ANNUS, [email protected] Analog - to – Digital conversion in measurement and data acquisition systems A / D muundamine mõõte- ja andmehõivesüsteemides.

ANNUS, Paul [email protected]

Analog - to – Digital conversion in measurement and data acquisition systems

A / D muundamine mõõte- ja andmehõivesüsteemides

http://focus.ti.com/lit/an/slod006b/slod006b.pdf

www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/39-06/data_conversion_handbook.html

Object Sensor Converter Signal processor

t1 t2 t3 t4 t5

547 547 57 656 457

857 932 181 34 437

Fenomena under

investigation

Measurement results

Analog to digital conversion ?

?

Signal processing chain

Analog versus Digital

MITTEELEKTRILISED SIGNAALID

ELEKTRILISED SIGNAALID

АNALOOG

SENSOR

MUUNDAMINE

ANALOOG

MUUNDAMINE

DIGITAAL

ANALÜÜS

või

PROTSESS

Füüsikalised Vool ParalleelneKeemilised Pinge Järjestik

kodeeriminePositsioonid skaalal

Võimsus Seeriate loendamine

Numbrilised SagedusAegFaas

ANDUR SÜSTEEMIS ANDMETE SORTIMISE SAAVUTAMNE

Mõõtmine on ?

A “bit” of historyThe earliest recorded binary DAC known is not electronic at all, but hydraulic. Turkey, under the Ottoman Empire, had problems with its public water supply, and sophisticated systems were built to meter water. One of these dates to the 18th Century. An example of an actual dam using this metering system was the Mahmud II dam built in the early 19th century near Istambul.

1954 "DATRAC" 11-bit, 50-kSPS Vacuum Tube ADCDesigned by Bernard M. Gordon at EPSCO

HS-810, 8-bit, 10-MSPS ADC Released byComputer Labs, Inc. in 1966

ADC-12U 12-Bit, 10-μs SAR ADC from Pastoriza Division ofAnalog Devices, 1969

1) Sampling 2) Kvantimine 3) Kodeerimine

Analoog Digitaalne

Signaal Väljund

ajas nivoos

Fs=1/T

2n

q

0 T 2T 3T

•SAMPLING – diskreetimine ajas•KVANTIMINE – diskreetimine nivoos•KODEERIMINE

Kuidas muundame?

NYQUISTI KRITEERIUM:DISKREETIMISSAGEDUS > 2* KÕRGEM KUI KÕRGEIM

SAGEDUSSIGNAAL

Ajast ja sagedusest

Gabor-Heisenberg uncertainty principle:

Mida rohkem on bitte seda väiksem on kvantimise viga.

KVANTIMISE VIGA +-q/2 V

DAC – digitaalmaailmast analoogsignaaliks

?

GAP/R's K2-W: a vacuum-tube op-amp (1953)

1941: First (vacuum tube) op-amp

1947: First op-amp with an explicit non-inverting input

1963: First monolithic IC op-amp

U.S. Patent 2,401,779 "Summing Amplifier" filed by Karl D. Swartzel Jr. of Bell labs in 1941. This design used three vacuum tubes to achieve a gain of 90 dB and operated on voltage rails of ±350 V. It had a single inverting input rather than differential inverting and non-inverting inputs, as are common in today's op-amps. Throughout World War II, Swartzel's design proved its value by being liberally used in the M9 artillery director designed at Bell Labs. This artillery director worked with the SCR584 radar system to achieve extraordinary hit rates (near 90%) that would not have been possible otherwise.

Pre op-amp -> feedbackamplifier by Harold S. Black in 1927

Flash analoog-digital muundur

n=3 bits, 23-1=7 komparaatorit ja 23 = 8 resistori

Flash analoog-digital muundur

n=3 bits, 23-1=7 komparaatorit ja 23 = 8 resistori

Muundurite tüübidKÕIGE LIHTSAM 1-bit muundur

SUCCESSIVE APROXIMATIONJärkhaaval (järjestikune) lähendamine, Vanimast nooremani

Kõrge eraldusvõimeSuur kiirusKergelt multiplekseeritav sisendTavaliselt kasutatakse andmehõive kvartidesAlalissignaal

FLASHParalleelmuundur

Kõige kiiremKüps tehnoloogiaKõige kallimKasutatakse digitaal TV, kosmoses

INTEGRATINGIntegreerivVana, hakkab kaduma

Kõrge eraldusvõimeHea müra mahasurumineHea lineaarsusKüps tehnoloogiaAeglane muundamise kiirus (selle tõttu ei kasutata enam tänapäeval)Kasutatakse digitaalmultimeetrites (tester)

DELTA SIGMAOdav ja tõrjub integreeriva väljaKõige uuem

Kõrge eraldusvõimeSuurepärane lineaarsusSisse ehitatud aliase kõrvaldaja (LPF filter)Vahelduvad signaalidKasutatakse audio signaalide digitaaliseerimiseks ja analoogiseerimiseks, helisignaalid

PINGE-SAGEDUS MUUNDUROdav ja võimaldab tulemust hästi edasi kanda

SAR - Successive approximation ADC

SAR algorithm dates back to the... 1500's !

