ANSYS

LAB MANUALME1404 - ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION LAB

Mechanical IV year

EX NO: 1 ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE TRUSS

AIM:Determine the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:

Take Young’s Modulus E = 200GPa, Area A = 3250mm2

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem Give the Simplified Version a Title (such as 'Bridge Truss Tutorial'). In the Utility menu bar select File > Change Title:

The following window will appear:

Enter the title and click 'OK'. This title will appear in the bottom left corner of the 'Graphics' Window once you begin. Note: to get the title to appear immediately, select Utility Menu > Plot > Replot Enter Keypoints The overall geometry is defined in ANSYS using keypoints which specify various principal coordinates to define the body. For this example, these keypoints are the ends of each truss. We are going to define 7 keypoints for the simplified structure as given in the following table

keypointcoordinate

x y

1 0 0

2 1800 3118

3 3600 0

4 5400 3118

5 7200 0

6 9000 3118

7 10800 0

(these keypoints are depicted by numbers in the above figure).

From the 'ANSYS Main Menu' select:Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS

The following window will then appear:

To define the first keypoint which has the coordinates x = 0 and y = 0: Enter keypoint number 1 in the appropriate box, and enter the x,y coordinates: 0, 0 in their appropriate boxes (as shown above). Click 'Apply' to accept what you have typed. Enter the remaining keypoints using the same method.

Note: When entering the final data point, click on 'OK' to indicate that you are finished entering keypoints. If you first press 'Apply' and then 'OK' for the final keypoint, you will have defined it twice!If you did press 'Apply' for the final point, simply press 'Cancel' to close this dialog box. UnitsNote the units of measure (ie mm) were not specified. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that a consistent set of units are used for the problem; thus making any conversions where necessary. Correcting MistakesWhen defining keypoints, lines, areas, volumes, elements, constraints and loads you are bound to make mistakes. Fortunately these are easily corrected so that you don't need to begin from scratch every time an error is made! Every 'Create' menu for generating these various entities also has a corresponding 'Delete' menu for fixing things up. Form Lines The keypoints must now be connected We will use the mouse to select the keypoints to form the lines. In the main menu select: Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > In Active Coord. The following window will then appear:

Use the mouse to pick keypoint #1 (i.e. click on it). It will now be marked by a small yellow box. Now move the mouse toward keypoint #2. A line will now show on the screen joining these two points. Left click and a permanent line will appear. Connect the remaining keypoints using the same method. When you're done, click on 'OK' in the 'Lines in Active Coord' window, minimize the 'Lines' menu and the 'Create' menu. Your ANSYS Graphics window should look similar to the following figure.

Disappearing LinesPlease note that any lines you have created may 'disappear' throughout your analysis. However, they have most likely NOT been deleted. If this occurs at any time from the Utility Menu select:Plot > LinesDefine the Type of Element It is now necessary to create elements. This is called 'meshing'. ANSYS first needs to know what kind of elements to use for our problem: From the Preprocessor Menu, select: Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete. The following window will then appear:

Click on the 'Add...' button. The following window will appear.

For this example, we will use the 2D spar element as selected in the above figure. Select the element shown and click 'OK'. You should see 'Type 1 LINK1' in the 'Element Types' window. Click on 'Close' in the 'Element Types' dialog box. Define Geometric Properties We now need to specify geometric properties for our elements: In the Preprocessor menu, select Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete

Click Add... and select 'Type 1 LINK1' (actually it is already selected). Click on 'OK'. The following window will appear.

As shown in the window above, enter the cross-sectional area (3250mm): Click on 'OK'.

