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Phosphorus


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History

(Derived from the Greek, Phosphoros, which has

the light, the ancient name for the planet Venus

when it appeared before sunrise). A scientist fromGerman, !rand discovered phosphorus in "##$

b accident in a trial dig rocks.


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Phosphorus is found b %annig !rand in "##$ in%amburg, German. %e discovered this element

b means of &distill& urine through the water

evaporation process and after he vapori'e urine

buckets of water, he had to figure out what hewants. *ts name comes from the +atin Phosphoros

which means &bearer of light& because of its

uniueness that is glowing in the dark (glow-in-

the dark).


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Phosphorus can be found in the earth in

the water, soil and sediments. nlikeother matter ccles phosphorus

compounds can not be found in the air

that have a high pressure. /his is

because phosphorus is usuall liuid atnormal temperature and pressure.


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/his is mainl do to ccle back through the water,

soil and atmosphere sedimen. *n phosphorus ccle

can mainl be found as ver small dust particles.moving slowl from the sediment on land and in

the sediment, living organisms, and much slower

than return to their homeland and sediment.

Phosphorus ccle is the slowest one ccle of the problems described here. Phosphorus is most

often found in rock formations and marine

sediments as phosphate salt. Phosphate salts

released from weathering through the soil are

usuall soluble in water and will be absorbed b

plants.


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!ecause the amount of phosphorus in the

soil are generall small, often a limiting

factor for plant growth. /hat is wh peopleoften use phosphates as fertili'er on

farmland. Phosphate also limiting factors

for plant growth in marine ecosstems,

because the are not ver soluble in water.Animals absorb phosphate b eating plants

or plant-eating animals phosphorus ccle

through plants and animals much faster

than it does through rocks and sediments.

0hen animals and plants die, the

phosphate will return to the land or the

ocean again during deca.


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After that, phosphorus will end insedimentar rock formations or

more, remain there for millions of

ears. 1inall, phosphorus is

released back through weatheringand the ccle begins again.


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Allotropes of Phosporus

Phosphorus is a non-metallic element in the periodictable b the smbol P, atomic number ". phosphorus in

nature mostl found in the phosphate compound as rock

phosphate. Phosphorus has three forms (allotropes) that

white phosphorus, red phosphorus and black phosphorus. 0hite phosphorus is composed of four P

atoms with tetrahedral shape, while the red phosphorus

and black phosphorus-owned structure is not known

clearl but suspected polmer or combination of

molecules P2.


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b) Nature of Chemical Elements Phosporus

3 0hite phosphorus is highl reactive, emit light,

flammable in air, to4ic. 0hite phosphorus is

used as a raw material in the manufacture of phosphoric acid industr.

3 5ed phosphorus is not reactive, less to4ic. 5ed

phosphorus is used as a mi4ture of fine sand and

the field of manufacture of friction matches.


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White phosphorus is obtained from

phosphate rock is heated in an

electric furnace at a temperature of

about $ 6 7 with coke and silica

(8i9:). /his heating causes the

phosphor to steam is condensed in the

condenser so obtained liuid whitephosphorus. 0hile phosphorus is

obtained from heating black white

white phosphorus at high pressureand has a metallic luster and is a

semiconductor, but at high pressures

phosphor e4hibits a metallic black.


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Tributes of White Phosphorus

0hite phosphorus is an allotrope of phosphorus

ellowish white, soft, has a pungent smell likegarlic as well as more reactive and more to4ic than

red phosphorus and black phosphorus. 0hite

phosphorus is said to be more reactive because of

the open air will burn b itself. !ecause of thisreactivit plain white phosphorus stored in water

or alcohol or inert solvents that do not dissolve or

react with phosphorus. 0hite phosphorus soluble

in ben'ene and carbon disulfide


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9ne abuse phosphorus is used as a bomb.

Phosphorus applied as a bomb that white phosphorus was given the pseudonm ;0ill

Pete;.

0hen white phosphorus fired or burned, the

air will react with o4gen to form pentaoksida phosphorus (P:9). Although phosphorus

dangerous but the most dangerous is located

in the combustion process burning phosphorus

and phosphorus not result in an e4plosion.


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7ombustion of phosphorus in the air going ver

e4othermic which generates a temperature of

about


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/herefore, if the phosphorus fired or used asa bomb when burned, will destro most

tissues of the bod. 1or e4ample if the ee, it

will cause blindness, if inhaled will damage

the esophagus lungs even if in greaternumbers, if the skin will cause burns and

will be even worse if e4posed in large

uantities.


