Antebellum Reform Era 1820’s-1850 APUSH The Second Great Awakening The Second Great Awakening “Spiritual Reform From Within” [Religious Revivalism] Social.

Antebellum Reform Antebellum Reform EraEra

1820’s-18501820’s-1850

APUSH APUSH

The Second GreatAwakening

The Second GreatAwakening

“Spiritual Reform From Within”

[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal

Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

Abolitionism

22ndnd Great Great AwakeningAwakening 1825 - 1846

*Period of Religious revivals

*Led by Evangelical spokesmen

*Sent message to turn away from sin and provided philosophical underpinnings of the reforms of the 1830’s

*Restudied could lead to salvation

*Authors fueled the spirit of change*Concern for salvation *Camp Meetings

*Preached Spiritual Rebirth, individual self improvement, and perfectionism.*Ignited spirit of change

The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.

Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895)

Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895)

“soul-shaking”

conversionR1-2

The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York

The “Burned-Over” Districtin Upstate New York

TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

Henry DavidThoreau

Henry DavidThoreau

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Ralph WaldoEmerson

Nature(1832) Self-Reliance

(1841)

“The American Scholar”

(1837)

Walden(1854)

Civil Disobedience

(1849)

What is Transcendentalism?What is Transcendentalism?

New idea that man should transcend the New idea that man should transcend the limits of intellect and allow the emotions limits of intellect and allow the emotions and souls to create a relationship with the and souls to create a relationship with the universe.universe.

Rejection of established churches, laws, Rejection of established churches, laws, conventions, and authority.conventions, and authority.

Liberate from understanding and cultivate Liberate from understanding and cultivate reasoning.reasoning.

Basic IdeasBasic Ideas

Man is divine.Man is divine. Man should not be held in slavery.Man should not be held in slavery. Help the poorHelp the poor and miserable. and miserable. Bring Bring peace and justicepeace and justice to society. to society. Should not believe in superstitions.Should not believe in superstitions. Return to the divinity God gave them.Return to the divinity God gave them.

Famous TranscendentalistsFamous Transcendentalists Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson

Delivered address at Harvard called “The American Delivered address at Harvard called “The American Scholar” – Stressed to stop following European traditions Scholar” – Stressed to stop following European traditions and take our own. and take our own.

Stressed self-reliance and self-improvement.Stressed self-reliance and self-improvement. Critic of slaveryCritic of slavery

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau Poet and non-comformistPoet and non-comformist Refused to pay Massachusets tax and was jailed for a Refused to pay Massachusets tax and was jailed for a

nightnight ““Walden” and “Resistance to Civil Disobediance” – Pursuit Walden” and “Resistance to Civil Disobediance” – Pursuit

of truth through study and meditation and Furthering of of truth through study and meditation and Furthering of idealistic thought.idealistic thought.

TemperanceTemperance1826 - American Temperance

Society“Demon Rum”!

The Beecher FamilyFrances Willard

TemperanceTemperance

Actual Definition= not drinking alcohol in Actual Definition= not drinking alcohol in excessexcess

Social Meaning= Do not let a single drop Social Meaning= Do not let a single drop of alcohol touch your lipsof alcohol touch your lips

Important issue for women because of Important issue for women because of domestic violencedomestic violence

Women getting public roles from speaking outWomen getting public roles from speaking out

Important People and Important People and GroupsGroups

American Temperance Society-American Temperance Society- founded in 1826**w/in 5yrs. founded in 1826**w/in 5yrs. 2,220 chapters in U.S. w/ 170,000 members who pledged to not 2,220 chapters in U.S. w/ 170,000 members who pledged to not drink alcoholdrink alcohol By 1830’s- over 5,000 state and local temperance groupsBy 1830’s- over 5,000 state and local temperance groups

Maine Law-Maine Law- 1851 **1 1851 **1stst state in Union to prohibit sale, production, state in Union to prohibit sale, production, and consumption of alcohol (except for medical reasons)and consumption of alcohol (except for medical reasons) Neal S. Dow-Neal S. Dow- sponsored Maine Law**Prohibition Mayor of Portland, sponsored Maine Law**Prohibition Mayor of Portland,

Maine** Nicknames: “Napoleon of Temperance”, “Father of Maine** Nicknames: “Napoleon of Temperance”, “Father of Prohibition”Prohibition”

