Annual Report2009.pmd

HUMAN RIGHTS SITUATION IN TIBET

Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy

Annual Report

20092009200920092009

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Cover Photo : Iconic images that say it all.

Loyak executeed for participating in March 142008 protest in Lhasa, without free and fair trial

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CONTENTS

Executive Summary 5

Civil and Political Liberties 17

Right to Education 71

Rights to Development 87

Religious Freedom 109

Appendices

1 List of Known Tibetans sentenced 160

2. List of Known Current Political Prisoners 167

3. List of Know Tibetans who were arrested and detained in 2009 190

4. Table Listing Relevant International Human Rights Instruments 195

Signed and/or Ratified by the People’s Republic of China5. Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations 196

Map of Tibet

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Human Rights Stituation in Tibet: Annual Report 2004

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The year 2009 marked 50 years of exile for the DalaiLama and the Tibetan people. In five decades theTibetan people have suffered enormous hardshipsand systematic human rights abuses by the govern-ment of People’s Republic of China (PRC). Hu-man rights violations continue unabated with im-punity and there is no sign of let up by the govern-ment. The uprising of 2008 by the Tibetans in Ti-bet was a thunderous call for reform and solutionto the Tibetan issue, yet the government continuesto callously dismiss the legitimate voice of thepeople. The bygone year was marked by some de-fining events. On the one hand the authorities inChinese administered Tibet executed Tibetans overthe spring 2008 protests, announced “serf emanci-pation day”, struck hard on Tibetan intellectuals andwangled law to drive home the point that the Com-munist Party is above law. On the other hand, theChinese and Tibetan people forged closer ties andthe Chinese intellectuals and think tanks boldly dif-fered with their government over the issue of Tibet.

During the year fast track courts in Tibet issued deathpenalty to five Tibetans for their participation inthe spring 2008 protests. 1 Pushing aside globalappeals to overturn the death penalty, China putinto effect the sentences amidst international hueand cry over it.2 China is the world’s leading practi-tioner of death penalty carrying out more execu-tions than all the other nations in the world puttogether.3 The state aggressively exhibits its right tosovereignty through its implementation of deathsentences despite international appeals and a UNGeneral Assembly resolution on global moratorium

on death penalty4. This was evident from the nu-merous executions carried out in Tibet, EastTurkestan5 and that of a Briton with mental disor-der for whom the British government sought clem-ency.6

In response to the wide spread protests on the Ti-betan plateau in spring 2008, the governmentlaunched a carefully crafted propaganda offensive byannouncing 28 March as the “Serf EmancipationDay”.7 Instead of listening to local voices and bring-ing about solutions, the government’s impositionof an annual propagandistic festival only refreshesthe Tibetans’ memories of 2008 and brings abouteven deeper resentment against the government. Instriking straight against the message of the Tibetanprotests in 2008 by bringing further slurs to the DalaiLama and the erstwhile Tibetan government, thegovernment has further provoked sentiments of theTibetans.

Since spring 2008 pan-Tibet protests, Tibetan areasincorporated into the Sichuan province have clearlybecome the focal point in the whole of present-dayTibet.8 In the recent past, dominance of politicalactivities has shifted from the so-called “Tibet Au-tonomous Region” (“TAR”) to Tibetan areas out-side the “TAR” designate. This is clearly evident fromthe total number of arrests, detentions and sentenc-ing statistics maintained by the TCHRD. Althoughit is certain that the total figures may be far greaterthan that documented by the Centre, a total of 1,542known Tibetans9 continue to remain in detentionor are serving prison sentences since spring 2008.

Human Rights Situation in Tibet: Annual Report 2009

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Out of the total, 53.17% (or 820 Tibetans) werefrom Sichuan province, the rest are as follows:19.90% (307 Tibetans) were from Gansu, 9.01%(139 Tibetans) belonged to Qinghai, 0.19% (3 Ti-betans) were from Yunnan and 17.70% (273 Ti-betans) belonged to the “TAR”. Additionally thefigures for known Tibetans who were legally sen-tenced since spring 2008 also point to the fact thatSichuan has indeed been most active politically. Outof the 334 known cases of Tibetans having beensentenced, 48.1% (or 161 Tibetans) were fromSichuan province while the remaining were as fol-lows: 37.42% (125 Tibetans) were from “TAR”,8.68% (29 Tibetans) were from Qinghai and 5.08%(17 Tibetans) belong to Gansu Province. In 2009,there were 145 known cases of detentions or serv-ing prison sentences. Out of them, 62.06 % (or 90Tibetans) were from Sichuan, 18.62% (27 Tibet-ans) were from the “TAR”, 4.13% (6 Tibetans) werefrom Gansu, 13.79% (20 Tibetans) were fromQinghai and 1.37% (2 Tibetans) were from YunanProvince. Owing to the fact that Tibetan areas out-side the “TAR” witnessed the maximum numberof protest incidents since spring 2008 and which issupported by the huge number of legal convictions,it is highly possible that control in areas outside the“TAR” which used to enjoy a relative freedom willbe made tighter in the near future. The authoritieshave already taken stringent measures and height-ened vigorous patrolling of the border areas. Thenumber of refugees’ exodus from Tibet has droppedsignificantly in 2009 and 2008. As against the usualaverage of around 2000 Tibetans fleeing Tibet, thisyear only 691 Tibetans10 managed to escape while627 fled Tibet in 2008.

The authorities make a mockery of judiciary inpresent-day Tibet by stifling it to cater to the needsof the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). In orderto protect the party interest and legitimize the partyleaders call for “people’s war”,11 laws of the countryhave been wangled to convict Tibetan demonstra-

tors. According to TCHRD documentation, over334 known Tibetans have received legal convictionssince spring 2008 protest.12 Out of the total con-victions, 11 are known to have been served with lifeimprisonment. The legal proceedings have been per-formed with political motivations and hence werenot free and fair.13 In almost all the cases the defen-dants had no independent legal counsel and in a fewcases where the defendants were being representedby a lawyer of choice, the authorities ensured thatthese representations were blocked either throughintimidation or through procedural tactics. One ofthe most high profile cases this year was the sen-tencing of Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche to eight and ahalf years prison term.14 Rinpoche’s lawyer fromBeijing was barred from representing him and in aclosed door trial the court sentenced him to a fixedimprisonment term on charges of “possessing weap-ons”.15 Phurbu Rinpoche is a well respected religiousfigure and as per the established pattern he wasframed for his personality and influence over themasses. He was charged of “possessing weapons” inan attempt to manipulate the case as that involvingterrorist activity. The local Tibetans never believedsuch a charge and instead such a conviction stirs upmore resentment against the authorities for fram-ing their beloved teacher as a criminal. One suchcase in the near past was that of sentencing of TrulkuTenzin Delek Rinpoche in 2003 to death with twoyears reprieve which was later commuted to lifeimprisonment.16 Seven years after the conviction,the local Tibetans in Lithang and Nyagchukha coun-ties made fresh appeals for his release in December2009 to the provincial as well as the central authori-ties. Huge congregations of Tibetans from all walksof life staged enormous demonstrations to seek thelama’s release and it was eventually compromisedthat the authorities would allow monthly prisonvisits to Trulku for Lithang and Nyagchukha people.This latest episode in Trulku Tenzin Delek’s case re-veals the people’s clear rejection of the unjust legalconviction passed several years ago. 17 Phurbu Tsering

Executive Summary

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Rinpoche’s case is identical to that of Trulku TenzinDelek Rinpoche’s case.