The basic algorithm used in the successive approximation (initially called feedback subtraction) ADC conversion process can be traced back to the 1500s relating to the solution of a certain mathematical puzzle regarding the determination of an unknown weight by a minimal sequence of weighing operations. In this problem, as stated, the object is to determine the least number of weights which would serve to weigh an integral number of pounds from 1 lb to 40 lb using a balance scale.

One solution put forth by the mathematician Tartaglia in 1556, was to use the series of weights 1 lb, 2 lb, 4 lb, 8 lb, 16 lb, and 32 lb. The proposed weighing algorithm is the same as used in modern successive approximation ADCs.

SAR - Successive approximation ADC

SAR - Successive approximation ADC

SAR - Successive approximation ADC

An N-bit conversion takes N steps.

SAR 2

A simple 3-bit capacitor DAC based SAR.

The switches are shown in the track, or sample mode where the analog input voltage, A IN, is constantly charging and discharging the parallel combination of all the capacitors.The hold mode is initiated by opening SIN, leaving the sampled analog input voltage on the capacitor array. Switch SC is then opened allowing the voltage at node A to move as the bit switches are manipulated. If S1, S2, S3, and S4 are all connected to ground, a voltage equal to –AIN appears at node A.Connecting S1 to VREF adds a voltage equal to VREF/2 to –AIN. The comparator then makes the MSB bit decision, and the SAR either leaves S1 connected to VREF or connects it to ground depending on the comparator output (which is high or low depending on whether the voltage at node A is negative or positive, respectively).A similar process is followed for the remaining two bits. At the end of the conversion interval, S1, S2, S3, S4, and SIN are connected to AIN, SC is connected to ground, and the converter is ready for another cycle.

Subranging ADC (Pipeline etc)

Subranging ADC (Pipeline etc)

Subranging ADC (Pipeline etc)

Subranging ADC (Pipeline etc)

Subranging ADC (Pipeline etc)

Võendamine, sampling, reconstruction, taastamine

The sampling theorem

The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing

By Steven W. Smith

http://www.dspguide.com

Aliasing - rüsimine

Paul Annus [email protected]

Võendamine, sampling

Claude Elwood Shannon (1916 – 2001)

If a function of time f(t) is limited to the band from 0 to W cycles per second it is completely determined by giving its ordinates at a series of discrete points spaced 1/2W seconds apart

Edmund Taylor Whittaker (1873 – 1956)

Harry Theodor Nyqvist (1889 –1976) Владимир Александрович Котельников, (1908 – 2005)

Gábor Dénes (1900 – 1979)

The sampling theorem

1928 "Certain topics in telegraph transmission theory”

1949 "Communication in the presence of noise”1933 "On the transmission capacity of the 'ether' and of cables in electrical communications"

1915 "Expansions of the Interpolation-Theory", "Theorie der Kardinalfunktionen"

1946 "Theory of communication"

Võendamine, sampling

Võendamine, sampling

Võendamine, sampling

Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768 –1830)

Mémoire sur la propagation de la chaleur dans les corps solides. (1807)

Uuris soojusnähtusi ja kasutas siinussignaale temperatuuri jaotuste kirjeldamiseks. “...any continuous periodic signal could be represented as the sum of properly chosen sinusoidal waves.”

Võendamine, sampling

X

Dirac comb

Võendamine, sampling

*

Dirac comb

))cos()(cos(2/1coscos bababa

Võendamine, sampling, A->D

Võendamine, sampling, alias

Võendamine, sampling, filtrid

Võendamine, sampling, D ->A

Võendamine, sampling, filtrid

Võendamine, sampling, filtrid

Bode plot

AD ja DA muundurite täpsusest

Paul Annus [email protected]

www.analog.com/library/analogDialogue/archives/39-06/data_conversion_handbook.html

AD (DA) muundur

Fs=1/T

2n

q

0 T 2T 3T

DC parameetrid, nulli viga ja võimendus

Integraalne lineaarsusvigaINL (inegral non linearity)