'Set 1' now appears in the dialog box. Click on 'Close' in the 'Real Constants' window. Element Material Properties You then need to specify material properties: In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Material Props > Material Models

Double click on Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic

We are going to give the properties of Steel. Enter the following field: EX = 2 e 5Set these properties and click on 'OK'. Note: You may obtain the note 'PRXY will be set to 0.0'. This is poisson's ratio and is not required for this element type. Click 'OK' on the window to continue. Close the "Define Material Model Behavior" by clicking on the 'X' box in the upper right hand corner. Mesh Size The last step before meshing is to tell ANSYS what size the elements should be. There are a variety of ways to do this but we will just deal with one method for now. In the Preprocessor menu select Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines

In the size 'NDIV' field, enter the desired number of divisions per line. For this example we want only 1 division per line, therefore, enter '1' and then click 'OK'. Note that we have not yet meshed the geometry, we have simply defined the element sizes. Mesh Now the frame can be meshed. In the 'Preprocessor' menu select Meshing > Mesh > Lines and click 'Pick All' in the 'Mesh Lines' Window Your model should now appear as shown in the following window

Plot NumberingTo show the line numbers, keypoint numbers, node numbers... From the Utility Menu (top of screen) select PlotCtrls > Numbering... Fill in the Window as shown below and click 'OK'

Now you can turn numbering on or off at your discretion Saving Your WorkSave the model at this time, so if you make some mistakes later on, you will at least be able to come back to this point. To do this, on the Utility Menu select File > Save as.... Select the name and location where you want to save your file.Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solving You have now defined your model. It is now time to apply the load(s) and constraint(s) and solve the the resulting system of equations. Open up the 'Solution' menu (from the same 'ANSYS Main Menu'). Define Analysis Type First you must tell ANSYS how you want it to solve this problem: From the Solution Menu, select Analysis Type > New Analysis.

Ensure that 'Static' is selected; i.e. you are going to do a static analysis on the truss as opposed to a dynamic analysis, for example. Click 'OK'. Apply Constraints

It is necessary to apply constraints to the model otherwise the model is not tied down or grounded and a singular solution will result. In mechanical structures, these constraints will typically be fixed, pinned and roller-type connections. As shown above, the left end of the truss bridge is pinned while the right end has a roller connection. In the Solution menu, select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints

Select the left end of the bridge (Keypoint 1) by clicking on it in the Graphics Window and click on 'OK' in the 'Apply U,ROT on KPs' window.

This location is fixed which means that all translational and rotational degrees of freedom (DOFs) are constrained. Therefore, select 'All DOF' by clicking on it and enter '0' in the Value field and click 'OK'. You will see some blue triangles in the graphics window indicating the displacement contraints. Using the same method, apply the roller connection to the right end (UY constrained). Note that more than one DOF constraint can be selected at a time in the "Apply U,ROT on KPs" window. Therefore, you may need to 'deselect' the 'All DOF' option to select just the 'UY' option. Apply Loads

As shown in the diagram, there are four downward loads of 280kN, 210kN, 280kN, and 360kN at keypoints 1, 3, 5, and 7 respectively. Select Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > on Keypoints. Select the first Keypoint (left end of the truss) and click 'OK' in the 'Apply F/M on KPs' window.

Select FY in the 'Direction of force/mom'. This indicate that we will be applying the load in the 'y' direction Enter a value of -280000 in the 'Force/moment value' box and click 'OK'. Note that we are using units of N here, this is consistent with the previous values input. The force will appear in the graphics window as a red arrow. Apply the remaining loads in the same manner. The applied loads and constraints should now appear as shown below.

Solving the System We now tell ANSYS to find the solution: In the 'Solution' menu select Solve > Current LS. This indicates that we desire the solution under the current Load Step (LS).

The above windows will appear. Ensure that your solution options are the same as shown above and click 'OK'. Once the solution is done the following window will pop up. Click 'Close' and close the /STATUS Command Window..

Postprocessing: Viewing the Results

Reaction Forces A list of the resulting reaction forces can be obtained for this element From the Main Menu select General Postproc > List Results > Reaction Solu. Select 'All struc forc F' as shown above and click 'OK'

Deformation In the General Postproc menu, select Plot Results > Deformed Shape. The following window will appear.

Select 'Def + undef edge' and click 'OK' to view both the deformed and the undeformed object.