During the year Tibetan intellectuals, artists andinternet bloggers came under heavy crackdown bythe government. They were mostly charged for“leaking state secret” and for activities which are oth-erwise a standard practice of expression of opinionor belief. Some of the most prominent cases werethose of sentencing of Kunga Tsangyang to a fiveyear imprisonment term for writing essays and pho-tographing environmental degradation in Tibet18,Kunchok Tsephel Gopeytsang to 15 years for run-ning Chonmei website19, Kang Kunchok, the formereditor of Gangsai Meiduo to two years of prisonterm20. Tashi Rabten, editor of a banned literarymagazine and author of “Written in Blood” has re-mained disappeared since July 200921, DokruTsultrim, editor of literary magazine “Life of Snow”was arrested in April 2009, Tashi Dondrup, singerwho released an album “Torture without Trace” wasarrested in December 2009,22 Gyaltsen and NyimaWangdue were sentenced to three prison terms forposting Dalai Lama pictures on the popular Chi-nese chatsite QQ.com, Five monks from Tsakhoand Khakhor Monasteries continue to be detainedfor producing a VCD entitled Chakdrum Marpo23.

The government’s severe restriction on freedom ofexpression is prompting Tibetans to attempt boldways to relay their message under the knowledgethat they would face the most severe of punishmentwith the trade off that their message will effectivelyreach a large audience. Video testimonials are be-coming popular for their sheer effectiveness in com-munication, coupled with authenticity of watchingand hearing a real individual speaking in front ofthe camera. Last year, the defiant Labrang monkJigme Guri24 fearlessly spoke about torture in de-tention in a video testimonial; Dhondup Wangchendocumented many Tibetans video testimonials re-garding their concerns in his documentary “LeavingFear Behind”;25 Kelsang Tsultrim of Gitsang Gaden

Choekhorling Monastery recorded his testimonialsin July 200926 and distributed it widely in his local-ity; Ven. Rinchen Sangpo recorded video testimo-nials of Tibetans in Golok region in October 2008which were released in September 200927. It shouldbe noted that this trend is a desperate attempt byTibetans inside Tibet to have their voice heard inthe absence of independent human rights monitorsor media and international observers. Surge in avail-ability of pictures and video evidences coupled withthe growing trend of video testimonials indicate anencouraging rise in citizen journalism in Tibet.

Torture is systematic in Chinese administered pris-ons across Tibet. China’s lies to the world and tothe UN mandates on torture were exposed in 2010.Despite the denial of use of torture by the Chineseauthorities and the claim of restraint in dealing withthe Tibetan protesters, video evidences smuggled outof Tibet utterly shocked the entire world regardingthe painful death of a young Tibetan, Mr. Tendar,due to torture inflicted upon him while in deten-tion.28 His crime was that he interfered when hesaw some policemen beating monks during protestin Lhasa in March 2008. For his act in defendingthe monks, he was brutally tortured in the deten-tion centre and was denied timely medical care onthe injuries suffered during torture. At the time ofhis death the wounds on his body had rotten and anail was found pierced into his foot when his bodywas given a traditional sky burial.29 In other instances,Kalden, a monk of Drepung Monastery who wasarrested on 10 March 2008 for participating in thedemonstration died in August 2009 after a prolongedperiod of confinement, torture and maltreatmentin the prison.30 Another prominent case of deathdue to torture came to light when a 33-year-old nunYangkyi Dolma died in December 2009 at theChengdu government hospital.31 She was arrestedon 24 March 2009 when she along with a nun col-league staged a peaceful protest at the Kardze Countymain market square. They called for “human rightsfor Tibetans in Tibet”. They were severely beaten by


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the security forces at the site of the demonstrationand taken away to the detention centre. The UNCommittee Against Torture in its concluding ob-servations following assessment of PRC’s state re-port to the Committee in November 200832 madeseveral recommendations to the Chinese governmentincluding ensuring that all persons detained or ar-rested in the aftermath of Spring 2008 events tohave “prompt access to an independent lawyer, in-dependent medical care and the right to lodge com-plaints free from official reprisal or harassment”.However, the recommendations were not heededby the government as no discernable improvementin prohibiting the use of torture, cruel, inhumanand degrading treatment is evident.

The Chinese authorities blatantly denied use of ex-treme force upon the Tibetan demonstrators dur-ing the spring 2008 uprising in Tibet. The govern-ment ignored a joint communication by sevenUnited Nations mandates on protection of humanrights33 and the UN Committee against Torture’sdemand for answers by the government regardingthe use of excessive force and killings of Tibetandemonstrators particularly in Ngaba County, KardzeCounty and Lhasa.34 A year has elapsed since theCommittee’s concluding observations in Novem-ber 2008 and yet PRC continues to passively dis-miss the demand for answers by the committee. Inthe absence of any answer by the government, ayoung monk who survived the security forces’ in-discriminate firing in Kardze County fled Tibet. 18-year-old Ven. Dorjee Rinchen told a horrifying ac-count of how the security forces without issuingany warning opened indiscriminate firing on a groupof peaceful demonstrators which eventually led tothe known death of at least 14, including Ven.Dorjee’s uncle.35 He himself was hit by a bullet butluckily survived the incident and evaded arrest byhiding in the high mountains for over two months.Another Tibetan, 39-year old Tsewang Dhondupalso narrowly survived gunshots while trying to help

a young monk, Kunga, who later succumbed tobullet injuries sustained during the police indiscrimi-nate firing on a group of around 300 Tibetan dem-onstrators in Tehor.36 Dhondup’s friends hid himfor 14 months in mountains during which they pro-vided him crude medications and he miraculouslyescaped death. He later fled Tibet in the hope oftestifying before the United Nations. Despite theavailability of first hand victim testimonies, docu-mentary and visual evidences, the government ofPRC stubbornly insist on denying the occurrenceof these extrajudicial killings.

