ANTARCTICA, AUSTRALIA, & OCEANIA. ANTARCTICA 5 th largest continent 5 th largest continent Types of plants found on Antarctica Types of plants found.

ANTARCTICA, ANTARCTICA, AUSTRALIA, & OCEANIAAUSTRALIA, & OCEANIA

ANTARCTICAANTARCTICA

• 55thth largest continent largest continent

• Types of plants found on AntarcticaTypes of plants found on Antarctica– Algae, lichens, mossesAlgae, lichens, mosses

• 11stst to reach the South Pole? to reach the South Pole?– Roald Amundsen from Norway in 1911Roald Amundsen from Norway in 1911

• Antarctic TreatyAntarctic Treaty – Signed in 1959 by 12 countries including Signed in 1959 by 12 countries including

the United Statesthe United States– Prohibits military activities except to Prohibits military activities except to

support sciencesupport science– Prohibits nuclear testingProhibits nuclear testing– Promotes scientific research & Promotes scientific research &

cooperationcooperation

• Only 1% of Antarctica has been mined Only 1% of Antarctica has been mined for minerals.for minerals.

• The continent is rich in mineralsThe continent is rich in minerals

coal, copper, lead, zinc, silver, gold, coal, copper, lead, zinc, silver, gold, oil, & natural gas.oil, & natural gas.

• The Protocol on Environmental The Protocol on Environmental Protection (added to Antarctic Treaty) Protection (added to Antarctic Treaty) caused restrictions on mining in 1991. caused restrictions on mining in 1991. – Bans all commercial mineral resource Bans all commercial mineral resource

activity (oil & natural gas)activity (oil & natural gas)– Conservation of flora and faunaConservation of flora and fauna– No polluting No polluting

AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA

The LandThe Land• Why is Australia unique?Why is Australia unique?

– Only country that is also a continentOnly country that is also a continent– World’s smallest continentWorld’s smallest continent

• Where do most of Australia’s rivers Where do most of Australia’s rivers start?start?– Great Dividing RangeGreat Dividing Range

• Two rivers supply water for irrigationTwo rivers supply water for irrigation– Murray and Darling RiversMurray and Darling Rivers

• Most of Australia’s water comes from Most of Australia’s water comes from artesian wellsartesian wells..– Water that comes up from underground Water that comes up from underground

pressurized waterpressurized water

• Only 10% of the land is arable Only 10% of the land is arable (farmable).(farmable).– Wheat, barley, fruit, & sugarcaneWheat, barley, fruit, & sugarcane

• The land of the Outback is used by The land of the Outback is used by ranchers to raise cattle, sheep, & ranchers to raise cattle, sheep, & chickens.chickens.– World’s largest producer of woolWorld’s largest producer of wool

• Australia produces ¼ of the world’s Australia produces ¼ of the world’s bauxitebauxite..– Raw material for aluminum productionRaw material for aluminum production

• Australia is also known for its high Australia is also known for its high quality quality opalsopals..

Great Barrier ReefGreat Barrier Reef

• Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef. coral reef.

• It is actually over 2500 small reefs.It is actually over 2500 small reefs.

• Over 1800 milesOver 1800 miles

• Coral is slowly dying because of pollution, Coral is slowly dying because of pollution, warming waters, and human contact.warming waters, and human contact.

• Actions taken to save the reefActions taken to save the reef– Pollution controlPollution control– Fishing restrictionsFishing restrictions– Part of the reef closed to touristsPart of the reef closed to tourists– Reef Water Quality Protection PlanReef Water Quality Protection Plan

ClimateClimate• Most of the mid-continent of Australia has Most of the mid-continent of Australia has

a a desertdesert climate. climate.– Vegetation = desert scrubs & desert wasteVegetation = desert scrubs & desert waste

• Southeastern Australia has a tropical Southeastern Australia has a tropical rainforest & tropical grassland rainforest & tropical grassland climate.climate.

• Some people use Some people use wattlewattle for their for their homes.homes.– Saplings of the acacia tree interwoven Saplings of the acacia tree interwoven

to make framework for homesto make framework for homes

A Brief HistoryA Brief History• Original inhabitants were the Original inhabitants were the

Aborigines.Aborigines.

• Aborigines probably originated from Aborigines probably originated from southeast Asia.southeast Asia.

• Belief in DreamtimeBelief in Dreamtime– System of beliefs that they are System of beliefs that they are

connected to all things back to the connected to all things back to the beginning of timebeginning of time

• Use the boomerang for huntingUse the boomerang for hunting– Heavy throwing stickHeavy throwing stick– Work of weapon artWork of weapon art– Skillfully carved and weightedSkillfully carved and weighted

• Captain James Cook claimed Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Great Britain in 1770.Australia for Great Britain in 1770.

• What happened to the Aborigines What happened to the Aborigines when the British settled in?when the British settled in?– Europeans removed people from their Europeans removed people from their

lands by force.lands by force.– They also brought diseases that killed They also brought diseases that killed

many Aborigines.many Aborigines.