Differentsiaalne lieaarsusvigaDNL (differential non linearity)

Differentsiaalne lieaarsusviga 2DNL (differential non linearity)

Differentsiaalne lieaarsusviga 3DNL (differential non linearity)

Subranging ADC

Differentsiaalne lieaarsusviga 4DNL (differential non linearity)

Koodi muutusega kaasnev müra ja DNL

Ideaalse ADC AC parameetrid,kvantimisega kaasnev müra ajas

Ideaalse ADC AC parameetrid,kvantimisega kaasnev müra ajas 2

Ideaalse ADC AC parameetrid,kvantimisega kaasnev müra ajas 3

Koherentne muundamine

Sisendile taandatud müra

SINAD, ENOBSignal to noise and distortion ration – effective number of bits

SINAD, ENOBSignal to noise and distortion ration – effective number of bits

Analoog riba, signaali suurus ja ENOB

Signal to noise and distortion ration – effective number of bits

SFDRSpurious free dynamic range

Mitu signaali korraga - IMDIntermodulation distortion

Võendamine, SHAAperture Time, Aperture Delay Time, and Aperture Jitter

Võendamine, SHA 2Aperture Time, Aperture Delay Time, and Aperture Jitter

Võendamine, SHA 3Aperture Time, Aperture Delay Time, and Aperture Jitter

Võendamine, SHA 4Aperture Time, Aperture Delay Time, and Aperture Jitter

Transiendid, lülitamine, ülepinge

Haruldlased vead, metastabiilsus

Võrgud ja võrgupõhine andmehõive

Paul Annus [email protected]

Wikipedia, etc.

Üks kuni mitu ja miks

PC based I/OPCI, PXI, ISA etc Bus I/O

Remote I/O

Rack based I/O

Data transfer, parallel

Data transfer, serialThe first telegraphs came in the form of optical telegraph including the use of smoke signals, beacons or reflected light, which have existed since ancient times.

A semaphore network invented by Claude Chappe operated in France from 1792 through 1846. It helped Napoleon enough to be widely imitated in Europe and the U.S. The Prussian system was put into effect in the 1830s. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880.

Very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an electrochemical telegraph created by the German physician, anatomist and inventor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809, based on an earlier, less robust design of 1804 by Catalan polymath and scientist Francisco Salvá i Campillo.

One of the earliest electromagnetic telegraph designs was created by Baron Schilling in 1832Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber built and first used for regular communication the electromagnetic telegraph in 1833 in Göttingen, connecting Göttingen Observatory and the Institute of Physics, covering a distance of about 1 km.

An electrical telegraph was independently developed and patented in the United States in 1837 by Samuel Morse. His assistant, Alfred Vail, developed the Morse code signaling alphabet with Morse. America's first telegram was sent by Morse on 6 January 1838, across two miles (3 km) of wire at Speedwell Ironworks near Morristown, New Jersey. The message read "A patient waiter is no loser."

Data transfer, serialBit rate – bps – bits per secondByte rate – Bps – bytes per secondBaud rate - Bd – symbols per second

WAN modems Ethernet LAN WiFi WLAN Mobile data

•1972: Acoustic coupler 300 baud•1977: 1200 baud Vadic and Bell 212A•1986: ISDN introduced with two 64 kbit/s channels (160 kbit/s gross bit rate)•1990: v.32bis modems: 2400 / 4800 / 9600 / 19200 bit/s•1994: v.34 modems with 28.8 kbit/s•1995: v.90 modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 33.6 kbit/s upstreams•1999: v.92 modems with 56 kbit/s downstreams, 48 kbit/s upstreams•1998: ADSL up to 8 Mbit/s,•2003: ADSL2 up to 12 Mbit/s•2005: ADSL2+ up to 24 Mbit/s

•1972: IEEE 802.3 Ethernet 2.94 Mbit/s•1985: 10b2 10 Mbit/s coax thinwire•1990: 10bT 10 Mbit/s•1995: 100bT 100 Mbit/s (125 Mbit/s gross bit rate)•1999: 1000bT (Gigabit) 1 Gbit/s (1.25 Gbit/s gross bit rate)•2003: 10GBASE 10 Gbit/s

WiFi WLANs•1997: 802.11 2 Mbit/s•1999: 802.11b 11 Mbit/s•1999: 802.11a 54 Mbit/s (72 Mbit/s gross bit rate)•2003: 802.11g 54 Mbit/s (72 Mbit/s gross bit rate)•2005: 802.11g (proprietary) 108 Mbit/s•2007: 802.11n 600 Mbit/s