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Red phosphorus is formed when

white phosphorus is heated or

irradiated with V light resulting

phosphorus atoms bind to each other

in a tetrahedral shape. 5ed

phosphorus is normall used for

e4plosives and fireworks. 5ed

phosphorus has the properties floured,

non-volatile, non-to4ic, and does not

glow in the dark. =elting point # 7⁰

red phosphorus. red phosphorus is

more stable than the white phosphorus

and in the air does not ignite

spontaneousl.


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Black phosphorus is less

reactive than red phosphorus

and more stable than red

phosphorus. Phosphorus

atoms are arranged in a

hori'ontal plane through a

covalent bond. *nter-field

bonding van der walls are

weak.


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Isotopes

/went-three isotopes of phosphorus are

known, including all possibilities from :2P up to2#P, onl >". P is stable and is therefore present

at "? abundance. /he half-integer nuclearspin and high abundance of >"P make

phosphorus->" @=5 spectroscop a ver

useful analtical tool in studies of phosphorus-

containing samples


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Phosphorus ources

lemental phosphorus in nature not in a free state, but bound with other elements in the form of the mineral

compound. 1or e4ample, phosphate rock containing 7a>

(P92) : and apatite. 7alcium phosphate is the main

constituent of bones and teeth. Phosphorus can be found inthe earth in water, soil and sediment. nlike other matter

ccles phosphorus compounds can not be found in the air

with high pressure. /his is because phosphorus is usuall

liuid at normal temperatures and pressures. +arge depositshave been found in 5ussia, =orocco and the 8tate of

1orida.


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*n nature, phosphorus is found in two forms, namel

organic phosphate compound (plants and animals) and

inorganic phosphate (water and land). 9rganic phosphate

from the dead animals and plants described bdecomposer (decomposition) into inorganic phosphate.

*norganic phosphate dissolved in water or sea water will

be eroded and deposited in marine sediments. /herefore,

phosphate found in rocks and fossils.


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Phosphate from rocks and fossils to erode

and form the dissolved inorganic phosphate

in soil and sea water. *norganic phosphate isthen absorbed b the plant roots again. /his

ccle is repeated continuousl. Phosphorus is

e4perienced in the form attached as 7a-

phosphate, feminist or Al-phosphate, phtateor protein. !aker role in phosphorus ccleB

!acillus, Pesudomonas, Aerobacter

aerogenes, Canthomonas, etc.

=icroorganisms (!acillus, Pseudomonas,Canthomonas, Aerobacter aerogenes)


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!akin" Phosphorus

/he main source of phosphorus industr is 7a> (P92) :. *n

the process, 7a> (P92) : is mi4ed with carbon and silica

(8i9:) at temperatures "2 7 - " 7 (with electrical⁰ ⁰

sparks). 8i9: reacts with 7a> (P92) : at temperatures thatresult in P29" (g).


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/his reaction was as followsB

: 7a> (P92) : (l) # 8i9: (l) E # 7a8i9> (l)

P29" (g)/hen, P29" (g) is reduced with carbon, the

reaction is as followsB

P29" (g) 7 (s) E P2 (g) " 79: (g)

P2 (g) occurring crstalli'ed and stored in liuid

78: or in the water. /hat was to avoid o4idation

with o4gen from the air that uickl occurs at a

temperature of > 7 form of phosphorus flame.⁰P2 processing result is a form of phosphorus

allotropes, namel white phosphorus.


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#sefulness Phosphorus

Phosphorus can be used for the manufacture of

matches after being mi4ed with carbon andsulfur. =ilitar use as a guide determine the

target or targets *n addition to the militar

sphere. /urns white phosphorus used in the

consumer goods that we use dail, such as soft

drinks and toothpaste. !roadl, white

phosphorus is used in industr to make

phosphoric acid or other chemicals to be used asfertili'er, food preservatives, and cleaning

agents.


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*n small amounts, these substances are also used in

pesticides and fireworks. Phosphoric acid is saturated,contains F-F? P:9, P:9 which is an important

ingredient in the agricultural field firing. Phosphate is

also used in the manufacture of special glass, as used in

sodium lamps.


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The Biolo"ical Effects of Phosphorus

/he effects from inhaling white phosphorus acid in the

short term is coughing and irritation of the throat and lungs.

0hile in the long term can lead to a condition called phoss

aw, the aw bone fracture.


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7onsume or drink white phosphorus contained

in soda certain amounts ma cause liver or

heart damage, kidne failure, vomiting,

abdominal kean, weakness and death. !ut

there is no research that sas white

phosphorus can lead to impotence or

infertilit. Also there are no studies that prove

the white phosphorus can cause cancer.

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