These PowerPoint slides accompany a lecture on the topics described in the paper: Hubler, G.K., Anomalous Effects in Hydrogen-Charged Palladium - A review. Surf. Coatings Technol., 2007. The paper is available here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.03.062 Abstract There are more than 10 groups world wide that have reported the measurement of excess heat in 1/3 of their experiments in open and/or closed electrochemical cells with a Pd solid metal cathode and Deuterium containing electrolyte, or D 2 gas loading of Pd powders (see Table 1). Most of these groups have occasionally experienced significant events lasting for time periods of hours to days with 50-200% excess heat measured as the ratio between electrical input energy and heat output energy. Moreover, these experimenters have improved their methods over time and it is to be noted that the reported excess heat effect has not diminished in frequency or magnitude. This paper cites selected data generated over the past 15 years to briefly summarize what has been reported about the production of excess heat in Pd cathodes charged with Deuterium. A set of new materials experiments is suggested that, if performed, may help to reveal the underlying mechanism(s) responsible for the reported excess heat.
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Anomalous Effects in Hydrogen-Charged Palladium - A review.lenr-canr.org/acrobat/HublerGKanomalousea.pdf · In situ Nuclear Acoustic Resonance (NAR) Experiment: Vary acoustic frequency
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These PowerPoint slides accompany a lecture on the topics described in the paper:
Hubler, G.K., Anomalous Effects in Hydrogen-Charged Palladium - A review. Surf.Coatings Technol., 2007.
The paper is available here: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2006.03.062
Abstract
There are more than 10 groups world wide that have reported the measurement of excessheat in 1/3 of their experiments in open and/or closed electrochemical cells with a Pd solidmetal cathode and Deuterium containing electrolyte, or D2 gas loading of Pd powders (seeTable 1). Most of these groups have occasionally experienced significant events lasting fortime periods of hours to days with 50-200% excess heat measured as the ratio betweenelectrical input energy and heat output energy. Moreover, these experimenters haveimproved their methods over time and it is to be noted that the reported excess heat effecthas not diminished in frequency or magnitude. This paper cites selected data generatedover the past 15 years to briefly summarize what has been reported about the production ofexcess heat in Pd cathodes charged with Deuterium. A set of new materials experiments issuggested that, if performed, may help to reveal the underlying mechanism(s) responsiblefor the reported excess heat.
The Status of Anomalous Effects in Hydrogen Loaded Palladium
Outline
• 1-vu-graph summary of activity in anomalous effects inPd-H, Pd-D materials systems
• History and facts of excess heat
• Suggested experiments
• Summary
Graham HublerUS Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, DC 200375 USA
SMMIB05, Kusadasi, Turkey, Sept 4-9, 2005
Nuclear Transmutation???
Summary of Anomalous Effects in PdH & PdDSummary of Anomalous Effects in PdH & PdD
Research Objective:Research Objective:Are any of these fourAre any of these fourphenomena:phenomena:
--Real?Real?--Related?Related?
Material Dependent Low EnergyNuclear Cross-Sections (103 enhanced)
Real and Being Published
Low Rate MeV Particle Emission???
Excess Heat???
A question toanswer
Implausibility to Community
Log
Ener
gyIn
volv
ed
Related?
