Anthropology: The Human Challenge 13th edition. Chapter 1 The Essence of Anthropology.

Anthropology: The Human Challenge13th edition

Chapter 1

The Essence of Anthropology

Chapter Preview

What is Anthropology? How Do Anthropologists Do What

They Do? How Does Anthropology Compare to

Other Disciplines?

Making Sense of Being Human

• Where did we come from?

• Why are we so radically different from some animals and so surprisingly similar to others?

• Why do our bodies look the way they do?

• How do we explain so many different beliefs, languages, and customs?

• Why do we act in certain ways?

What Is Anthropology?

The study of the biological and cultural evolution and diversity of human beings, past and present.

Anthropology is a comparative discipline which seeks to understand what makes people different and what they all have in common.

What Do Anthropologists Do?

Anthropologists are concerned with the description and explanation of reality.

They formulate and test hypotheses concerning humankind so they can develop theories about our species.

The Development of Anthropology Anthropology as a distinct field of study

developed relatively recently. The encounter with other peoples began

500 years ago as Europeans sought to extend their trade and political domination to all parts of the world focused attention on human differences.

Europeans gradually came to recognize that despite all the differences, they might share a basic humanity with people everywhere.

Anthropological Perspectives

A fundamental principle of anthropology, that the various parts of culture must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence.

Anthropological Perspectives

Theories about the world and reality based on the assumptions and values of one’s own culture.

Visual Counterpoint: Class Discussion

American infant sleeping arrangements (left) differ from those of the Nenet, a reindeer-herding culture from Siberia (right)

Visual Counterpoint: Class Discussion

Infants in the United States typically sleep apart from their parents, but cross-cultural research shows that co-sleeping is the rule.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- What cultural reasons do we have for having infants

sleep apart from parents?

What impacts on health might be associated with these contrasting sleeping patterns?

Four Sub-Fields of Anthropology

Four Sub-Fields of Anthropology

Physical Anthropology Archaeology Linguistic Anthropology Cultural Anthropology

Applied Anthropology

Often seen as the fifth sub-field of anthropology.

Uses anthropological knowledge and methods from the four sub-fields to solve practical problems, often for a specific client.

Medical Anthropology

The use of insights from cultural anthropology and physical anthropology to understand the relationship between human health and cultural behaviors.

Physical Anthropology

Also called biological anthropology. Focuses on humans as biological

organisms, evolution, and human variation.

Analyze fossils and observe living primates to reconstruct the ancestry of the human species.

The biocultural perspective focuses on the interaction of biology and culture.

Physical Anthropology

Also called biological anthropology. Focuses on humans as biological

organisms, evolution, and human variation.

Analyze fossils and observe living primates to reconstruct the ancestry of the human species.

The biocultural perspective focuses on the interaction of biology and culture.

The Biocultural Perspective: Class Discussion

Classic period (AD 600) Mayan maxilla or upper jaw demonstrating dental surgery (inlaid jade) – from the National Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Guatemala City

The Biocultural Perspective: Class Discussion

Many cultures alter their bodies through surgical techniques for aesthetic, political, and economic reasons.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Why do you think the Mayans altered their teeth?

Do people in the United States alter their bodies? If so, how and why?

Physical Anthropology

PaleoanthropologyThe study of the origins of the human

species.

Physical Anthropology

Forensic anthropologySpecializes in the identification of

human skeletal remains for legal purposes.

Physical Anthropology

PrimatologyThe study of living and fossil primates.

Mandrill Ring-Tailed Lemur

Physical Anthropology

Human Growth, Adaptation, and DiversityThe study of the ways in which the

natural and cultural environment impacts human growth and biological diversity

Cultural Anthropology

The study of different patterns in human behavior, thought, and feelings.

Focuses on humans as culture-producing and culture-reproducing creatures.

Two main components: ethnography and ethnology.

Culture

A society’s shared and learned ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and which generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior.

Studying Culture: Fieldwork

The term anthropologists use for on-location research.

Participant observation - The technique of learning a people’s culture through direct participation in their everyday life over an extended period of time.

Studying Culture: Ethnography

The systematic description of a particular culture based on firsthand observation.

Studying Culture: Ethnology

The study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view, utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur among groups.

Linguistic Anthropology

Studies human languages: Description of a language - the way a

sentence is formed or a verb conjugated. History of languages - the way languages

change over time. The study of language in its social setting,

such as discourse – an extended speech act on a particular topic.

Linguistic Anthropology

Kallawaya language-speakers from Bolivia

Archaeology

Studies material remains in order to describe and explain human behavior.

Study tools, pottery, and other features such as hearths and enclosures that remain as the testimony of earlier cultures.

Rapa Nui

A tiny volcanic island in the middle of the southern Pacific Ocean, also known as Easter Island. The landscape is punctuated by nearly 900 stone “heads,” some towering to 65 feet, called moai by the islanders.

Teotihuacan

One of the largest Pre-Columbian cities in Mexico (AD 300-650). In addition to impressive stepped-pyramids, the city boasts many palaces decorated with painted murals which provide clues about the worldview of these ancient people.

Bioarchaeology The study of human

remains as a record of cultural processes.

For example, this Mayan woman was buried in a hocker position with two fetuses. What does this tell you about how she died?

Cultural Resource Management

A branch of archaeology tied to government policies for the protection of cultural resources and involving surveying and/or excavating archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction or development.

Cultural Resource Management

A Pre-Columbian rock carving from Tecaltzingo in Puebla, Mexico. Notice the damage caused by modern graffiti.

Cultural Resource Management

CRM is also about stewardship of archaeological sites for the benefit of all.

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Why should we be concerned about preserving archaeological sites?

How Do AnthropologistsDo What They Do?

Anthropology as one of the Humanities

Anthropology as a Science The Comparative Method

Anthropology as one of the Humanities

The holistic and comparative perspective of Anthropology has led to many insights on human failures and successes, weaknesses and greatness

Helps us think about the shared experience of being human.

Anthropology as a Science Anthropology is empirical - based on

observations of the world rather than on intuition or faith.

TheoryAn explanation of natural phenomena,

supported by a reliable body of data. Hypothesis

A tentative explanation of the relation between certain phenomena.

Anthropology’sComparative Method

Uses the methods of other scientists by developing hypotheses and arriving at theories.

Anthropologists make comparisons between peoples and cultures past and present, related species, and fossil groups.

Questions Of Ethics

Anthropologists have obligations to: Those whom they study. Those who fund the research. Those in the profession who expect a

study to be published so they can further the research in the field.

How Does AnthropologyCompare to Other Disciplines? Anthropologists focus on the

interconnections and interdependence of all aspects of the human experience, past and present.

This holistic and integrative perspective equips anthropologists to grapple with the issue of globalization.

Anthropology and Globalization

Globalization refers to worldwide interconnectedness, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, human labor, finance capital, information,infectious diseases, and trade goods.

The forces driving globalization are technological

innovations, lower transportation and communication costs, faster knowledge transfers, and increased trade and financial integration among countries.