•1G: • 1981: NMT 1200 bit/s

•2G: • 1991: GSM CSD and D-AMPS 14.4 kbit/s• 2003: GSM Edge 57.6 kbit/s down, 28.8

kbit/s up•3G:

• 2001: UMTS-FDD (WCDMA) 384 kbit/s• 2007: UMTS HSDPA 14.4 Mbit/s• 2008: UMTS HSPA 14.4 Mbit/s down,

5.76 Mbit/s up• 2009: HSPA+ (Without MIMO) 28 Mbit/s

downstreams (56 Mbit/s with 2x2 MIMO), 22 Mbit/s upstreams

• 2010: CDMA2000 EV-DO Rev. B 14.7 Mbit/s downstreams

•Pre-4G: • 2007: Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) 144

Mbit/s down, 35 Mbit/s up.• 2009: LTE 100 Mbit/s downstreams (360

Mbit/s with MIMO 2x2), 50 Mbit/s upstreams

Data transfer, serial, RS -232Recommended Standard 232, 1962

Serial binary single-ended data and control signals connecting between a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment).

EIA-485, also known as TIA/EIA-485 or RS-485

ASCII-HEX

Parity

7 bits of data(number of 1s)

8 bits including parity

even odd

0000000 (0) 00000000 10000000

1010001 (3) 11010001 01010001

1101001 (4) 01101001 11101001

1111111 (7) 11111111 01111111

XOR sum of the bits (even)

InputOutputA B

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

Data transfer, serial, SPI“four-wire" serial bus, three-, two-, and one-wire, microwire (NS) SPI bus is a “de facto standard” = igaüks saab omamoodi aru...

Clk - 1–70 MHz

Data transfer, serial, address first versus data first

Data transfer, serial, I2C“two-wire" serial bus, SMB, Philips, 1980, UM10204.pdf

Multimaster, 10 kbps – 4 Mbps

maximum number of nodes is limited by the address space, and also by the total bus capacitance of 400 pF

First byte after start

Protocol!

Data transfer serial - CANCAN-bus started originally in 1983 at Robert Bosch GmbH

Controller–area network (CAN or CAN-bus) is a vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer.

Each node is able to send and receive messages, but not simultaneously. A message consists primarily of an ID which represents the priority of the message and up to eight data bytes. It is transmitted serially onto the bus. This signal pattern is encoded in NRZ and is sensed by all nodes.

If the bus is free, any node may begin to transmit. If two or more nodes begin sending messages at the same time, the message with the more dominant ID (which has more dominant bits, i.e., zeroes) will overwrite other nodes' less dominant IDs, so that eventually (after this arbitration on the ID) only the dominant message remains and is received by all nodes. This mechanism is referred to as priority based bus arbitration. Messages with numerically smaller values of ID have higher priority and are transmitted first.

Field name Length (bits) Purpose

Start-of-frame 1 Denotes the start of frame transmission

Identifier 11 A (unique) identifier for the data which also represent the message priority

Remote transmission request (RTR) 1 Dominant (0) (see Remote Frame below)

Identifier extension bit (IDE) 1 Must be dominant (0)Optional

Reserved bit (r0) 1 Reserved bit (it must be set to dominant (0), but accepted as either dominant or recessive)

Data length code (DLC)* 4 Number of bytes of data (0-8 bytes)

Data field 0-8 bytes Data to be transmitted (length dictated by DLC field)

CRC 15 Cyclic Redundancy CheckCRC delimiter 1 Must be recessive (1)

ACK slot 1 Transmitter sends recessive (1) and any receiver can assert a dominant (0)

ACK delimiter 1 Must be recessive (1)End-of-frame (EOF) 7 Must be recessive (1)

CAN, basic frame

CRC Cyclic Codes for Error DetectionW. W. PETERSON, AND D. T. BROWN, 1960

CRC Cyclic Codes for Error DetectionW. W. PETERSON, AND D. T. BROWN, 1960

A well-constructed CRC polynomial over limited-size data blocks will detect any contiguous burst of errors shorter than the polynomial, any odd number of errors throughout the block, any 2 bit errors anywhere in the block, and most other cases of any possible errors anywhere in the data.

So every possible arrangement of 1, 2, or 3 bit errors will be detected.

Nevertheless, there remains a small possibility that some errors will not be detected. This happens when the pattern of the errors results in a new value which,when divided, produces exactly the same remainder as the correct block.

With a properly constructed 16-bit CRC, there is an average of one error pattern which will not be detected for every 65,535 which would be detected.