Observe the value of the maximum deflection in the upper left hand corner

Deflection From the 'General Postproc' menu select Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution. The following window will appear.

Select 'DOF solution' and 'USUM' as shown in the above window. Leave the other selections as the default values. Click 'OK'.

Looking at the scale, you may want to use more useful intervals. From the Utility Menu select Plot Controls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours... Fill in the following window as shown and click 'OK'.

You should obtain the following.

The deflection can also be obtained as a list as shown below. General Postproc > List Results > Nodal Solution select 'DOF Solution' and 'ALL DOFs' from the lists in the 'List Nodal Solution' window and click 'OK'. This means that we want to see a listing of all degrees of freedom from the solution.

Axial Stress From the General Postprocessor menu select Element Table > Define Table Click on 'Add...'

As shown above, enter 'SAXL' in the 'Lab' box. This specifies the name of the item you are defining. Next, in the 'Item,Comp' boxes, select 'By sequence number' and 'LS,'. Then enter 1 after LS, in the selection box Click on 'OK' and close the 'Element Table Data' window. Plot the Stresses by selecting Element Table > Plot Elem Table The following window will appear. Ensure that 'SAXL' is selected and click 'OK' Because you changed the contour intervals for the Displacement plot to "User Specified" - you need to switch this back to "Auto calculated" to obtain new values for VMIN/VMAX. Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Style > Contours > Uniform Contours ...

List the Stresses From the 'Element Table' menu, select 'List Elem Table' From the 'List Element Table Data' window which appears ensure 'SAXL' is highlighted Click 'OK'

Quitting ANSYS To quit ANSYS, select 'QUIT' from the ANSYS Toolbar or select Utility Menu/File/Exit.... In the dialog box that appears, click on 'Save Everything' (assuming that you want to) and then click on 'OK'.

RESULT:

Maximum Deflection : Minimum Stress :Maximum Stress :

EX NO: 2 2D PLANE STRESS BRACKET

AIM: To analyse the given bracket for deflection and Stress by treating it as plane stress

condition.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:This bracket is to be built from a 20 mm thick steel plate. A figure of the plate is shown

below.

This plate will be fixed at the two small holes on the left and have a load applied to the larger hole on the right.

Defining the Basic GeometryWe are going to create this geometry using Boolean operations. These procedures make it easy to combine simple geometric entities to create more complex bodies. Begin by creating a planar rectangular area and then add other areas to modify it. Start with, ANSYS Main Menu -> Preprocessor -> (-Modeling-) Create -> (-Areas-) Rectangle -> By 2 Corners. Enter the parameters in the dialog box This creates a 80 by 100 rectangle with its origin at (0,0). Now create circular end on the right hand side. Close the Rectangle menu and open up the Circle Menu. Select Solid Circle and fill it Also create a second and third circle for the left hand side, One more thing to define... we need a rectangle on the left hand end to fill between the two small circles. Boolean OperationsWe now want to add these five discrete areas together to form one area. Back up to the Preprocessor menu and select Operate. Then select (-Booleans-) Add -> Areas. A dialogue box then appears. Now click on all five areas. Before pressing OK in the dialogue box, check to see that the count parameter in the dialogue box is 5 (indicating 5 selected areas). If this not the case, try again. Once OK is pressed, some processing takes place and finally one large area is plotted. The Bolt HolesWe now want to remove the bolt holes from this plate. Back up to Preprocessor and select (-Modeling-) Create -> (-Areas-) Circle -> Solid Circle. We will now create three circles with the parameters Again back up to the Preprocessor menu. Now select (-Modeling-) Operate -> (-Booleans-) Subtract -> Areas. Notice in the ANSYS Input window, that it is instructing you to pick or enter base areas from which to subtract. For our example, the base area is the first large plate that we created. Select it. Then click OK. Elements and Meshing

Now that the area has been defined, it is time to select the element type, its associated properties and finally, mesh the area. Once again, back up to the Preprocessor menu. At the top of the menu, select Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete... In the dialog box that appears, hit the Add... button. From this dialog box, you can select from a wide range of elements that are listed in various groups. Use the scroll bars to take a look at the groupings. For our problem, select solid (under the Structural heading) and the quad 82 element, We will now assign some properties to the element. Close up the Element Types window and once again back up to the Preprocessor menu. Select Real Constants... and click the Add... button followed by the OK button. In the thickness field, enter 20 (i.e. 20 mm).

