- D Anthropometry

3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the 3D anthropometry, the measure of humans, can be greatly aided by the use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these use of accurate digital humans. We'll take a look at how to create these types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the types of accurate digital humans and how they can be used for the measurement of entire populations measurement of entire populations Programs:Programs:

CyberwareCyberwareDigiSizeDigiSizeCySliceCySliceEar Impression 3-D ScannerEar Impression 3-D Scanner

SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software. into measurement extraction software.

CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions for men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65 men and women of various weights, between the ages of 18 and 65

Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc. Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.

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Individual LevelIndividual Level SCREENING: ONE TIME ASSESSMENTSCREENING: ONE TIME ASSESSMENT

to immediately decrease case fatality (emergency situations) to immediately decrease case fatality (emergency situations)

in non-emergency situationsin non-emergency situations GROWTH MONITORING: TREND ASSESSMENTGROWTH MONITORING: TREND ASSESSMENT

Population LevelPopulation Level ONE TIME ASSESSMENT ONE TIME ASSESSMENT

under circumstances of food crisis under circumstances of food crisis

for long-term planning for long-term planning NUTRITIONAL SURVEILLANCE: TREND ASSESSMENT NUTRITIONAL SURVEILLANCE: TREND ASSESSMENT

for long-term planning for long-term planning for timely warning for timely warning for programme managementfor programme management

Use of AnthropometryUse of Anthropometry

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Sources of Anthropometric VariabilitySources of Anthropometric Variability1.1. Interindividual VariationInterindividual Variation

Resulting for DNA (Genotype/Phenotype)Resulting for DNA (Genotype/Phenotype)EnvironmentEnvironment

Altitude, temperature, sunlight, soil typeAltitude, temperature, sunlight, soil type

NutritionNutritionEthnicity/RaceEthnicity/Race

2.2. Intraindividual VariationIntraindividual VariationAgingAging

Growing years – increase in stature, weight, and other Growing years – increase in stature, weight, and other dimensionsdimensions

Early adulthood – dimensions remain somewhat stableEarly adulthood – dimensions remain somewhat stable Later years – decrease in height, increase in circumference Later years – decrease in height, increase in circumference

and external diameters of bonesand external diameters of bones

Daily stature variationDaily stature variation Age, health, strengthAge, health, strength

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The Story of Lacy and The Story of Lacy and AndrewAndrew

Does one size fit all?Does one size fit all?Lacy is 4’ 10” (147 cm)Lacy is 4’ 10” (147 cm)

Andrew is 6’ 10” (208 cm)Andrew is 6’ 10” (208 cm)

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Love conquers all – even anthropometry!

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Questions?This concludes the

study of Anthropometry.

Thank you for your time!