Women’s Christian Temperance Movement-Women’s Christian Temperance Movement- founded 1873** founded 1873** oldest non-discriminating women's organization worldwide sill oldest non-discriminating women's organization worldwide sill alivealive

From the first glass to the grave, 1846

“The Drunkard’s Progress”“The Drunkard’s Progress”

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Additional FactsAdditional Facts Consumption during 1830-1860 dropped Consumption during 1830-1860 dropped

majorlymajorly One of the strongest reforms of the 1820’s and One of the strongest reforms of the 1820’s and

1830’s1830’s Everyone used to drink alcohol (even kids) Everyone used to drink alcohol (even kids)

because the water was not safe to drinkbecause the water was not safe to drink Temperance movement was anti-immigrant Temperance movement was anti-immigrant

(drinking and abuse was associated w/ (drinking and abuse was associated w/ foreigners; especially Irish Catholics and foreigners; especially Irish Catholics and German immigrantsGerman immigrants

AbolitionismAbolitionism

•Harriet Tubman – once a slave•Escaped in 1849•Conductor of Underground Railroad

•Harriet Beecher Stowe – author•Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement

Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica.

No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.

Gradualists Immediatists

The Split of IdeasThe Split of Ideas

The American Anti-Slavery SocietyThe American Anti-Slavery Society – – William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison Social reform, women’s rightsSocial reform, women’s rights

The American & Foreign Anti-SlaveryThe American & Foreign Anti-Slavery Society – Society – Tappan BrothersTappan Brothers Political reform, no women’s rightsPolitical reform, no women’s rights

1816 American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation.

Pictured in the Pictured in the photo are photo are Gerrit Gerrit SmithSmith, , Frederick Frederick DouglassDouglass, James , James Caleb Jackson, Caleb Jackson, Theodosia Theodosia Gilbert, Samuel J. Gilbert, Samuel J. May, and the May, and the Edmonson Edmonson Sisters, among Sisters, among others.others.

Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Law Convention

Cazenovia Fugitive Slave Law Convention

August 21-22, 1850

More prominent peopleMore prominent people Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass – –The North StarThe North Star

William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison – – The LiberatorThe Liberator

Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth Gerrit SmithGerrit Smith – local – local Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

Slavery undermined republicanvalues.

Immediate emancipation with NO compensation to slaveholders

Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4

The LiberatorThe Liberator

Premiere issue January 1, 1831

R2-5

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All

Villanies!

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All

Villanies!

Other White AbolitionistsOther White Abolitionists

Lewis Tappan

Arthur Tappan

James Birney

Liberty Party. Ran for President

in 1840 & 1844.

Black AbolitionistsBlack Abolitionists

David Walker(1785-1830)

1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World

Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 “The North Star”

R2-12

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10

Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)

Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.*

$40,000 bounty on her head.

Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.

“Moses”

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

Railroad

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

RailroadHave paintings like this helped to contribute to the “Quilt Myth”?

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad “Conductor” ==== leader of the

escape

“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves

“Tracks” ==== routes

“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves

“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

1840 split in the abolitionist movement over women’s role in it.

London World Anti-Slavery Convention

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1848 Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

R2-6/7

Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights

Equality, freedom, liberty growing… but Equality, freedom, liberty growing… but not for women!not for women!

Women can’t vote, no property rights, hard Women can’t vote, no property rights, hard to get educated, can’t be involved in the to get educated, can’t be involved in the church, husbands have legal power over church, husbands have legal power over wiveswives

To gain influence, women supported To gain influence, women supported causes like temperance, abolition, and causes like temperance, abolition, and rights of the insanerights of the insane

1. Unable to vote.2. Legal status of a minor.3. Single could own her own

property.4. Married no control over

herproperty or her children.

5. Could not initiate divorce.6. Couldn’t make wills, sign a

contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady

StantonStanton First women’s rights conventionFirst women’s rights convention Wrote Declaration of Sentiments- basically the Wrote Declaration of Sentiments- basically the

Declaration of Independence for women- lists Declaration of Independence for women- lists grievances faced by womengrievances faced by women

Demand equal legal treatment, equal education, Demand equal legal treatment, equal education, equality in marriage, and right to voteequality in marriage, and right to vote

Some men attended too, including Fredrick Some men attended too, including Fredrick DouglassDouglass

SUSAN B. ANTHONY WAS NOT THERE!SUSAN B. ANTHONY WAS NOT THERE!