The Meshing ProcessThe element properties are now defined. It is time to mesh the region. Select (-Meshing-) Shape & Size -> Global Elem Size.... In the Size field enter the number 5. This indicates that the element edge length is to have a nominal size of 5 mm. Select (-Meshing-) Mesh -> Areas ....

Loads and ConstraintsNow that the geometry has been defined, it is time to apply the loads and constraints to the body and finally solve the problem. To start this next stage, we need to back up to the ANSYS Main Menu. Select Solution -> (-Analysis Type-)New Analysis .... Make sure that the type of analysis is set to Static. Click on OK. We will now apply the constraints.,load SolutionBefore proceeding, well will plot the elements again (Plot -> Elements from the ANSYS Utility Menu). Post-Processing: Viewing the ResultsIn the Plot Results menu, select (-Contour Plot-) Nodal Solu.... Click the Stress field and then scroll down the right hand box to find von Mises SEQV.

RESULT:Maximum Deflection :Minimum Stress :Maximum Stress :

EX NO: 3 CONDUCTION ANALYSIS OF A RECTANGULAR PLATE

AIM: To analyze the given rectangular plate for temperature distribution.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:

Thermal conductivity of the plate, KXX=401 W/(m-K)

Preprocessing:

Define element type: Preprocessor -> Element Type -> Add/Edit/Delete “Thermal Solid”, and “Quad 4node 55” Define Material Properties: Enter “401” for KXX (thermal conductivity), KXX is the only material property needed for this analysis. Create a rectangular area:Mesh the rectangle to create nodes and elements.Preprocessor -> Meshing -> Mesh -> Areas -> Mapped -> 3 or 4 SidedSolution:Apply temperatures around the edges:Solution -> Define Loads-> Apply -> Thermal-> Temperature -> On LinesSolution -> Define Loads-> Apply -> Thermal-> Temperature -> On KeypointsSolve the problem: Solution ->-Solve -> Current LSPostprocessing: Plot the temperature distribution:General Postproc -> Plot Results -> Contour Plot-> Nodal SolutionTemperature Distribution Color Contour Plot.Select nodes along the plate center (x=5 meters).List the locations of the selected nodes.List the temperatures at each of these nodes.General Postproc -> List Results -> Nodal Solution

Results:Temperature Distribution at nodes :

EX NO: 4 MODAL ANALYSIS OF A CANTILEVER BEAM

AIM:To find the various modes of frequencies for the given cantilever beam.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:

Preprocessing: Defining the Problem Solution: Assigning Loads and Solving Define Analysis Type Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > ModalANTYPE,2Set options for analysis type: Select: Solution > Analysis Type > Analysis Options.. select the Subspace method and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to extract' Check the box beside 'Expand mode shapes' and enter 5 in the 'No. of modes to expand' Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Fix Keypoint 1 (ie all DOFs constrained).Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LSSOLVEPostprocessing: Viewing the Results Verify extracted modes against theoretical predictions Select: General Postproc > Results Summary...

View Mode Shapes Animate Mode Shapes Select Utility Menu (Menu at the top) > Plot Ctrls > Animate > Mode Shape

Results:

Frequency of Mode Shapes:

EX NO: 5 CONDUCTION ANALYSIS OF 2D COMPONENT

AIM:The Simple Conduction Example is constrained as shown in the following figure. Thermal conductivity (k) of the material is 10 W/m*C and the block is assumed to be infinitely long.