In true spirit of Bodmi Kyiduk Nyamnyong (a popu-lar slogan used during the Tibetan uprising in 2008meaning Tibetan people stand together throughhappy and difficult times), solidarity movement ofnon celebration of the Tibetan New Year37 and civildisobedience movement of farming boycott by theTibetans in Kardze region were extraordinarily suc-cessful. The non celebration of Tibetan New Yearbecame a global Tibetan movement with roots inTibet. There have been reports where some localChinese authorities have either given direct ordersor tried to lure some sections of the society withmonetary benefits if they celebrate the New Year38.The state dance troupes’ shows, which are usuallypopular among the people especially during TibetanNew Year, were also shunned at most places. 39 Thefarming boycott movement had severe repercussionsas many Tibetans got arrested40 and there was at leastone known death associated with the movement.41

The authorities in Kardze, Drango and NyarongCounties issued notices warning the farmers to tilltheir land or face confiscation of the land. On oneoccasion the police opened fire on a group of Tibet-ans who were protesting against a court verdict42.There was a crackdown on the farmers and on oneoccasion the authorities publicly paraded 11 Tibet-ans who had refused to comply with the authori-ties’ order to till their farmlands.43 All the intimida-tion tactics employed by the authorities failed; how-

Executive Summary

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ever, ironically a request by the exile Tibetan PrimeMinister asking the Tibetans to go back to their fieldswas heeded44. Nevertheless, they were already onemonth late in the cultivation season, hence the farm-ers incurred heavy loss due to crop failure.

Freedom of religion is severely curtailed in presentday Tibet. The Chinese authorities’ tactic of intimi-dation, restriction of religious activities and move-ments of monks and nuns in religious institutionsensures the steady decline in the quality of religiouseducation. The continued stringent enforcement of“patriotic re-education” campaign ensures a bleak anddark future for Tibetan Buddhism. In order toachieve “stability”, the authorities continue to pri-marily target the monastic community under vari-ous government campaigns to “reform” and bringthe community under control and inculcate “lovefor the motherland”. The infamous “patriotic re-education” campaign was intensified during the yearresulting in widespread violation of freedom of re-ligious worship and beliefs. In deliberate moves, thegovernment officials order the monks to denouncetheir own spiritual guru, to abuse their highly re-spected lamas and perform acts which are otherwiseprohibited under monastic vows and code of con-duct, in the name of “patriotic re-education” initi-ated by the Chinese as a requisite for continuing as amonk or a nun. The religious persecution in Tibet’sreligious institutions is evident from the fact thatsuicides of monks and nuns in Buddhist Tibet hasbeen on rise since spring 2008 protests in Tibet45.The extreme psychological trauma and impositionof irreconcilable demands on the monastic commu-nity force the monks and nuns to take the ultimatestep despite the fact that Tibetan Buddhists believesuicide to be one of the most heinous forms of sinsthat violate the cardinal precepts of the doctrine.

In an ethnically exclusionary economic growth,46 thedevelopment projects do not bring direct benefit tothe Tibetans. The Chinese administrators in Tibet

in calculated and deliberate allocation of resourcesaward most contracts to out-of-province state-owned enterprises rather than to locally owned andoperated businesses. The state is obsessed withprojects involving resource extractions rather thanthe development of human capacity.47 This is evi-dent in the UN Human Development Report inwhere Tibet’s human development index is at thebottom of all of the PRC’s provinces.48 The highlevel of illiteracy results in Tibetans being at a sig-nificant disadvantage in protecting their humanrights and in enjoying the rights of citizenship.49

Making the matter worse is the fact that ethnic HanChinese continue to hold top CCP positions innearly all counties and prefectures making it everdifficult for Tibetans to have a say in decision mak-ing.

In the name of “progress”, resettlement programsby the government has been uprooting and disrupt-ing traditional Tibetan ways of life at a fast pace. Inviolation of international laws on development,these displacements occur without compensationand consent of the affected population.50 Also ofutmost concern is the unavailability of affordablehealth care for the Tibetans. This is particularly prob-lematic in Tibet’s predominantly rural areas. Evermindful of presenting a positive image of Tibet tothe outside world, PRC focuses its resources andattention on the cities that attract the most tourists.

Under the rule of government of PRC, educationin Tibet has deteriorated immensely as it has beentreated as a vehicle to propagate and strengthenCCP’s grip on Tibet. The poor condition of theschools, low quality of teaching and designing of acurriculum to brainwash the children in socialistideologies and discouragement of children fromspeaking their own language and learning their ownhistory triggers the painful decision to flee into ex-ile where there is an opportunity of receiving broad-based modern education. Under such painful cir-cumstances parents send their children, oftentimes


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never to see them again, trusting strangers and guidesto make the treacherous journey across theHimalayas where they will be admitted in the net-work of schools run by the exile Tibetan govern-ment.

In accordance with the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights (UDHR) and as a member state tothe Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC),and the International Covenant on Economic, So-cial and Cultural Rights (ICESCR)51, the PRC isobligated to ensure that the rights contained in theinternational instruments are upheld. The constitu-tion of the PRC calls for “the duty as well as theright to receive an education” and Education Lawstipulates that the citizens have the right to educa-tion “regardless of their nationality, race, sex…orreligious belief”52. Despite the mandates from thedomestic as well as international laws, the state main-tains policies and programs that functionally denyTibetan children access to adequate education. Thisdenial has serious consequences for the Tibetan popu-lation and the preservation of their culture.

Disparities and inequality in education has resultedin the further economic marginalization of Tibet-ans and they are precluded from employment op-portunities on account of inferior education forcedupon them. Since the Chinese settlers possess ad-vanced education and Chinese language abilities,many Tibetans are unable to compete with them ingetting jobs. Unless the government ensures to meetits obligations to provide the Tibetan children withtheir fundamental right to an education, childrenwill continue to risk their lives by making the dan-gerous journey over the Himalayas to receive edu-cation in exile.

Despite the fact that the government of PRC con-tinues to maintain an iron-fist rule over Tibet, theDalai Lama has expressed his genuine faith and sin-cerity in the Chinese people.53 Over 100 Chineseand Tibetan delegates consisting of intellectuals,

scholars, lawyers and human rights workers met inGeneva, Switzerland, in August 2009 to promoteunderstanding between the two communities andto find ways for a peaceful solution of the Tibetanissue. This Sino-Tibetan conference ‘Finding Com-mon Ground’ concluded that the root cause of “theTibetan issue is not a conflict between the Chinesepeople and the Tibetan people, but rather the auto-cratic rule of the People’s Republic of China in Ti-bet and its cultural genocide in Tibet” and stronglyproposed that “the resolution of the Tibetan issue isclosely related to the democratization of China”.54

The Chinese intellectuals, scholars, lawyers and hu-man rights defenders proved extremely bold inshowing their integrity and professionalism. In starkdefiance of the government position regarding theuprising of the Tibetan people as being “criminalactivities of looting, burning and smashing”, Beijing-based lawyer’s organization and think-tankGongmeng (Open Constitution Initiative) publisheda groundbreaking report in May 2009 which boldlyrefuted the official position and put forward policyfailings by government as reason for the Tibetanpeople’s uprising against the government.55 The au-thors of the report stated “we deeply sensed the popu-lar discontent and anger behind the incidents [ofthe spring 2008 protests], and the complexity oftheir social roots…… An important perspective forinterpreting the 3.14 incident [March 14, 2008,when protesting turned to violence in Lhasa] is thatit was reaction made under stress by a society andpeople to the various changes that have been takingplace in their lives over the past few decades. Thenotion that appears impossible to understand is theimplication that reasonable demands were beingvented, and this is precisely what we need to under-stand and reflect upon.” As expected the authoritiesquickly reacted to the report and shut down the or-ganization alleging “tax evasion” and calling it “ille-gal”. Beijing Justice Bureau revoked the licenses of53 lawyers associated with the group.