Seneca Falls DeclarationSeneca Falls Declaration

THE WOMENTHE WOMEN

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

R2-6/7

•Susan B. Susan B. Anthony-arrested Anthony-arrested for votingfor voting

•Sarah and Sarah and Angelina GrimkeAngelina Grimke

Notable Women in Notable Women in EducationEducation

Troy, NY Female Seminary curriculum: math, physics, history, geography. train female teachers

Emma Willard(1787-1870)

1837 she established Mt. Holyoke [So. Hadley, MA] as the first college for women.

Mary Lyons(1797-1849)

Asylums/Prison Asylums/Prison Reform:Reform: Dorothea Dorothea DixDix

Dorothea DixDorothea Dix(1802-1887)(1802-1887)

Occupations:Occupations:Novelist and School TeacherNovelist and School Teacher

Her “second career” started in march of Her “second career” started in march of 1841 when she was thrirty nine years old. She visited East Cambridge Jail. 1841 when she was thrirty nine years old. She visited East Cambridge Jail. Within the jail was prostitutes, drunks, criminals, learning disabled, and Within the jail was prostitutes, drunks, criminals, learning disabled, and mentally ill individuals. They were all housed together in unheated, mentally ill individuals. They were all housed together in unheated, unfurnished and foul-smelling quarters. unfurnished and foul-smelling quarters.

**Thus beginning her refom movement to improve assylums.**Thus beginning her refom movement to improve assylums.She took the assylum to court and She took the assylum to court and

eventually won. After carefully documenting her observations of the eventually won. After carefully documenting her observations of the treatment of the inmates, she presented it to the Massachussetts legislature. treatment of the inmates, she presented it to the Massachussetts legislature. Since her conviction was so powerful, she won the case. With this she won Since her conviction was so powerful, she won the case. With this she won legislative support and funds that were set aside for the expansion of legislative support and funds that were set aside for the expansion of Worcestor State Hospital. Worcestor State Hospital.

Views:Views:

Dorothea Dix’s ideas about the mentally ill were Dorothea Dix’s ideas about the mentally ill were radical for the time. The common feeling towards radical for the time. The common feeling towards the insane were that they would never be cured the insane were that they would never be cured and living within their dreadful conditions was and living within their dreadful conditions was enough for them. Dorothea wanted to better the enough for them. Dorothea wanted to better the conditions that the insane lived in, and show conditions that the insane lived in, and show people that not all illnesses were incurable.people that not all illnesses were incurable.

AchievementsAchievements

Saint Elizabeths is one of the oldest hospitals in the District of Columbia, founded by Dorothea Dix in 1855 as the Government Hospital for the Insane, a place to treat and rehabilitate.

1. Dorothea Dix improved the living conditions in mental hospitals.

2. She played a major role in founding

1. 32 mental hospitals,

2. 15 schools for the feeble minded, a school for the blind, and numerous training facilities for nurses.

3. She also established libraries in prisons, mental hospitals, and other institutions.

3. She not only improved mental hospitals in the United States but all over Europe.

Dorothea Dix Asylum -

1849Dorothea Dix Asylum -

1849

1821 first penitentiary foundedin Auburn, NY

Educational ReformEducational Reform

Educational ReformEducational Reform

Religious Training Secular Education

MA always on the forefront of public educational reform * 1st state to establish tax support for local public schools.

By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. * US had one of the highest literacy rates.

EducationEducation Horace Mann is known as the Horace Mann is known as the

“Father” of the common “Father” of the common school.school. He headed the common He headed the common

school movement so that school movement so that every child could receive an every child could receive an education funded by local education funded by local taxes. taxes.

Noah Webster was a textbook Noah Webster was a textbook author called the Father of author called the Father of American Scholarship and American Scholarship and Education.Education.

William McGuffey wrote a William McGuffey wrote a series of textbooks known as series of textbooks known as the McGuffey Readers. the McGuffey Readers.