That is, with CRC-CCITT, we should detect be able to detect 65535/65536ths or 99.998 percent of all possible errors

CRC primitive polynomialsName Polynomial Representations: normal / reversed / reverse of reciprocalCRC-1 x + 1 (most hardware; also known as parity bit) 0x1 / 0x1 / 0x1CRC-4-ITU x4 + x + 1 (ITU-T G.704, p. 12) 0x3 / 0xC / 0x9CRC-5-EPC x5 + x3 + 1 (Gen 2 RFID[15]) 0x09 / 0x12 / 0x14CRC-5-ITU x5 + x4 + x2 + 1 (ITU-T G.704, p. 9) 0x15 / 0x15 / 0x1ACRC-5-USB x5 + x2 + 1 (USB token packets) 0x05 / 0x14 / 0x12CRC-6-ITU x6 + x + 1 (ITU-T G.704, p. 3) 0x03 / 0x30 / 0x21CRC-7 x7 + x3 + 1 (telecom systems, ITU-T G.707, ITU-T G.832, MMC, SD) 0x09 / 0x48 / 0x44

CRC-8-CCITT x8 + x2 + x + 1 (ATM HEC), ISDN Header Error Control and Cell Delineation ITU-T I.432.1 (02/99) 0x07 / 0xE0 / 0x83

CRC-8-Dallas/Maxim x8 + x5 + x4 + 1 (1-Wire bus) 0x31 / 0x8C / 0x98CRC-8 x8 + x7 + x6 + x4 + x2 + 1 0xD5 / 0xAB / 0xEA[8]

CRC-8-SAE J1850 x8 + x4 + x3 + x2 + 1 0x1D / 0xB8 / 0x8ECRC-8-WCDMA x8 + x7 + x4 + x3 + x + 1[16] 0x9B / 0xD9 / 0xCD[8]

CRC-10 x10 + x9 + x5 + x4 + x + 1 (ATM; ITU-T I.610) 0x233 / 0x331 / 0x319CRC-11 x11 + x9 + x8 + x7 + x2 + 1 (FlexRay[17]) 0x385 / 0x50E / 0x5C2CRC-12 x12 + x11 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 (telecom systems[18][19]) 0x80F / 0xF01 / 0xC07[8]

CRC-15-CAN x15 + x14 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x4 + x3 + 1 0x4599 / 0x4CD1 / 0x62CC

CRC-16-IBM x16 + x15 + x2 + 1 (Bisync, Modbus, USB, ANSI X3.28, many others; also known as CRC-16 and CRC-16-ANSI) 0x8005 / 0xA001 / 0xC002

CRC-16-CCITT x16 + x12 + x5 + 1 (X.25, HDLC, XMODEM, Bluetooth, SD, many others; known as CRC-CCITT) 0x1021 / 0x8408 / 0x8810[8]

CRC-16-T10-DIF x16 + x15 + x11 + x9 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1 (SCSI DIF) 0x8BB7[20] / 0xEDD1 / 0xC5DBCRC-16-DNP x16 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x6 + x5 + x2 + 1 (DNP, IEC 870, M-Bus) 0x3D65 / 0xA6BC / 0x9EB2CRC-16-DECT x16 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x3 + 1 (cordless telephones)[21] 0x0589 / 0x91A0 / 0x82C4CRC-16-Fletcher Not a CRC; see Fletcher's checksum Used in Adler-32 A & B CRCsCRC-24 x24 + x22 + x20 + x19 + x18 + x16 + x14 + x13 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x6 + x3 + x + 1 (FlexRay[17]) 0x5D6DCB / 0xD3B6BA / 0xAEB6E5CRC-24-Radix-64 x24 + x23 + x18 + x17 + x14 + x11 + x10 + x7 + x6 + x5 + x4 + x3 + x + 1 (OpenPGP) 0x864CFB / 0xDF3261 / 0xC3267DCRC-30 x30 + x29 + x21 + x20 + x15 + x13 + x12 + x11 + x8 + x7 + x6 + x2 + x + 1 (CDMA) 0x2030B9C7 / 0x38E74301 / 0x30185CE3CRC-32-Adler Not a CRC; see Adler-32 See Adler-32

CRC-32-IEEE 802.3 x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1 (V.42, Ethernet, MPEG-2, PNG[22], POSIX cksum) 0x04C11DB7 / 0xEDB88320 / 0x82608EDB[11]