Open preprocessor menu ANSYS Main Menu > Preprocessor

Create geometry Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Rectangle > By 2 Corners > X=0, Y=0, Width=1, Height=1

Define the Type of Element Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... > click 'Add' > Select Thermal Mass Solid, Quad 4Node 55Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Thermal > Conductivity > Isotropic > KXX = 10 (Thermal conductivity)Mesh Size Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Areas > All Areas > 0.05 Mesh Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Areas > Free > Pick AllANALYSIS:Define Analysis Type

Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > Steady-StateApply Constraints For thermal problems, constraints can be in the form of Temperature, Heat Flow, Convection, Heat Flux, Heat Generation, or Radiation. In this example, all 4 sides of the block have fixed temperatures. Solution > Define Loads > Apply Note that all of the -Structural- options cannot be selected. This is due to the type of element (PLANE55) selected. Thermal > Temperature > On Nodes Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LSGeneral Postproc > Plot Results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solu ... > DOF solution, Temperature TEMPRESULTS:Plot Temperature

EX NO: 6 TWO DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF FRAME

AIM:To analyze the give frame model for Deflections, stress and Bending Moment.

Problem Description:

The simplified version that will be used for this problem is that of a cantilever beam shown in the following figure

Procedure:

Preprocessor.Define the element types – Pipe 16Define Geometric ElementOuter Diameter :25Wall Thickness :2Material PropertiesIsotropic E = 700000 MPa.PRXY = 0.33Define Key PointsCreate Lines.Apply Constraints

Post Processor:Plot – Deflection, Stresses, Bending Moment Diagram.

RESULT:

Maximum Deflection:Minimum Stress :Maximum Stress :Bending Moment Diagram

EX NO: 7 ANALYSIS OF BEAM WITH DISTRIBUTED LOAD

AIM:A distributed load of 1000 N/m (1 N/mm) will be applied to a solid steel beam with a rectangular cross section as shown in the figure below. The cross-section of the beam is 10mm x 10mm while the modulus of elasticity of the steel is 200GPa. Find reaction, deflection and stresses in beam.

Create Keypoints Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CSDefine Lines Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Lines > Lines > Straight LineDefine Element Types Preprocessor > Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete... Define Real Constants Preprocessor > Real Constants... > Add... Define Element Material Properties Preprocessor > Material Props > Material Models > Structural > Linear > Elastic > Isotropic Define Mesh Size

Preprocessor > Meshing > Size Cntrls > ManualSize > Lines > All Lines... Mesh the frame Preprocessor > Meshing > Mesh > Lines > click 'Pick All'Plot Elements Utility Menu > Plot > ElementsSolution:Define Analysis Type Solution > Analysis Type > New Analysis > StaticANTYPE,0Apply Constraints Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Keypoints Apply Loads Select Solution > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On Beams Solve the System Solution > Solve > Current LS

Plot Deformed Shape General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed ShapePlot Principle stress distribution Select General Postproc > Element Table > Define Table enter 'SMAXI' in the 'User Label for Item' section 'By sequence num', select 'NMISC, ' 1Select: General Postproc > Plot Results > Line Elem Res... Select 'SMAXI' from the 'LabI' pull down menu and 'SMAXJ' from the 'LabJ' pull down menu RESULT:Element Stress results are:

EX NO: 8 THERMAL ANALYSIS OF A LONG BAR.

AIM: To determine the nodal temperature distribution and create contour plot.

 Problem Description: We assume that our block is a rectangle made entirely of steel.All units are S.I.              Material Properties: (Steel)      h = 50 W/(m^2*K)            k = 20 W/m K      

 Preprocessing:1. Start ANSYS.2. Create areas.3. Define the material properties.4. Define element type. (Quad 8node 77 element, which is a 2-D element for heat transfer analysis.)5. Specify meshing controls / Mesh the areas to create nodes and elements.  Solution:6. Specify boundary conditions. 7. Solve. Postprocessing:8. Plot the temperature distribution. 9. Exit the ANSYS program, saving all data.  Results: Nodal temperature distribution : Contour Plot:

EX NO: 9 ANALYSIS OF CORNER BRACKET

AIM:A simple static analysis of the corner bracket to control, if the bracket will yield under loading. PROBLEM DECRIPTION:

The dimensions of the corner bracket are given below. The bracket is made of steel with a Young's modulus of E=205 GPa (GPa = 109 N/m2) and the Poisson's ratio of 0.27 and a yield stress, including a safety factor, of 400 MPa.