Executive Summary

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2009 was the year when the United Nations focusedstrongly on the issue of racism worldwide. The HighCommissioner for Human Rights, Ms.Navinatham Pillay, in her statement on the Inter-national Human Rights Day on the theme of con-cept of non-discrimination reckoned that “Minori-ties in all regions of the world continue to face seri-ous threats, discrimination and racism, and are fre-quently excluded from fully taking part in the eco-nomic, political, social and cultural life available tothe majorities in the countries or societies where theylive”.56 During the year Tibetan voice over racism inTibet was effectively gagged by the Chinese govern-ment both directly and indirectly. In April 2009,China made sure that the Tibetan Centre for Hu-man Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) was not al-lowed accreditation to the UN Durban ReviewConference through effective wangling of proceduraltactics57. In August 2009, the UN Committee onthe Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD)met to scrutinize China’s compliance to the Con-vention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimina-tion. While the Secretariat of the CERD includedChinese government sponsored NGO reports onits official webpage, it made inclusion of TCHRD’salternate report conditional by directing the Centreto remove mention of China’s occupation of Tibetand the phrase cultural genocide mentioned in theconclusion of TCHRD’s alternate report.58 TheCentre expressed its inability to comply with thedirective thereby maintaining its position that Ti-bet is a land under foreign occupation and racism isinherent in a colonized land. In light of the worsen-ing human rights condition in Tibet, during the 12th

session of the UN Human Rights Council, the HighCommissioner for Human Rights called on theChinese authorities “to respect human rights in up-holding the law…also encourage them to reflect onthe underlying cause of such incidents, which in-clude discrimination and the failure to protect mi-nority rights”.59 The High Commissioner’s messagefor China to end the human rights violations of the

minorities and to address the root causes of the prob-lem rather than suppressing rights of the people mustbe heeded and put into action through good faithby the government of PRC. China should exhibitqualities of moral uprightness and compliance tohuman rights standards in view of its controversialreelection to the Human Right Council for a sec-ond term in May 2009.60 In February 2009, whileaccepting some recommendations, China rejectedmost of the substantive recommendations made bythe UN member states through the Universal Peri-odic Review (UPR) system to advance human rightsin China.61 Abolition of death penalty, implemen-tation of Committee against Torture’s recommen-dations, reform of state secret laws, abolishment ofreform through labour and black jails, abolishmentof various systems of arbitrary detention, establish-ment of national human rights institutions andguarantee of religious freedom were some of thestrong recommendations which were rejected abso-lutely by China. The UPR system as a state drivenprocess to improve human rights among UN mem-ber states is a failure with regard to China.

US President Barack Obama’s visit to China wasone of the most important events in 2009 for Chinawatchers and human rights watch dogs. While Presi-dent Obama reiterated the United States ofAmerica’s position on Tibet as a part of China, healso supported the early resumption of dialoguebetween the Chinese government and representa-tives of the Dalai Lama to resolve any concerns anddifferences that the two sides may have62. Duringthe year there was no meeting between the envoysof the Dalai Lama and the Chinese leadership sincetalks broke down in late 2008.63 The former UnderSecretary of State for Democracy and Global Af-fairs and Special Coordinator on Tibetan issues, Ms.Paula Dobriansky, noted that the “Obama admin-istration should call for substantive dialogue betweenBeijing and the Dalai Lama’s envoys. PresidentObama should meet with the Dalai Lama when he


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comes to Washington in February [2009] and pub-licly appeal to China’s leaders to let the Dalai Lamamake a pilgrimage to China.” 64 Taking cue fromthe precedent set by the US administration, Austra-lia65 and New Zealand66 have followed suit in notmeeting the Dalai Lama.67 Last year the British gov-ernment withdrew its position of Chinese suzeraintyover Tibet68 and this year Denmark changed its po-sition on Tibet on the eve of UN Summit on Cli-mate Change in Copenhagen69. These latest devel-opments in change of approach and positions bygovernments are worrisome and indicate stronglyto western governments’ appeasement strategy inlight of newly rich and strong China.

“The First Working Action Plan on Human RightsProtection 2009-2010” released by the InformationOffice of China’s State Council on 13 April 2009was a welcome initiative70. This document prom-ised citizens more legal protection, better livelihoods,greater civil and political rights, including rights ofdetainees and the right to a fair trial. While it is en-couraging to note that the government put forwarda benchmark document, it is equally unfortunateto see that its implementation is not considered se-riously especially in the light of the summary ex-ecutions carried out in Tibet and East Turkestan.The document lists the theoretical improvementsalong with age-old rhetoric on remarkable achieve-ments made in the field of human rights protectionand enjoyment of human rights and freedom in ac-cordance with law at an opportune time, the inter-national community waits for China to prove thatit is not the same wine in a different bottle.

The year 2009 has been a year of legal convictionsin the wake of pan-Tibet spring 2008 Uprising inTibet. High arbitrariness in the sentencing of nu-merous Tibetans clearly exposes the summary andarbitrary nature of judiciary in Chinese administeredTibet. It brings forward the focus that judicial ap-paratus in China is politically motivated and hencethe extreme harshness in dealing with people’s aspi-

ration for fundamental human rights. Irrespectiveof the government’s strategy of cracking downharshly on political dissidence, the Tibetans continueto show defiance in pursuit of human rights andfreedom. Despite the government’s iron-fist rule,the Chinese intellectuals, scholars, lawyers and hu-man rights workers have remained undeterred. Thispositive energy in the intellectual community inChina raises hope for change in the People’s Repub-lic of China.

(Endnotes)1 The government of China has acknowledged the execution of

two Tibetans, Lobsang Gyaltsen and Loyak,although human rights monitors including the Tibetan Centrefor Human Rights and Democracy have reported a highernumber of executions. “China Executes Four Tibetans In LhasaOver Spring 2008 Protest”, TCHRD Press Release, 22October 2009, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091022.html

2 “China: Overturn Death Sentences for Tibet Protesters”,Amnesty International, 9 April 2009, available at the url http://www.amnesty.org.hk/html/node/10260 US based HumanRights Watch in a letter to President Obama released on 9November 2009 raised issues in “Tibet and Xinjiang,particularly the executions of Tibetans alleged to have beeninvolved in the March 2008 protests there, and of Uighurs forinvolvement in the July 2009 protests in that region.”Availableat the url http://www.hrw.org/en/news/2009/11/09/letter-president-barack-obama-trip-china

3 “Death Sentences and Executions in 2008", AmnestyInternational, Index Number: ACT 50/003/2009 DatePublished: 24 March 2009, available for download at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ACT50/003/2009/en

4 “GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADOPTS LANDMARK TEXTCALLING FOR MORATORIUM ON DEATHPENALTY”, UN Department of Public Information, 18December 2007, available at http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10678.doc.htm

5 “Nine executed over Xinjiang riots”, BBC, 9 November 2009,available at the url http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8350360.stm

6 “British anger at China execution”, BBC, 29 December 2009,available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8433704.stm

7 “Tibet sets ‘Serfs Emancipation Day’”, Xinhua, 19 January2009, available at the url http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/

Executive Summary

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2009-01/19/content_7410293.htm8 The three traditional provinces of U’Tsang, Kham and Amdo

have been divided and incorporated into five administrativedivisions; “Tibet Autonomous Region”, Sichuan, Qinghai,Gansu and Yunnan provinces. The Chinese references to Tibetinvariably mean the “Tibet Autonomous Region“ whichincludes only one traditional province, U’Tsang

9 This total of 1542 does not include Tibetans having beenreleased after their detention or died. The list is available atthe end of this report.

