ANTEBELLUM CULTURE & REFORM HIST 103: Chapter 12
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ANTEBELLUM CULTURE & REFORMHIST 103: Chapter 12
THE ANTEBELLUM ERA
any period in history before a major war
American History
Treaty of Ghent — Civil War
first we will explore the influences that led to the call for abolition of slavery
“In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book? or goes to an American play? or looks at an American picture or statue?
-Sydney Smith (1820)
RISE OF AMERICAN CULTURE
American ArtHudson River School
Asher Durand
Thomas Cole
RISE OF AMERICAN CULTURE
American ArtHudson River moves west
Albert Bierstadt
Thomas Moran
RISE OF AMERICAN CULTURE
TRANSCENDENTALISTS
importance of reason over understanding
Ralph Waldo Emerson
“Nature”
most important intellectual of his day
“Self-Reliance”
Lecture - “The American Scholar”
TRANSCENDENTALISTS
importance of reason over understanding
Henry David Thoreau
Walden
resist pressures to conform to society’s expectations
“Resistance to Civil Government”
civil disobedience or passive resistance to unjust laws
TRANSCENDENTALISTS
visions of utopian communal living
Brook FarmGeorge Ripley
West Roxbury, MA (1841) share in the labor, share in the leisure
New HarmonyRobert Owen
New Harmony, IN (1825) village of cooperation - FAILED
TRANSCENDENTALISTS
redefining gender roles
women don’t need to rely on men supported European socialists, intellectual leader
Margaret Fuller
TRANSCENDENTALISTS
redefining gender roles
Oneida CommunityJohn Humphrey Noyes - 1848
“Perfectionists” rejected traditional notions of family & marriage
communal raising of children
Shakers“Mother” Ann Lee - 1770
commitment to complete celibacy 6,000 members joined in the 1840s
MORMONS
founded by Joseph Smith - NY
History of the MormonsBook of Mormon
Beliefsrigid social structure
family structure polygamy
secrecy
Brigham Young
Kirtland, OH | Nauvoo, IL | Independence, MO
Salt Lake City, UT
REFORM MOVEMENTS OF ANTEBELLUM AMERICA
Temperance Movement
3x’s more alcohol per person
No social vice was more responsible for crime, disorder, and poverty than excessive alcohol use
Medical Reform
Edward Jenner - smallpox William Morton - anesthetics
Oliver Wendall Holmes - contagion
movement towards science as basis for medicine
REFORM MOVEMENTS OF ANTEBELLUM AMERICA
Education Reform
Horace Mann
only way to protect democracy was to create an educated electorate
Prison Reform
solitary confinement silence on work crews - think about why there
REFORM MOVEMENTS OF ANTEBELLUM AMERICA
Feminism
Sarah & Angelina Grimke Catharine Beecher
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Dorthea Dix
resist separate spheres
Seneca Falls 1848
“Declaration of Sentiments”
Right to vote Get rid of spheres
Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony
REFORM MOVEMENTS OF ANTEBELLUM AMERICA
Reservation Movement
allows for development until ready for assimilation
protection from whites
Abolitionism
will take the place of women’s movement
CRUSADING AGAINST SLAVERY
Abolitionism
American Colonization Society (1817)
most opposed expressed moral disapproval but did little to fight to end slavery (until 1830s)
most northern states did not have slavery after 1800
encourage resettlement of freed slaves in Caribbean or Africa
AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY
Compensated Gradual Manumission
Liberia, West Africa (Monrovia) - 1830/1846
ACS pay for transportation
challenge slavery but don’t challenge property rights
Failure of Colonization was not fast enough
far too many African Americans in the United States slaves were not African
WILLIAM LLOYD GARRISON
IMMEDIATE, UNCONDITIONAL, UNIVERSAL ABOLITION
1831 - The Liberator - Boston
Genius of Universal Emancipation - Benjamin Lundylifetime involvement in the newspaper business
Garrison’s Newspaper
opponents to slavery should view slavery from the black point of view
colonization “strengthened slavery by ridding the country of free blacks.”
extend citizenship to all African Americans
American Antislavery Society250,000 members & 1350 chapters by 1838
main antislavery society in the United States
BLACK ABOLITIONISTS
FREE BLACKS WERE PROUD OF THEIR FREEDOM
What were the lives of free blacks in the North like?worse than slaves in South?
mob violence no education
vote in few states few job opportunities ‘returned’ to South?
most supported Garrison and were The Liberator subscribers
Walker’s Appeal…to the Colored CitizenDavid Walker - 1829
Sojourner Truth
FREDERICK DOUGLASS
North Star - 1847
former Maryland slave that purchased freedom in 1847
“What, for the American slave, is your July 4th?”
Frequent orator at American Antislavery Society
My Bondage, My Freedom - 1855
“I would unite with anybody to do right, and with nobody to do wrong.”
ANTI-ABOLITIONISM
Which groups were against abolition?
“Abolitionists were not people who made their political commitments lightly or casually…(they were) wild-eyed
fanatics bent on social revolution.”
white southerners, most white northerners
Why were they against abolition?- threat to existing social structure - influx of free blacks to the north
- threat to lucrative trade with the south
What was the response of those against abolition?- mostly vocal opposition
* Garrison was arrested in 1835 * Elijay Lovejoy (editor) - machines smashed (3x’s) & killed
ABOLITIONISM DIVIDED
Division caused by:
Garrison
Anti-Abolition Violence Garrison’s Growing Radicalism
Moderatesattacked the government against the Constitution
churches: bulwarks of slavery —————————————————
women equal political participation reject all wars
immediate abolition gradually accomplished moral suasion to end slavery
appeal to slaveholders conscience abolish slavery in DC/territory
end interstate slave trade Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)
OTHER FORMS OF ABOLITIONISM
Free-Soilers
Simon Legree (New Englander)
good, kindly slaves victimized by cruel system
slavery remains out of territories
Violent AbolitionismJohn Brown in Kansas & Virginia
PropagandaHarriet Beecher Stowe
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
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