CRC-32C (Castagnoli) x32 + x28 + x27 + x26 + x25 + x23 + x22 + x20 + x19 + x18 + x14 + x13 + x11 + x10 + x9 + x8 + x6 + 1 (iSCSI & SCTP, G.hn payload, SSE4.2) 0x1EDC6F41 / 0x82F63B78 / 0x8F6E37A0[11]

CRC-32K (Koopman) x32 + x30 + x29 + x28 + x26 + x20 + x19 + x17 + x16 + x15 + x11 + x10 + x7 + x6 + x4 + x2 + x + 1 0x741B8CD7 / 0xEB31D82E / 0xBA0DC66B[11]

CRC-32Q x32 + x31 + x24 + x22 + x16 + x14 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x3 + x + 1 (aviation; AIXM[23]) 0x814141AB / 0xD5828281 / 0xC0A0A0D5

CRC-64-ISO x64 + x4 + x3 + x + 1 (HDLC — ISO 3309, Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL; considered weak for hashing[24]) 0x000000000000001B / 0xD800000000000000 / 0x800000000000000D

CRC-64-ECMA-182x64 + x62 + x57 + x55 + x54 + x53 + x52 + x47 + x46 + x45 + x40 + x39 + x38 + x37 + x35 + x33 + x32 + x31 + x29 + x27 + x24 + x23 + x22 + x21 + x19 + x17 + x13 + x12 + x10 + x9 + x7 + x4 + x + 1 (as described in ECMA-182 p. 51)

0x42F0E1EBA9EA3693 / 0xC96C5795D7870F42 / 0xA17870F5D4F51B49

Cyclic Codes for Error DetectionW. W. PETERSON, AND D. T. BROWN, 1960

Remote I/O - CANCanOpen and DeviceNetCANopen is a network protocol based on CAN bus and has been used in various applications, such as vehicles, industrial machines, building automation, medical devices, maritime applications, restaurant appliances, laboratory equipment & research. It allows for not only broadcasting but also peer to peer data exchange between every CANopen node. DeviceNet based on the CAN bus is one of the world's leading device-level networks for industrial automation.

Function code Node ID RTR Data

length Data

Length 4 bits 7 bits 1 bit 4 bits 0-8 bytes

Contents of a standard CANopen frame:

Common Industrial Protocol or (CIP), which includes the following technologies:EtherNet/IP (take note of the capital 'N', and "IP" here means "Industrial Protocol")ControlNetDeviceNet

ISO-OSILayer

OSI protocols TCP/IP protocols Signaling System 7[6] AppleTalk IPX SNA UMTS Misc. examples# Name

7 Application FTAM, X.400, X.500, DAP, ROSE, RTSE, ACSE[7] CMIP[8]

NNTP, SIP, SSI, DNS, FTP, Gopher, HTTP, NFS, NTP, DHCP, SMPP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, RIP, BGP

INAP, MAP, TCAP, ISUP, TUP AFP, ZIP, RTMP, NBP RIP, SAP APPC HL7, Modbus

6 Presentation ISO/IEC 8823, X.226, ISO/IEC 9576-1, X.236 MIME, SSL, TLS, XDR AFP TDI, ASCII, EBCDIC,

MIDI, MPEG

5 Session ISO/IEC 8327, X.225, ISO/IEC 9548-1, X.235

Sockets. Session establishment in TCP, RTP ASP, ADSP, PAP NWLink DLC?

Named pipes, NetBIOS, SAP, half duplex, full duplex, simplex, RPC

4 TransportISO/IEC 8073, TP0, TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 (X.224), ISO/IEC 8602, X.234

TCP, UDP, SCTP, DCCP DDP, SPX NBF

3 NetworkISO/IEC 8208, X.25 (PLP), ISO/IEC 8878, X.223, ISO/IEC 8473-1, CLNP X.233.

IP, IPsec, ICMP, IGMP, OSPF SCCP, MTP ATP (TokenTalk or EtherTalk) IPX

RRC (Radio Resource Control) Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) and BMC (Broadcast/Multicast Control)

NBF, Q.931, IS-IS Leaky bucket, token bucket

2 Data Link

ISO/IEC 7666, X.25 (LAPB), Token Bus, X.222, ISO/IEC 8802-2 LLC Type 1 and 2[9]

PPP, SLIP, PPTP, L2TP MTP, Q.710LocalTalk, AppleTalk Remote Access, PPP

IEEE 802.3 framing, Ethernet II framing

SDLC LLC (Logical Link Control), MAC (Media Access Control)

802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11a/b/g/n MAC/LLC, 802.1Q (VLAN), ATM, HDP, FDDI, Fibre Channel, Frame Relay, HDLC, ISL, PPP, Q.921, Token Ring, CDP, ARP (maps layer 3 to layer 2 address), ITU-T G.hn DLLCRC, Bit stuffing, ARQ, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)