1 0 This figure is as per the record of Tibetan Refugee ReceptionCentre in Dharamsala, north India.

1 1 “Beijing Intensifies “People ’s War” Against “ Splittism” asNationalism Rears its Head”, JAMESTOWNFoundation, 28April 2008, available at http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=4885

1 2 The list of prisoners is at the end of report.1 3 “China‘s legal wrangle of Tibetan popular uprising: A Critique”,

TCHRD Press Release, 3 May 2008, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080503.html

1 4 “Tibetan ‘living Buddha’ Phurbu Tsering jailed by China“,BBC, 1 January 2009, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8436865.stm

1 5 After initially allowing two Chinese civil rights lawyers torepresent Rinpoche, they were stopped from attending furtherlegal proceedings. Statement by lawyer Li Fangping from theBeijing Municipality Ruifeng Law Office and lawyer JiangTianyong from the Beijing Municipality Gaobo Longhua LawOffice on the case of Phurbu Rinpoche is available on thewebsite of International Campaign for Tibet published on 27April 2009 at http://savetibet.org/media-center/ict-news-reports/verdict-tibetan-lama-deferred-chinese-lawyers-statement-charges-against-phurbu-rinpoche

1 6 “China sentenced two Tibetans to death”, TCHRD PressRelease, 5 December 2002, available at the url http://tchrd.org/press/2002/pr20021205.html

1 7 A detail account of the incident with an English translation ofthe appeal letter originally written in Tibetan language isavailable on the website of International Campaign for Tibetpublished under the title “Tibetans defy security crackdownto demonstrate in support of imprisoned Tibetan lama“ on 17December 2009 available at the url http://savetibet.org/media-center/ict-news-reports/tibetans-defy-security-crackdown-demonstrate-support-imprisoned-tibetan-lama Kunga’s essay“Who are the real separatists?” is posted on the Tibet Writeswebsite at the url http://tibetwrites.org/?Who-are-the-real-separatists

1 9 “A website proprietor arrested in Gansu Province,” TCHRDPress release, 7 March 2009, available at the url http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090307b.html

2 0 “Four Tibetan writers jailed for criticising Chinesegovernment“, Reporters Without Borders, 4 August 2009,available at the url http://www.rsf.org/spip.php?page=article&id_article=34071

2 1 “Bad News”- Tibetan bloggers report the arrest of Tibetanwriter Therang,” 3 August 2008 as reported by high peaks

pure earth website; http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2009/08/bad-news-tibetan-bloggers-report-arrest.html

2 2 “Tibetan Singer Tashi Dondrup arrested over subversive CD,”Jane Macartney, Times Online News dated 4 December 2009available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6943997.ece

2 3 “China arrests eleven Tibetans in Golog over subversive VCD”,TCHRD Press Release, 8 December 2009, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091208.html

2 4 “China re-arrests monk who exposed Chinese crackdown toforeign media”, TCHRD Press Release, 4 November 2009,available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20081103b.html Video is available at the website of Voice

of America News , “A Voice from Tibet“, 3 September 2008,

http://www.voanews.com/tibetan/archive/2008-09/2008-

09-03-voa1.cfm?CFID=60281078&CFTOKEN=988837222 5 The video documentary and related materials are available at

their official website http://leavingfearbehind.com/2 6 “A video appeal from a Tibetan inside Tibet to the International

Community”, TCHRD Press Release, 28 August 2009,available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090828.htmlThe video is available at the website of TibetOnline.tv underthe title “Appeal about the plight of Tibetans” at the url http://www.tibetonline.tv/videos/71/appeal-about-the-plight-of-tibetans

2 7 “New Video Reveals China’s Repression in Tibet“, Tibet.Net,25 September 2009, available at http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=1131&articletype=flash&rmenuid=morenews&tab=1Thevideo is available at TibetOnline.tv under the title “Unveilingthe Truth”, at the url http://www.tibetonline.tv/videos/77/unveiling-the-truth

2 8 “China’s Brutality in Tibet Exposed”, Tibet.Net, 20 March2009, available at http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=759&articletype=flash&rmenuid=morenews&tab=1

2 9 Video footage available at http://footage.tibetanbridges.com/3 0 “A Tibetan monk died from torture whilst in Chinese

detention”, TCHRD Press Release, 10 September 2009,available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090910.html

3 1 “Kardze nun protestor died under mysterious circumstancesin Chengdu Hospital“, TCHRD Press Release, 7 December2009, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091207.html

3 2 The Committee Against Torture, CAT/C/CHN/CO/4,available at the url http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/cats41.htm

3 3 Special Rapporteur on Torture’s report, A/HRC/10/44/Add.4,pg.64, Tenth session of the UNHRCdated 17 February 2009and Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Killings’ report, A/HRC/11/2/Add.1, pg.49, Eleventh session of the HRC dated29 May 2009

3 4 The Committee Against Torture (CAT) during its Forty-firstsession in its concluding observations (CAT/C/CHN/CO/4,dated 12 December 2008) called for PRC “to conduct athorough and independent inquiry into the reported excessiveuse of force, including against peaceful demonstrators andnotably monks, in Kardze county, Ngaba county and Lhasa.”


14

The Committee also requested information from thegovernment on the Committee’s recommendations within aperiod of one year.

3 5 “Tongkor shooting survivor reaches exile with a harrowingtale”, TCHRD Press Release, 27 November 2009, availablea t h t t p : / / t c h r d . o r g / p r e s s / 2 0 0 9 /pr20091127.html“TESTIMONY OF TONGKORDORJEE RINCHEN”, TCHRD, 27 November 2009,available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091127a.html

3 6 “The Will to Survive: One Man’s Harrowing Escape fromTibet“, The Huffington Post, 30 July 2009, available at theurl http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rebecca-novick/the-will-to-survive-one-m_b_246755.html

3 7 “China Adds to Security Forces, in Tibet Amid Calls for aBoycott”,Edward Wong, New York Times, 19 February 2009,available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/19/world/asia/19tibet.html “China Expects Tibet to Celebrate, or Else,”Barbara Demick, Los Angeles Times, 23 February 2009,available at http://articles.latimes.com/2009/feb/23/world/fg-tibet-newyear23

3 8 The local authorities may have been complying orders fromthe higher authorities to make Tibetans celebrate New Year inthe usual manner. Responding to a question during a pressconference on 10 February 2009, the Vice Chairman of the“TAR” People’s Standing Committee, Nyima Tsering, calledthe movement “an underground campaign by somesecessionists to boycott the festival to ‘mourn the dead of2008"

3 9 “Tibetans refuse State Dance Troupes,” Radio Free Asiabroadcasted on 5 March 2009“Three more Tibetans arrestedin connection with Farming Boycott Movement”, TCHRDPress Release, 23 March 2009, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090323.html “Drango farmers arrested andbeaten by the Chinese security police”, 1 April 2009, TCHRDPress Release, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090401.html

4 1 "A Tibetan Monk Beaten to Death by Chinese Security Police”,TCHRD Press Release, 30 March 2009, available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090330.html

4 2 “Chinese Police Open fire in eastern Tibet, 9 Arrested andseveral injured,” Tibet.Net, Press Release, 22 April 2009.

