(Antara Chakrabarty) UGC-NTA NET Educator Sociology

(Antara Chakrabarty)

UGC-NTA NET Educator

Sociology

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• G P Murdock • Polyandry as an Ethnographic Curiosity• According to Murdock, "the family is a social group characterized by common residence,

economic cooperation and reproduction” • Family is a universal institution

• In Irawati Karve’s• (1953: 118) words, according to this rule, a man must not marry a woman from • (i) his father’s gotra, (ii) his mother’s gotra, (iii) his father’s mother’s gotra, and (iv) his

mother’s mother’s gotra • “Caste is an extended kinship group in which every member is either an actual or potential kin

of another, these kinship groups are called Jatis• A caste, with very few exceptions, an endogamous group, confined to one linguistic region

• E. Westermarck: • “More or less durable connection between male and female, lasting beyond the mere act of

propagation, till after the birth of offspring.”

Definitions/Phrases


• Malinowski• “Marriage as a contract for production and maintenance of children”• Marriage as a principle of Legitimacy• Malinowski talks about Kinship Algebra• “Monogamy has been and will remain the only true type of marriage• marriage is the fountain-head of Kinship

• R. Briffault in his The Mothers', writes that • the man originally lived in a state of social promiscuity and that the earliest human family

consisted of a mother and her child.

• Ogburn and Nimkoff: "Family is a more or less durable association of husband and wife, with or without children”

• Kingslay Davis: "Family is a group of persons whose relations to one another are based on consanguinity…”

• Burgess and Locke: "A family is a group of persons united by the ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a single household, interacting and intercommunicating, with each other…”

• MacIver and Page: "The family is a group defined by a sex relationship...”


• Sumner: "The family is a miniature social organisation, including at least two generations and is characteristically formed upon the blood bonds…”

• Elliot and Merrill: "The family maybe defined as the biological social unit…”

• A R Radcliffe Brown: “Marriage is essentially an arrangement of structure.”

• Louis Dumont: categories like cross cousin marriage is useful in marriage but in reality it is deceptive

• R H Lowie: ‘One fact that stands out, beyond all others, is that everywhere the husband, wife and immature children constitute a unit, apart from the remainder of the community’.

• Levi Strauss held that affinal relations framed the most basic and irreducible unit of kinship—what he called the “atom of kinship.”

• A M Shah: A household is itself neither joint nor nuclear but becomes either of this by virtue of its being under progression and regression in developmental process

• William J Goode: Nuclear family pattern is in itself a world revolution

• Talcott Parsons: Isolated Nuclear family as a perfect fit for Industrial society


• Claude Levi Strauss: the case of kinship... the observable phenomena result from the action of laws which are general but implicit.

• Talcott Parsons: ‘Female world of emotion and cooperation and male world of rationality and competition’

• Heidi Hartmann: “set of social relations between men, which have a material base and which though hierarchical, establish or create interdependence and solidarity among men that enable them to dominate women”

• L H Morgan: The growth of property and the desire for its transmission to children was, in reality, the moving power which brought in monogamy to insure legitimate heirs, and to limit their number to the actual progeny of the married pair

• Engels : The overthrow of mother right was the world historic defeat of the female sex

• Simone de Beauvoir: One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman


• Caste is a closed organic stratification: F G Bailey

• Caste stands in ritual and secular hierarchy expressed in the rules of interaction: F G Bailey

• Caste is an extreme form of equality: Gunnar Mydral

• Caste is an extreme form of absolute rigid class: Gunnar Myrdal

• Caste is a expression of hierarchy rather than stratification: L. Dumont

• Caste is a enclosed class: B. R. Ambedkar

• Caste is a super-imposition of endogamy over exogamy: B R Ambedkar

• Caste system is not merely division of labour, but division of labourers: B R Ambedkar

• Caste does not let Hindus act as a community: B R Ambedkar


• Function and function alone is responsible for the origin of caste system: Nesfield

• The notion of caste: hereditary specialization, hierarchy, and mutual repulsion: Celestin Bougle

• Sub-caste is the real unit of caste system: M N Srinivas

• Caste is a Brahminic child of Indo-Aryan culture cradled in the land of the Ganges and thence transferred to other parts of India: G S Ghurye