• What did Great Britain use Australia What did Great Britain use Australia for in the late 1700s and early for in the late 1700s and early 1800s?1800s?– Colony for convicts. Colony for convicts. – British prisons were overcrowded.British prisons were overcrowded.

• What profitable type of livestock was What profitable type of livestock was introduced to Australia?introduced to Australia?

SHEEPSHEEP

IndependenceIndependence

• Australia became independent from Australia became independent from Great Britain in 1901.Great Britain in 1901.

• It became a It became a dominiondominion (self-governing (self-governing country within the British Empire).country within the British Empire).

• Official name: Commonwealth of Official name: Commonwealth of AustraliaAustralia

Australia TodayAustralia Today• The country has actively recruited The country has actively recruited

immigrantsimmigrants..– People from east and southeast Asia People from east and southeast Asia

have answered the call.have answered the call.

• Major trading partners?Major trading partners?– Japan & U.S.Japan & U.S.

• StrineStrine is spoken by many Australians. is spoken by many Australians.– A unique vocabulary made up of A unique vocabulary made up of

Aboriginal words and Australian slang.Aboriginal words and Australian slang.

OCEANIAOCEANIAVanuatu

New Zealand

Fiji

New Zealand Quick FactsNew Zealand Quick Facts• Country made up of 2 islandsCountry made up of 2 islands

– North Island and South IslandNorth Island and South Island

• Most important resource?Most important resource?– Fertile volcanic soilFertile volcanic soil

• 2 major exports?2 major exports?– Sheep & wool productsSheep & wool products– 20 times more livestock than people!20 times more livestock than people!– New Zealand ranchers are called New Zealand ranchers are called

graziersgraziers..

History

• Original inhabitantsOriginal inhabitants: MaoriMaori

• Like the Aborigines, the Like the Aborigines, the

Maori were forced off their Maori were forced off their land by the Europeans land by the Europeans and faced discrimination and faced discrimination & racism.& racism.

• New Zealand shocked the world in New Zealand shocked the world in 1893 by being the 11893 by being the 1stst country to legally country to legally recognize women’s right to vote.recognize women’s right to vote.

• New Zealand gained its independence New Zealand gained its independence from Great Britain in 1907.from Great Britain in 1907.

• In 1985, NZ banned nuclear-powered In 1985, NZ banned nuclear-powered ships and those with nuclear weapons ships and those with nuclear weapons from its waters.from its waters.

OCEANIA QUICK FACTSOCEANIA QUICK FACTS

• The islands were created by colliding The islands were created by colliding tectonic plates and volcanic hot spots.tectonic plates and volcanic hot spots.

• 3 island types3 island types– High islands: tops of underwater mountain High islands: tops of underwater mountain

ranges (Tahiti & Hawaii’s big islands)ranges (Tahiti & Hawaii’s big islands)– Low islands: coral atolls (Nauru & Hawaii’s Low islands: coral atolls (Nauru & Hawaii’s

small islands)small islands)– Continental islands: created by the rising Continental islands: created by the rising

and folding of ancient rock from ocean floor and folding of ancient rock from ocean floor (Papua New Guinea)(Papua New Guinea)

• 3 classifications of islands3 classifications of islands– Melanesia (black islands)Melanesia (black islands)– Micronesia (little islands)Micronesia (little islands)– Polynesia (many islands)Polynesia (many islands)

• The country of The country of Nauru is the world’s is the world’s smallest republic and one of the smallest republic and one of the richest countries in the world.richest countries in the world.

• Many Pacific islands are Many Pacific islands are trust trust territoriesterritories. . – Created after WWII by the United StatesCreated after WWII by the United States– U.S. gave dependent areas to other U.S. gave dependent areas to other

countries to control.countries to control.

• In 1954, the U.S. exploded an atom In 1954, the U.S. exploded an atom bomb at Bikini Atoll and other nearby bomb at Bikini Atoll and other nearby islands.islands.– People were unable to return to the People were unable to return to the

islands.islands.– In the 1990s, the U.S. paid $90 million to In the 1990s, the U.S. paid $90 million to

decontaminate the areas and create decontaminate the areas and create trust funds for the injured.trust funds for the injured.

• Fiji is over 30% Hindu.Fiji is over 30% Hindu.– 1000s of East Indians were brought to 1000s of East Indians were brought to

work on plantations and brought their work on plantations and brought their religion with them.religion with them.

• Most important economic activity in Most important economic activity in the South Pacific is the South Pacific is agricultureagriculture..– Tropical fruits mainly (banana, coconut, Tropical fruits mainly (banana, coconut,

pineapple, mango, etc.)pineapple, mango, etc.)

• Many Pacific islanders practice Many Pacific islanders practice subsistence farmingsubsistence farming..– Growing only enough for a family’s Growing only enough for a family’s

needsneeds