4 3 “A Tibetan monk beaten to death by Chinese Security Police“,TCHRD Press Release, 30 March 2009, available at the urlhttp://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090330.html

4 4 “Testimony of Tongkhor Dorjee Rinchen”, TCHRD, 27November 2009, available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091127a.html

4 5 “Monk suicides on the rise in Buddhist Tibet”, TCHRD, 7June 2009, available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090607.html

4 6 “Perversities of Extreme Dependence and Unequal Growth inthe TAR, Andrew Martin Fischer, 25 August 2007, Tibet WatchSpecial Report, available at ir.iss.nl/eserv.php?pid=iss:90&dsID=TibetWatch.pdf

4 7 “Environment and Development in Tibet, a Crucial Issue”,Department of Information and International Relations, 2008,‘Mining and Resource Extraction’, pg 18, available at http://

www. t i b e t . n e t / e n / p d f / d i i r p u b / e n v i r o n m e n t / 5 /crucialIssue2008.pdf

4 8 “Human Development Report: China 2007/08", UnitedNations Development Programme, 17 November 2008,available for download at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/resources/30/877/content.html

4 9 Education Index for Tibet at 0.554 (page 139), Illiterate inthe population aged 15 and above at 45.65% (page 142) islowest among all the provinces in China according to the“Human Development Report: China 2007/08", UnitedNations Development Programme, 17 November 2008,available for download at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/

resources/30/877/content.html5 0 “No One Has the Liberty to Refuse” Tibetan Herders Forcibly

Relocated in Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and the TibetAutonomous Region, Human Rights Watch, June 2007,available for download at http://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/tibet0607/

5 1 The PRC voted in favor of adopting the UDHR in 1948,ratified the CRC in 1992, and ratified the ICESCR in 2001.

5 2 Article 9, Education Law of the Peoples Republic of China,available at http://www.moe.edu.cn/english/laws_e.htm

5 3 “An Appeal to the Chinese People”, Office of His Holinessthe Dalai Lama, 28 March 2008, available at http://dalailama.com/messages/tibet/appeal-to-the-chinese-people“An Appeal To All Chinese Spiritual Brothers AndSisters”, Office of His Holiness the Dalai Lama , 24 April2008, available at http://dalailama.com/messages/tibet/appeal-to-all-chinese

5 4 Final Document of the 2009 Sino-Tibetan Conference ‘FindingCommon Ground’ in Geneva, 8 August 2009, available athttp://www.tibet-china-conference.org/content/news.htm#3

5 5 A translation of the report is available at the website ofInternational Campaign for Tibet published under the title“Bold report by Beijing scholars reveals breakdown of China’sTibet policy “, 1 June 2009, available at http://savetibet.org/media-center/ict-news-reports/bold-report-beijing-scholars-reveals-breakdown-china%E2%80%99s-tibet-policy

5 6 Statement by the UN High Commissioner for Human RightsNavi Pillay on Human Rights Day 10 December 2009,available at http://www.ohchr.org/EN/AboutUs/Pages/StatementHCHRDay2009.aspx

5 7 Communications between the Permanent Mission of thePeople’s Republic of China and the TCHRD over theaccreditation is made public at “Tibetan voice gagged at theDurban Review Conference”, TCHRD, 20 April 2009,available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090420a.html

5 8 “Secretariat of the UN committee against discriminationcensors TCHRD report”, TCHRD, 7 August 2009, availableat http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090807.html

5 9 “Statement of Ms. Navanethem Pillay United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights at the 12th session of theHuman Rights Council,” United Nations Office of the HighCommissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 15 September2009, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/2DD5A4BD46C13CEFC1257631002D5

Executive Summary

15

B6B?opendocumentExact quote - “I followed with concernthe recent disturbances in the Xinjiang Autonomous Regionand those previously in the Tibetan Autonomous Region andsurrounding areas. While condemning such violence and urgingthe Chinese authorities to respect human rights in upholdingthe law, I also encourage them to reflect on the underlyingcauses of such incidents, which include discrimination andthe failure to protect minority rights.”

6 0 “China‘s possible re-election to the UN Human RightsCouncil, a question of credibility”, TCHRD Press Release, 8May 2009, available at the url http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090508.html

6 1 “China Rejects UN Recommendations for Substantive Reformto Advance Human Rights; HRIC Summary“, Human Rightsin China, 11 February 2009, available at the url http://www.hrichina.org/public/contents/128130

6 2 “Obama says US reiterates Tibet is part of China“, GlobalTimes, 17 November 2009, available at the url http://china.globaltimes.cn/diplomacy/2009-11/485782.html

6 3 “Hope and Encouragement in times of hardship and adversity”,Tibet-Envoy.Europe, Website of the Envoy of His Holinessthe Dalai Lama, 29 December 2009, available at the url http://tibet-envoy.eu/content/?p=198

6 4 “The Realist Case for Tibetan Autonomy : Paula Dobriansky”,Phayul.com, 7 January 2009, available at the url http://w w w . p h a y u l . c o m / n e w s /article.aspx?article=The+Realist+Case+for+Tibetan+Autonomy+%3A+Paula+Dobriansky&id=26358

6 5 “No Dalai Lama meeting for PM”, The Australian, 3 October2009, available at the url http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/no-dalai-lama-meeting-for-pm/story-e6frg6t6-1225782330346

6 6 ‘Government clearly boycotting Dalai Lama visit”, Green Partyof Aotearoa New Zealand, 18 November 2009, available atthe url http://www.greens.org.nz/press-releases/government-clearly-boycotting-dalai-lama-visit

6 7 In March 2009, South Africa imposed a controversial ban onthe Dalai Lama from attending a peace conference linked tothe 2010 Football World Cup. “South Africa bans Dalai Lamatrip”, BBC, 23 March 2009, available at the url http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7958881.stm

6 8 “UK recognises China‘s direct rule over Tibet”, Telegrah.co.uk,5 November 2008, available at the url http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/3385803/UK-recognises-Chinas-direct-rule-over-Tibet.html