We will assume plane state of stress, (plane stress is a state of stress in which the normal and shear stress perpendicular to the plane is assumed to be zero).PreprocessingDefine element types and optionsAdd.. an element type Quad 8 node 82 elementPlane stress w/thk (with thickness) Defining real constants, Define material propertiesModeling Apply displacement constraints, Apply pressure loadSolvePostprocessingResultPlot the deformed shape, Plot the von Mises equivalent stressList reaction solution

EXNO: 10 ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAMAIM:The problem that is modeled is a classic cantilever beam: fixed at one end and a vertical load applied to the other end.

The beam has the following dimensions and properties Length = 2m Depth = 10cm Width = 5cm Load = 10,000N E = 200 GPa (steel)

The problem that we are going to solve will be defined by a number of variables. These may be entered by on of two approaches. The quickest way is to enter them in the ANSYS Input window. Move your mouse to the lower half of the window and then left click. Then type in each of the following lines. Each one is completed by hitting Enter or Return. All lengths are given in mm. length=2000 depth=100 width=50 xsect=depth*width inertiaz=(width*depth**3)/12Notice that by using variables like this, it is very easy to set up a parametric description of your model. Alternatively, these variables my be entered in the 'Utility menu bar'/ 'Paramaters'/'Scalar Parameters...' menu. This brings up a dialog box in which these parameters can be entered. Note that you must click on 'Accept' to save your changes before you click on 'Close'. The overall geometry is defined in ANSYS using keypoints which simply specify various principal coordinates to outline the body. For this beam example, these keypoints will be the two ends of the beam! Solution Phase: Assigning Loads and Solvingapply some loads and constraints: SolutionPostprocessing: Viewing the Resultsget a plot of the bending stresses:

EX. No 11 STRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE.AIM:Consider the square plate of uniform thickness with a circular hole with dimensions shown in the figure below. The thickness of the plate is 1 mm. The Young's modulus E =107 MPa and the Poisson ratio is 0.3. A uniform pressure p=1 MPa acts on the boundary of the hole. Assume that plane stress conditions prevail. The stress and displacement fields are to be determined using ANSYS.

Main Menu > Preprocessor> Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > Add...Pick Structural Solid in the left field and Quad 4 node 42 Specify Element ConstantsSpecify material properties Create the SquareMain Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling >Create > Areas >Rectangle > By DimensionsCreate the Circular SectorMain Menu > Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Areas > Circle > Partial AnnulusSubtract Circular Sector from SquareMain Menu > Preprocessor >Modeling > Operate > Booleans > Subtract > AreasApply PressureMain Menu > Preprocessor > Loads > Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Pressure > On LinesCheck LoadsUtility Menu > List > Loads > DOF constraints > On All LinesSolvePostprocess the ResultsAnimate the deformation:Plot Nodal Solution of von Mises StressExit ANSYSUtility Menu > File > Exit

Results:Animate The deformationVon Mises stress

Heat Transfer from a Cooling Spine

A steel cooling spine of cross-sectional area A and length L extend from a wall maintained at temperature Tw. The surface convection coefficient between the spine and the surrounding air is h, the air temper is Ta, and the tip of the spine is insulated. Apply advanced mesh control with element size of 0.025'.

Find the heat conducted by the spine and the temperature of the tip.

Material properties

E= 2.1e5 N/mm2

ν = 0.33k = 20 W/m KGeometric propertiesA = 20 x 20 mm2.L = 120 mmBoundary conditionsTw = 100°TTa = 30°T h = 50 W/(m^2*K)