“Father of American Education”

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

Horace Mann (1796-1859)

children were clay in the hands of teachers and school officials children should be “molded” into a state of perfection discouraged corporal punishment established state teacher- training programs

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

The McGuffey Eclectic Readers

Used religious parables to teach “American values.” Teach middle class morality and respect for order. Teach “3 Rs” + “Protestant ethic” (frugality, hard work, sobriety)

R3-8

EducationEducation

The expansion of Public Schools The expansion of Public Schools was essential.was essential.

By 1860 every state offered free By 1860 every state offered free public schooling.public schooling.

Religion was often entwined with Religion was often entwined with education. education.

Health and Health and SexualitySexuality

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell(1821-1910)

What Did She Believe?What Did She Believe? In 1871, aided by her supporters, she In 1871, aided by her supporters, she

formed the National Health Society with a formed the National Health Society with a motto of “Prevention is better than cure”motto of “Prevention is better than cure”

The importance of personal hygeine was The importance of personal hygeine was emphasized by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell.emphasized by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell.

She emphasized the importance of She emphasized the importance of sanitation and personal hygeine in sanitation and personal hygeine in fighting disease.fighting disease.

What Else?What Else? 1st woman to graduate in medicine.1st woman to graduate in medicine.

In 1853 she opened a part time one In 1853 she opened a part time one room dispensary and treated 200 poor room dispensary and treated 200 poor women in the 1women in the 1stst year. year.

In 1857 the one room dispensary was In 1857 the one room dispensary was expanded to the hospital “The New York expanded to the hospital “The New York Infirmary for Women and Children”Infirmary for Women and Children”

During the war she trained and selected During the war she trained and selected nurses to care for the wounded.nurses to care for the wounded.

Social Reform ProstitutionThe “Fallen Woman”

Sarah Ingraham (1802-1887)

1835 Advocate of Moral Reform

Female Moral Reform Society focusedon the “Johns” & pimps, not the girls.

UtopiansUtopians

Important people and Important people and places!!places!!

The Oneida CommunityThe Oneida Community:: The founder and leader of the The founder and leader of the communal Oneida Community, John Humphreys Noyes, was born communal Oneida Community, John Humphreys Noyes, was born in Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1811. Perfectionists practicing in Brattleboro, Vermont, in 1811. Perfectionists practicing "complex marriage" considered themselves married to the group, "complex marriage" considered themselves married to the group, not a single partner. not a single partner.

The ShakersThe Shakers:: Formally known as the United Society of Believers Formally known as the United Society of Believers in Christ's Second Coming, the Shakers developed their own in Christ's Second Coming, the Shakers developed their own religious expression which included communal living, productive religious expression which included communal living, productive labor, celibacy, pacifism, the equality of the sexes, and a ritual labor, celibacy, pacifism, the equality of the sexes, and a ritual noted for its dancing and shaking. noted for its dancing and shaking.

Origins of Utopian IdeasOrigins of Utopian Ideas

Origins of the Utopian IdeaOrigins of the Utopian Idea:: The western idea of utopia The western idea of utopia originates in the ancient world, where legends of an earthly originates in the ancient world, where legends of an earthly paradise lost to history combined with the human desire to create, paradise lost to history combined with the human desire to create, or recreate, an ideal society, helped form the utopian idea. or recreate, an ideal society, helped form the utopian idea.

Describing a perfect political and social system on an imaginary Describing a perfect political and social system on an imaginary island, the term "Utopia" has since entered the English language island, the term "Utopia" has since entered the English language meaning any place, State, or situation of ideal perfectionmeaning any place, State, or situation of ideal perfection

MilleritesMillerites

Miller was a prosperous farmer, a Miller was a prosperous farmer, a Baptist layman and amateur Baptist layman and amateur student of the Bible, living in the student of the Bible, living in the Burned-over district. Burned-over district.

Through years of intensive study Through years of intensive study of prophetic symbolism of the of prophetic symbolism of the prophecies of Daniel and using the prophecies of Daniel and using the year-day method of prophetic year-day method of prophetic interpretation, Miller became interpretation, Miller became convinced that Christ's Second convinced that Christ's Second Coming was revealed in Bible Coming was revealed in Bible prophecy. prophecy.