Schematic of Fleishmann-Pons Cell
Pd Cathode
Pt Anode
Catalyst in CLOSED CELL
Not used in OPEN CELL
Electrochemical Cell[electrolyte: 0.1M LiOD in D2O]
D2, O2
D+
+ -Thermocouple
4-Point Probe
Conditions developed over a period of 15 years
Facts:>10 groups can produce ~20% excess heat
~30% of time in open and/or closed cellsMany groups have occasional runs with 100-2500%
excess heat
Conditions (necessary but not sufficient):High D Loading (x > 0.90; PdDx)High electrical current (~250 mA/cm2)Imposed D fluxDynamic trigger (T, I, D flow, laser)
Incubation time decreases as cathode volumedecreases
Increased surface area increases heat production
Heat production may be a surface or near surface phenomenon
HistoryHistory -- What Happened in 1989What Happened in 1989--1990?1990?[after Fleishmann &[after Fleishmann & PonsPons announcement]announcement]
Most researchers never were able to achieve one of the necessary conditions toobserve excess heat, that is, D loading of >0.90-0.95
Most researchers could not observe any excess heat sofield was labeled as bad science and it went underground
Why no heat?-Now known that Pd cracks under loading (3% vol. change),
especially pure, annealed Pd, and surface area of cracks arerecombination sites for hydrogen and deloading occurs
-Pd must be strengthened and toughened by alloying ormechanical treatment
-Must have the optimum grain size to load-Must be loaded gently (gradually or cycled in current)
or will crack anyway (loading time >> diffusion time)-Dealing with catalytic surface is non-trivial
Selected List of Laboratories Producing Excess Heat
Arata - University of Osaka, JapanViolante - ENEA, Rome, ItalyMizuno, Hokkaido University, JapanLesin, Energetic Technology, LLC, IsraelDash - Portland State University, USASwartz - Jet thermal Products, Inc., USAMcKubre - SRI, USAStorms - Lattice Energy, Inc., USALabA - Institutional censorship prevents disclosureLabB - Company decision not to disclose
Time s
020000 40000 60000 80000 100000
Pow
er-m
W-
0
20000000
40000000
60000000
80000000
100000000
C ALIBRATION ENERGY (LiOH)
Ene
rgy
-mJ-
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Input Energy
Output Energy
Output Power
Input Power
Calorimeter Efficiency = 97.5%
•Input and output energy & input power plot for a calibrationexperiment with H2O 0.1 M LiOH.•Calorimeter Sensitivity = ± 40 mW•Calorimeter Accuracy = ± 25 mW
Reference Experiments with Hydrogen at ENEAV. Violante et al.
V. Violante et al.
ENEA
Rome, Italy
Ener
gy(m
J)
Excess of Power: Recent Experiments at ENEA(V. Violante, unpublished results)
Experiment C1: excess of power vs time (45 KJ ofproduced energy)
Excess of power and energy gain in C3 experiment.Excess of power and energy gain in C3 experiment.V. Violante et al.
ENEA
Rome, Italy
Examples of Excess HeatExamples of Excess Heat
Excess of Power at Energetics Ltd with ENEA Pd Foil[~2.25 Watts (+53%) for ~12 days, ~3 day incubation time]
Output Power
Input Power
Energetics Technologies Ltd.
Tanya Zilov, Shaoul Lesin,Irving DardikET, Ltd.Omer, Israel
Energetics Technologies Ltd.
Pout=KΔT
Pinet=Iin*Vin – P dis
Excess Power production from cell ETE-4-64 during 16h (ENEA Pd foil)
ENEA Cathode Pd Foil
Tanya Zilov, Shaoul Lesin,Irving DardikET, Ltd.Omer, Israel
Primary Criticisms of Excess Heat Results
-Energy stored by some as yet unknown butstraightforward mechanism during long incubationtimes and then released (battery)
-Excess heat due to recombination of oxygen andhydrogen in cell (battery)
-Calorimeter is not calibrated correctly(experimental error)
-Energy inventory not measured correctly(experimental error)
Data on previous slides appear to refute these criticisms
Is There a Sensible Pathway to Solve this Interesting Puzzle?Is There a Sensible Pathway to Solve this Interesting Puzzle?
Needed:-Some materials science to get to:
• Increase in repeatability (mainreason this work is not published)• Increase in power production• Theory
New, more innovative experiments might help
What Types of Experiments?What Types of Experiments?