6 9 “Copenhagen: Tibet is integral part of China”, People’s Daily,11 December 2009, available at thr url http://engl i sh.peopledai ly.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6839016.html “Denmark seeks to pacify China over Tibet”,AFP, 10 December 2009, available at http://www.google.com/h o s t e d n e w s / a f p / a r t i c l e /ALeqM5h0NQ3F0kcoXTlTV3ipqxyGDqN7jg

7 0 National Human Rights Action Plan of China (2009-2010),People’s Daily Online, 13 April 2009, available at http://e n g l i s h . p e o p l e . c o m . c n / 9 0 0 0 1 / 9 0 7 7 6 / 9 0 7 8 5 /6635641.html“TCHRD urges China to Overturn death

sentences, TCHRD welcomes China’s First Working ActionPlan on Human Rights Protection 2009-2010", TCHRDPress Release, 17 April 2009, available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090414.html

16

17

CIVIL AND POLITICAL LIBERTIES

Introduction:

For Tibetans inside Tibet it’s been yet another yearof heightened security, repression, isolation and sup-pression. The year encapsulated with numbers ofhighly sensitive anniversaries in Chinese calendar wasdealt with an iron fist. The government and theCommunist Party (from hereon referred to as Party)crackdown on Tibetans following the series of Ti-betan protests that began on 10 March 2008 in the“Tibet Autonomous Region” (thereafter referred toas ‘TAR’) and Tibetan-populated areas in neighbor-ing provinces, continued during the year 2009 andled to arbitrary arrests and other human rights vio-lations including prolonged detention and impris-onment, death, torture and other ill-treatment. Se-curity measures were intensified with sharp earlywarning in many Tibetan areas during a month longbefore and during a series of sensitive anniversariesand observances in February of Tibetan New Yearand March anniversary in 2009. The number ofpolitical protests in the year were smaller and ofbriefer duration than a series of protests that tookplace last year.

On the cusp of the first anniversary of a mass revolton the Tibetan Plateau that marked the worst eth-nic unrest in China in nearly two decades, manyTibetans still seethe at living under China’s thumb.Reports of Tibetan protests are matched by those oftightened security measures and calls to “crush” anydemonstrations of support for the Dalai Lama, es-pecially during the run up to major anniversaries inTibet. Despite this, popular Tibetan protests have

continued across the region. Some engage in small-scale civil disobedience movements. Others, includ-ing monks, brazenly display photographs of theDalai Lama, the exiled leader they revere as a God-king but whom China maligns as a “wolf in monk’srobe”1 Nearly all protestors gripe about a lack ofreligious and political freedom.

China on 11 February made an utter mockery ofthe United Nations’ Human Rights Council and itsUniversal Periodic Review (UPR) process, dismiss-ing all allegations of violations offhandedly and re-jecting all specific recommendations, namely that itabolish capital punishment, adopt internationalnorms against torture, abolish illegal detention andrespect religious and minority rights, for substan-tive reform and improvement.2

China accepted some recommendations on the ‘pro-motion of human rights in general, but rejectedmost of the recommendations made by UN mem-ber states to implement specific measures and re-forms to advance genuine human rights in China.It specifically rejected recommendations for ensur-ing respect for the Rule of Law, right to counsel anddue process in criminal trials, judicial independence,reform of state secrets system and definitions ofcrimes such as incitement to subversion of statepower which are abused when used against humanrights defenders, and other human rights issues raisedby different countries. China played down recom-mendations and ensured that 70 of 119 recommen-dations made were excluded from the final draft.She rejected the recommendation to take immedi-

18


ate measures to implement the November 2008recommendations of the Committee Against Tor-ture, particularly on the inadmissibility in court ofstatements made under torture.3 The explanationgiven in the UPR report was that these recommen-dations “did not enjoy the support of China.”China made it clear that it considered issues such asunrest and repression in Tibet “political”4 and sounfit for discussion at the Geneva meeting. TheChinese government tried to whitewash its humanrights record in the hope that the UN will just lookthe other way.

At 11 June Human Rights Council during an “Out-come Report on China” meeting, a required processfor all member states whose human rights situationwas reviewed, the Chinese government rejected with-out exception 70 recommendations on the humanrights abuses in China.5 This includes many of thefundamental human rights.6

China as a member of the UN Human RightsCouncil has an obligation to “uphold the higheststandards in the promotion and protection of hu-man rights”7 and to “fully cooperate with the Coun-cil.” If the present working methods of the rich andpowerful nations continue, the new UN reformwould remain redundant.

While rejecting many pressing human rights issues,China on 13 April 2009, published “the First Work-ing Action Plan on Human Rights Protection 2009-2010.”8 Although it has brought theoretical im-provement and added to the age-old rhetoric on re-markable achievements made in the field of humanrights protection and enjoyment of human rightsand freedom in accordance with law at opportunetime but the ground reality of the situation speakscompletely different stories. The recent informa-tion filtering out of Tibet through various channelshas confirmed that all is not well in Tibet and Ti-betans still continue to reel under constant fear andtrepidation of authorities while exercising their

fundamental human rights. Freedom of religion,expression and association continue to be severelyrestricted and arbitrary arrests and detention con-tinue. Many still continue to remain behind the barswhere they are at risk of torture and ill-treatment.There is a deep seated and widespread zero-toler-ance level on activities or viewpoints that are deemedor suspected as challenge to the Communist Party’scontrol over aspects of society.

Finally a terse message was delivered by the UNHigh Commissioner for Human Rights, MS. Pillay,during the 12th Session of the UN Human RightsCouncil, on the human rights violations of the mi-norities and called to address the root causes of theproblem rather than suppressing rights and freedomsof the people. She condemned violence and called onthe Chinese authorities “to respect human rights inupholding the law” and “… also encourage them toreflect on the underlying causes of such incidents,which include discrimination and the failure to pro-tect minority rights”9

Anniversaries and Clampdown in Tibet:

Judging from last year’s massive protests across theTibetan plateau, the Chinese authorities were quickto step up more security measures during periodsthat bracketed a series of sensitive anniversaries andobservances in February, March and October 2009.The Chinese government and security officialssought either to pressure Tibetans to participate in apublicly visible event such as the Tibetan New Yearwhen Tibetans preferred not to celebrate or to pre-vent Tibetans from participating in a publicly vis-ible event such as a political protest coinciding withanniversary when some Tibetans may have wishedto rise up.

The Chinese state mouthpiece “Xinhua” on 4 Feb-ruary 2009 released a report concerning the step-ping up of security restrictions in “TAR” and non -”TAR” regions of Tibet.10 According to Xinhua re-

Civil and Political Liberties

19

port, the Security Department of the Central Gov-ernment of China released an official paper titled“The Key Task To Improve the Overall SecuritySituation in 2009.”11 The paper spelled out 33Points to combat security threats. Out of the 33Points, 15 points dealt with security concerns in the“TAR” and “Non-TAR” regions. Under such mea-sures the state security forces transgress on many ofthe fundamental human rights of the Tibetan people.