1 PhysicalX.25 (X.21bis, EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, EIA-530, G.703) [9]

MTP, Q.710 RS-232, RS-422, STP, PhoneNet Twinax UMTS Physical Layer or L1

RS-232, Full duplex, RJ45, V.35, V.34, I.430, I.431, T1, E1, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, POTS, SONET, SDH, DSL, 802.11a/b/g/n PHY, ITU-T G.hn PHY, Controller Area Network, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)

TCP/IP

HDLCHigh-Level Data Link Control

Flag Address Control Information FCS Flag

8 bits 8 or more bits 8 or 16 bits

Variable length, 0 or more bits

16 or 32 bits 8 bits

The contents of an HDLC frame are shown in the following table:

Zero-bit insertion is a particular type of bit stuffing (in the latter sense) used in some data transmission protocols. It was popularized by IBM's SDLC (later renamed HDLC), to ensure that the Frame Sync Sequence (FSS) never appears in a data frame. An FSS is the method of frame synchronization used by HDLC to indicate the beginning and/or end of a frame.

The bit sequence "01111110" containing six adjacent 1 bits is commonly used as a "Flag byte" or FSS

IPInternet Protocol

LXILAN eXtensions for Instrumentation

The LXI instrumentation platform combines Ethernet-enabled instrumentation with the ubiquity of the World Wide Web and applies them to test and measurement applications.LXI devices can communicate with devices that are not themselves LXI compliant, as well as instruments that employ GPIB, VXI, and PXI, into heterogeneous configurations. In order to simplify communication with non-LXI instruments, the standard mandates that every LXI instrument must have an Interchangeable Virtual Instrument (IVI) driver.

Precision Time Protocol = LXITCP/IP +

IEEE 1588-2008 introduces a clock associated with network equipment used to convey PTP messages. The transparent clock modifies PTP messages as they pass through the device. Timestamps in the messages are corrected for time spent traversing the network equipment. This scheme improves distribution accuracy by compensating for delivery variability across the network.

Precision Time Protocol (PTP)

GPIBIEEE-488 is a short-range digital communications bus specification. It was created for use with automated test equipment in the late 1960s, and is still in use for that purpose. IEEE-488 was created as HP-IB (Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus), and is commonly called GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus). It has been the subject of several standards

GPIBPhysically the GPIB bus is composed of 16 low-true signal lines. Eight of the lines are bidirectional data lines, DIO1-8. Three of the lines are handshake lines, NRFD, NDAC and DAV, that transfer data from the talker to all devices who are addressed to listen. The talker drives the DAV line, the listeners drive the NDAC and NRFD lines. The remaining five lines are used to control the bus’s operation.

IEEE-488Pin out

Female IEEE-488 connectorPin 1 DIO1 Data input/output bit.Pin 2 DIO2 Data input/output bit.Pin 3 DIO3 Data input/output bit.Pin 4 DIO4 Data input/output bit.Pin 5 EOI End-or-identify.Pin 6 DAV Data valid.Pin 7 NRFD Not ready for data.Pin 8 NDAC Not data accepted.Pin 9 IFC Interface clear.Pin 10 SRQ Service request.Pin 11 ATN Attention.Pin 12 SHIELDPin 13 DIO5 Data input/output bit.Pin 14 DIO6 Data input/output bit.Pin 15 DIO7 Data input/output bit.Pin 16 DIO8 Data input/output bit.Pin 17 REN Remote enable.Pin 18 GND (wire twisted with DAV)Pin 19 GND (wire twisted with NRFD)Pin 20 GND (wire twisted with NDAC)Pin 21 GND (wire twisted with IFC)Pin 22 GND (wire twisted with SRQ)Pin 23 GND (wire twisted with ATN)

Pin 24 Logic ground

Mõõtevigadest

Paul Annus [email protected]

Põhjused

Mõõtmine on...võrdlemine-Võrdlusallikas-Meetod-Vahendid

Välised mõjurid-Häired-Mürad

Millega võrdleme?