From 1840-became a From 1840-became a national campaignnational campaign

““My principles in brief, are, that Jesus Christ My principles in brief, are, that Jesus Christ will come again to this earth, cleanse, purify, will come again to this earth, cleanse, purify, and take possession of the same, with all the and take possession of the same, with all the saints, sometime between March 21, 1843 and saints, sometime between March 21, 1843 and March 21, 1844”March 21, 1844”

March 21, 1844 passed without incidentMarch 21, 1844 passed without incident Brief adoption of a new date--April 18, 1844 Brief adoption of a new date--April 18, 1844 Like the previous date, April 18 passed without Like the previous date, April 18 passed without

Christ’s return. Christ’s return. October 22, 1844 …what will happen?October 22, 1844 …what will happen?

The Great The Great DisappointmentDisappointment

October 22,1844, that day of great hope October 22,1844, that day of great hope and promise, ended like any other day to and promise, ended like any other day to the disappointment of the Millerites. Both the disappointment of the Millerites. Both Millerite leaders and followers were left Millerite leaders and followers were left generally bewildered and disillusioned. generally bewildered and disillusioned.

Had believers from all denominationsHad believers from all denominations Modern day=Seventh Day AdventistModern day=Seventh Day Adventist

Shaker PracticesShaker Practices

The Shakers did not practice procreation themselves. The Shakers did not practice procreation themselves. Children were included into their communal families Children were included into their communal families

through adoption or conversion. through adoption or conversion. The Shakers were welcoming of all, often taking in The Shakers were welcoming of all, often taking in

orphans and the homeless. When Shaker youngsters, orphans and the homeless. When Shaker youngsters, girls and boys, reached the age of twenty-one, they girls and boys, reached the age of twenty-one, they were free to leave the Shaker religion and go their own were free to leave the Shaker religion and go their own separate way or to remain with the Shaker communal separate way or to remain with the Shaker communal family. family.

The Shakers lived in "families" sharing a large house The Shakers lived in "families" sharing a large house with separate entrances for women and men. with separate entrances for women and men.

Each family was also part of the one communal family, Each family was also part of the one communal family, each sharing and working together as a single each sharing and working together as a single supportive group.supportive group.

The ShakersThe Shakers The Shakers believed in the value of hard work and The Shakers believed in the value of hard work and

kept comfortably busy. kept comfortably busy. Each member learned a craft and did chores. Each member learned a craft and did chores. Shakers worshipped in plain meetinghouses where Shakers worshipped in plain meetinghouses where

they marched, sang songs, danced, twitched and they marched, sang songs, danced, twitched and shouted. shouted.

Considered music to be an essential part of worshipConsidered music to be an essential part of worship Won respect for the organized and productive farmsWon respect for the organized and productive farms Good builders, dedicated to hard work and Good builders, dedicated to hard work and

perfection=created some unique furniture, perfection=created some unique furniture, architecture, and handicrafts.architecture, and handicrafts.

ShakersShakers

The four virtues are The four virtues are

1.1. Virgin purityVirgin purity

2.2. Christian communismChristian communism

3.3. Confession of sin; without which none Confession of sin; without which none can become Believerscan become Believers

4.4. Separation from the world.Separation from the world.

Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)Mother Ann Lee (1736-1784)

If you will take up your crosses against the works of generations, and follow Christ in theregeneration, God will cleanse you from allunrighteousness. Remember the cries of those who are in need and trouble, that when you are in trouble, God may hear your cries.

If you improve in one talent, God will give you more.

"Do your work as though you had a thousand years to live and as if you were to die tomorrow.“

"Put your hands to work, and your heart to God."

The Shakers

R1-4

Shaker MeetingShaker Meeting

Shaker HymnShaker Hymn

'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.

When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.

Shaker Simplicity & Utility

Shaker Simplicity & Utility

Historical Marker at the Niskayuna Historical Marker at the Niskayuna Community Cemetery in modern-Community Cemetery in modern-

day Colonie, New Yorkday Colonie, New York

The Oneida Community

New York, 1848

The Oneida Community

New York, 1848

John Humphrey Noyes(1811-1886)

Millenarianism --> the 2nd

coming of Christ had already occurred. Humans were no longer obliged to follow the moral rules of the past.• all residents

married to each other.• carefully regulated “free love.”