• EX SITU Experiment-Detailed characterization of cathodes before and after excess heatis produced
• In situ experiments are to be considered since electrochemicalloading is the primary means to obtain this material in the highlyloaded stateIN SITU Experiment Requirements• Probes that can penetrate glass cell walls, the D20 in cell the andget to PdDx target• Signal carriers that can emerge from the PdDx target, the D20 andcell walls and be detected
• This in situ requirement leaves us with the choices of:-x-rays-gamma rays-neutrons-certain lightwaves-sensors in proximity to cathode
Some Experiments Suggested by InSome Experiments Suggested by In--Situ RequirementSitu Requirement
-In situ tensile stress
-In situ high energy x-ray scattering(Pd structure)
-In-situ inelastic neutron scattering(phonons, Pd, D structure)
Electrochemical Cell[electrolyte: 0.1M LiODin D2O]; 1 mm Walls
Pt Foil Anodes
Pd FoilCathode, 50 µmThick
Collimator
3He positionsensitive detectoror
time-of-flightspectrometer
Laser Stimulation
In situ radioactive isotope spectroscopy
Isotopes: Co (Electron Capture)& Au (Beta Decay) are solublein Pd
Goals: versus D loading & laser stimulation,• Provide simple, gross experiment that might uncover
influence of chemistry or lattice effects on:– Nuclear decay rate
– Energy of emitted gamma rays– Energy of emitted x-rays
ENEA Cell
Normalized Pdelectrical resistance
Electrochemical Cell[electrolyte: 0.1M LiODin D2O]; 1 mm Walls
Pt Foil Anodes
Pd FoilCathode, 50 µmThick
Ge High ResolutionGamma Detector
Laser Stimulation
Pd diffusion doped withradioactive isomer
27Co57
26Fe57
136 keV
14 keV0
79Au198
80Hg198
412 keV
+70 keV Hg Kx-ray0
8.9 ns
98 ns
270 d 2.7 d
In situ Mössbauer spectroscopy
Isotope:
Goals: versus D loading & laser stimulation,• Survey effect of H environment on magnetic and/or
electric quadrupole hyperfine fields caused by distortionof electron cloud in ns time resolution
• Isomer shift - s-electron distortion• Magnitude of electric and/or magnetic field at Fe
nucleus (E)
ENEA Cell
Normalized Pdelectrical resistance
Electrochemical Cell[electrolyte: 0.1M LiODin D2O]; 1 mm Walls
Pt Foil Anodes
Pd FoilCathode, 50 µmThick
Ge High ResolutionGamma Detector
Laser Stimulation
Pd diffusion dopedwith 26Fe57
27Co57
26Fe57
136 keV
14 keV0
8.9 ns
98 ns
270 d
Magnetic Fieldinto Page
27Co57 Sourcewith Translation
Doppler Velocity
Abs
orp
tion
E
In situ Perturbed Angular Correlations (PAC)
Goals: versus D loading & laser stimulation,• Get lattice site information on Cd impurity• Measure Electric field at Cd site
ENEA Cell
Normalized Pdelectrical resistance
49In111
48Cd111 EC419 keV
247 keV
0
11 ps
84 ns
2.8 d
Gamma Energy
De
cay
Yie
ld
Isotope:
In TimeCoincidence
Univ. Wash, Web site
In situ Nuclear Acoustic Resonance (NAR)
Experiment:
Vary acoustic frequency to natural vibrationfrequencies of Pd foil and internal frictiondefect resonances
Goals: versus D loading & laser stimulation,
• Measure any of the previous 5experimental parameters in and out ofacoustic resonance
• Assess interplay of acoustic modephonons and nuclear alignment/environment
ENEA Cell
Normalized Pdelectrical resistance
Electrochemical Cell[electrolyte: 0.1M LiODin D2O]; 1 mm Walls
Pt Foil Anodes
Pd FoilCathode, 50 µmThick
Ge EnergyDispersiveDetector
Laser Stimulation
AcousticTransducer
SummarySummary
•These suggested experiments can not beconducted by individuals acting alone or in theirgarage or basement
•There is a severe mismatch between theresearchers wanting to perform experiments,infrastructure and expertise, and fundingavailability
•These experiments require:•Sophisticated experimental infrastructure•Interested participants acting as a team•Research funding
SummarySummary
• Some anomalous effects in the materials system ofhighly hydrogen-loaded Pd were highlighted
• Based upon a new reproducible Pd-H materials system,a case was made that there is a new opportunity forexploration of this material with a variety ofsophisticated materials science techniques
• There are currently few options for carrying out suchexperiments. The most critical need is genuine interest inthe anomalous effects by the appropriate scientificcommunity coupled to an appropriate level of support