Tugisignaali allikad:-DC

-Pingeallikas-Vooluallikas

-AC-Ühesageduslikud-Mitmesageduslikud

Referents komponendid:-Takistid-Kondensaatorid-Poolid

Tugipinge allikad

# Ultralow noise (0.1 Hz to 10 Hz)ADR440: 1 μV p-pADR441: 1.2 μV p-pADR443: 1.4 μV p-pADR444: 1.8 μV p-pADR445: 2.25 μV p-p# Input range: (VOUT + 500 mV) to 18 V# Superb temperature coefficientA Grade: 10 ppm/°CB Grade: 3 ppm/°C# Low dropout operation: 500 mV# High output source and sink current+10 mA and −5 mA, respectively# Wide temperature range: −40°C to +125°C

Komponendid, takistiMax võimsusTolerants:-+-5% kuni 0,005%Max pingeTC: tüüpiline +-50 ppm/CLineaarsus!

Color 1st band 2nd band3rd band (multiplier)

4th band (tolerance)

Temp. Coefficient

Black 0 0 ×100

Brown 1 1 ×101 ±1% (F) 100 ppm

Red 2 2 ×102 ±2% (G) 50 ppm

Orange 3 3 ×103 15 ppm

Yellow 4 4 ×104 25 ppm

Green 5 5 ×105 ±0.5% (D)

Blue 6 6 ×106 ±0.25% (C)

Violet 7 7 ×107 ±0.1% (B)

Gray 8 8 ×108 ±0.05% (A)

White 9 9 ×109

Gold ×10−1 ±5% (J)

Silver ×10−2 ±10% (K)

None ±20% (M)

The Standard TCR is 5ppm - however, if you need something closer, special TCRs to 1ppm per degree C. are available. Ultra Stability vs. Time - probably your most important consideration - can be conditioned to 0.001% per year. Wide Temperature Span - from -65°C. to +125°C. ... derated to zero wattage at +145°C.. Other technologies are limited to +70°C., which can be a problem in your soldering processes. Special Custom Flexibility - when you need matching TCRs and tolerances with part-to-part repeatability. Non-inductive - All HR & RX standard parts are non-inductive (suffix "N") except the HR103

Müra:

Komponendid, kondensaatorTolerants (0,5-20%)Max pingeTC: NP0ParasiitelemendidLineaarsus!

Müra:

* C0G or NP0: typically 1 pF to 0.1 µF, 5%. High tolerance and good temperature performance. Larger and more expensive. * X7R: typically 100 pF to 22 µF, 10%. Good for non-critical coupling, timing applications. Subject to microphonics. Temperature up to 125°C * X8R: typically 100 pF to 10 µF, 25-100v, 5-10%. Good for high temperature up to 150°C * Z5U or 2E6: typically 1 nF to 10 µF, 20%. Good for bypass, coupling applications. Low price and small size. Subject to microphonics. * Ceramic chip: 1% accurate, values up to about 1 µF, typically made from Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ferroelectric ceramic

Takisti:

Kondensaator:

Komponendid, aktiivelemendid

Komponendid, aktiivelemendid

Komponendid, aktiivelemendid

Komponendid, aktiivelemendid

Mõõteahel

ObjektSensorVõimendiFilterAD Muundur...ToiteaheladTugipinge allikadTaktigeneraatoridMüradHäiredKomponendid

Müra

Müra

Müra

Müra

Müra

Müra

Müra

Digitaalne signaalitöötlus

Paul Annus [email protected]

The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal ProcessingBy Steven W. Smith, Ph.D http://www.dspguide.com/

DSP?

DSP, CPU, uC, FPGA, CPLD...?Applications Rakendused Word

LabWievOperating system Operatsioonisüsteem Linux

NucleusInstruction set Käsustik asm

objektkoodFunctional units Funktsionaalsed komponendid ALU, RAM,

MAC ...Finite state machine Lõplikud automaadid... Moore

MealyLogic gates Loogikalülid AND, OR, NOR,

XOR...Electronics “Jupid” transistor

DSP, CPU, uC, FPGA, CPLD...?

Harvard Modified Harvard von Neumann

DSP

-Digitaalsed filtrid-IIR-FIR

-Informatsiooni kodeerimine-Informatsiooni pakkimine-Informatsiooni edastamine-....

Konvolutsioon !

Linear, Time invariant, Causal

y = ax + b

•System A: •System B:

Complex Fourier

Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)

representation of any discontinuous function in space or time in terms of a much simpler trigonometric series of continuous cosine or sine functions

Linear, Time invariant

Aknad

Rectangular

Triangular

Kaiser

Hamming

Hanning

Blackman

Filtrid

Lowpass

Highpass

Bandpass

Bandstop

Multipass

Multistop

Differentiator

Hilbert Transformer

Raised Cosine

Root Raised Cosine

Gaussian

Edge ....

FiltridChebyshev

Butterworth

Elliptic

Digitaalsed filtridFIR

IIR

edasi

tagasi

Digitaalsed filtrid