• Defined caste on the basis of Stratification, Cultural Pluralism, Interaction: G. Berreman

• Caste is a closed status group: Max Weber

• Caste is a closed community: Max Weber

• Caste is a closed class/group: T N Madan and D N Majumdar

• Caste is closed class and class is open caste: David Hardiman

• When a class is somewhat strictly hereditary, we may call it a caste: C H Cooley

• Caste is a system of stratification in which mobility up and down the status ladder, at least ideally may not occur: A W Green

• Tribe as segmentary and caste as organic: F G Bailey


• Globalisation:

• Appadurai For him the ‘new global cultural economy has to be seen as a complex, overlapping, disjunctive order’.

• Manfred Steger: argues that globalization has four main dimensions: economic, political, cultural, ecological, with ideological aspects of each category.

• Martin Albrow and Elizabeth King :"all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society.“

• Anthony Giddens writes: "Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa.“

• In 1992, Roland Robertson, described globalization as "the compression of the world and the intensification of the consciousness of the world as a whole.

• George Ritzer: McDonaldization: "the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of recent idea about the worldwide homogenization of cultures due to globalization


• David Held: “Globalization can be on a continuum with the local, national and regional…spatial-temporal processes of change which underpin a transformation in the organization of human affairs

• Paul James: “Globalization is the extension of social relations across world-space, defining that world-space in terms of the historically variable ways that it has been practiced and socially understood through changing world-time”

• Keniichi Ohmae’s phrase “the borderless world”

• Richard O’Brian (1992), globalisation essentially refers to a mixture of international, multinational, offshore and global activities

• Malcolm Waters (1995) finds globalisation as a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede

• Scholte (1999) too understands globalisation as a process of deterritorialisation and global relations as supraterritorial.


• Meghnad Desai (2004) globalisation is the growing reciprocal interdependence

• David Henderson (1999), an economist, views globalisation as a model of fully internationally integrated markets

• Pieterse (2001) calls the contemporary globalisation as accelerated globalisation.

• Jean Baudrillard: the "global" world operates at the level of the exchange of signs and commodities.

• Thomas L. Friedman popularized the term "flat world”.

• Marshall McLuhan popularized the term Global Village beginning in 1962, His view suggested that globalization would lead to a world where people from all countries will become more integrated

• Roland Robertson stated that glocalization "means the simultaneity – the co-presence – of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies


Miscellaneous:

• Vilfredo Pareto: History as a Graveyard of Aristocracies

• Karl Marx:

• History repeats itself

• The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles

• First distinction between manual and intellectual labour

• G Schmoller: class as the division between occupational groups maintained by heredity

• MacIver: Civilisation is what we have, culture is what we are.

• Max Weber: Power as chance of a man or a number of man to realisetheir own will in a communal action even against the resistence of others who are participating in that action


• Culture:

• E. B. Tylor : Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, Art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society

• Malinowski : “Culture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends”

• Herskovitz: 'Culture is man-made part o f the environment’

• Robert Lowie: "sum total of what an individual acquires from his society”.

• Bidney: “Culture is the product of agro Facts (product of Civilisation), artifacts (products of industry), socifacts (social Organisation) and mentifacts (language, Religion, art and so on).”

• Ralph Linton: culture is the way of life of its members, the collection of ideas and habits, which they learn, share transmit from generation to generation


• JR.Firth: “Culture refers to the component of accumulated resources, material as well as nonmaterial, which the people inherit, Employ, transmute, add to and transmit”

• Clyde Kluckhohn: “Each specific culture constitutes a kind of blueprint for all of Iife’s activities”. He talks about explicit and Implicit aspects of culture.

• Redfield: “Culture is an organized body of conventional understanding manifest in art and artifact which persisting through tradition characterizes a human group”.

• Bierstedt: “Culture is the complex whole that consists of every thing that we think, do and have as members of society”.

• Lundberg: “Culture refers of the social mechanisms of behaviour and the physical and symbolic products of these Behaviour.”

• MacIver and Page: “Culture is the expression of our nature in our modes of living, thinking, intercourse, religion, recreation, literature and enjoyment”

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(Antara Chakrabarty) UGC-NTA NET Educator Sociology

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