The paper listed “Three Categories of People” asthe most potent threat to overall social stability andsecurity inside Tibet. They are as under:

1) Those individuals who took part in the last year’sprotests and who were later released

2) Those individuals who illegally left and re-enteredTibet

3) Those monks and nuns who were expelled frommonasteries and nunneries

According to Xinhua report, close surveillance, re-striction and inspection were to be maintained onthose Tibetans who fell under the “Three Catego-ries of People” in all parts of Tibet. The paperendorsed the continuation of “Strike Hard” (Ch:Yanda) campaign in Lhasa city for an indefinite pe-riod of time. On the most significant note, “TAR”and non -”TAR” regions of Tibet were singled outas the principle target of the “Key Task” in the driveto maintain a high level of security presence andsocial stability in China.

Similarly on 4 February 2009, the Security Depart-ment of the Central government in Beijing issuedterse orders to the regional government of “TAR”to step up unprecedented security restrictions andclampdown on any kind of untoward protest ordemonstration should they take place. The orderissued by the Central government was significant asthe first anniversary of the last year’s pan Tibet pro-tests and demonstrations drew near. Numerouscheck posts were installed on major roads, highways,

streets and alleyways. There was intense restrictionon the movement of Tibetan people. According tomany sources, temporary police and military basesmushroomed up at important and strategic loca-tions inside Tibet where protests and demonstra-tions previously took place.

Tibetan New Year & Civil DisobedienceMovement

The year 2009 coincides with numerous anniversa-ries and observances beginning with Tibetan NewYear (Losar) which was on 25 February (Tibetansfollow the lunar calendar) and 10 March 2009,which marks the 50th anniversary of the National

Uprising and the first anniversary of an unprec-edented wave of overwhelmingly peaceful proteststhat swept across the Tibetan plateau. These were tobe met by a brutal crackdown. In the weeks prior tothe anniversary and the Tibetan New Year, the Chi-nese government stepped up levels of intimidationand adopted an increasingly harsh and systematicapproach in silencing Tibetans and suppressingdissent, with the authorities calling upon officials,security forces and the general public to ‘crush’ anysigns of support for the Dalai Lama.

Prior to the Tibetan New Year which was on 25February this year, when some Tibetans chose toforego traditional celebration of the Tibetan New

“No Losar” Poster: Courtesy Lhuboom “RFA”

20


Year12 to express their grief and dissatisfaction withthe Chinese handling of the peaceful protests sinceMarch 2008, especially the death and imprisonmentof Tibetan protesters and to show solidarity withthe Tibetans who are suffering inside Tibet,13 theChinese government officials pressed Tibetans tocelebrate the New Year in the usual manner.14 AsLosar approached the movement to boycott the cel-ebration of Losar gained momentum and reachedvarious parts of Tibetan areas and was matched bysignificant increase in the number of security forcessent to the Tibetan areas.15 For instance, on 2 March2009, the central government in Beijing issued 63combat vehicles to Lhasa Public Security Bureau(PSB) Department with a directive that the 63 com-bat vehicles were to be distributed amongst the mostsensitive and protests prone areas inside “TAR”.16

Earlier the Chinese government issued special com-bat equipments to Lhasa Security personnel such asspecial gloves with sharp nails, tear gas, batons andlaser torch to deal with protesters and demonstra-tors on the streets. In addition, a stipulated 42-day“winter Strike Hard” campaign was declared from18 January 2009 in Lhasa city.17

Similarly, the non-”TAR” regions of ethnographicTibetan areas such as Gansu, Sichuan, Yunnan andQinghai reeled under an intense clout of securityrestrictions and repression. Unprecedented numbersof security and military check posts had been set upon major cross roads, highways and importantstreets.18 The call for a boycott of Losar Celebra-tion began several months before the New Year andgained footing among the younger Tibetans, intel-lectuals and dissidents as well as Tibetans living over-seas.In order to match the grassroots movement grip-ping the Tibetan areas, the Chinese government of-ficials pressured Tibetans to celebrate the Losar inthe usual manner. Nyima Tsering, Vice Chairmanof the “TAR” People’s Standing Committee, at aFebruary 10 press conference in Lhasa responded to“an underground campaign by some secessionists to

boycott the festival to ‘mourn the dead of 2008’”by advising that Tibetans proceed with Losar cel-ebrations.19 He further said that, “Tibetans are en-joying a good life now, there is no reason for themto forgo celebrating their traditional holiday thisyear.”20 The authorities’ linkage of Losar boycottmovement to a “campaign by some secessionists”put Tibetans in a difficult situation whereby theyhad to choose between celebrating Losar or face thepossibility of punishment for what officials charac-terized as “splittism”, a serious crime under the Chi-nese Criminal Law.

Following are a few known incidences from whereLosar Boycott was reported:About 20 days prior to the Tibetan New Year, Ti-betans in Kardze County held meritorious religiousprayers such as reciting Mani and Tara mantras as agesture of sincere grief and mourning for those Ti-betans who gave up their lives for human rights,freedom and justice in Tibet.21 In most parts of Ti-bet, the Tibetan New Year was not celebrated in thecustomary fashion. The meritorious prayers and ritu-als were intended to help and guide the deceasedTibetans for their safe and happy passage into theirfuture re-births in accordance with the Tibetan Bud-dhist beliefs.

However, just a few days before the Tibetan NewYear, the Chinese government officials visited vil-lages, townships, monasteries and nunneries to ex-tort the local Tibetans to celebrate the Tibetan NewYear in grand style. The Chinese officials even luredmonks and nuns to celebrate “usual Losar” withmonetary rewards.22 However, none of the monksand nuns celebrated the Tibetan New Year.According to the traditional Tibetan custom, on thethird day of the Tibetan New Year, the local Tibet-ans in all parts of Kardze Prefecture used to celebratethe Tibetan New Year with various festivities, amuse-ments and sports such as Horse racing competitions,dances, revelries, incense burning rituals and hoist-ing flags on mountain tops to please the local dei-


21

ties. However, during this New Year, none of suchtraditional festivities and celebrations was observedby the Tibetans, something unheard of and unprec-edented in Kardze region.23

In a sheer mockery, the Chinese government directedthe retired government officials and cadres to per-form “songs and dances” during the Tibetan NewYear day. However, not a single Tibetan spectatorturned to watch the “songs and dance” at KardzeCounty Headquarter staged by the higher Chineseauthorities. In embarrassment, the County officialslater brought the “singers and dancers” to Townshipsfor performance and entertainment. Once again nota single spectator came out to watch the performanceat Kardze Township Headquarter.24 On the otherhand, for the first time in their cultural history, thelocal Tibetans went on with normal routines andworks on the first day of the Tibetan New Year.Such display of non-co-operation was unprec-edented.

As a mark of a strong defiance and resistance againstthe Chinese government, on 28 February 2009,(fourth day of the Tibetan New Year) a huge bannedTibetan National flag was seen being hung on thewall of a police station in Lhoba Township, KardzeCounty, Kardze Prefecture, Sichuan Province. Inaddition, a huge graffiti in red paint carrying a slo-gan, “Independence for Tibet” was written just be-low the Tibetan National flag.25

Despite intense repression, Tibetans still managedto hold protests in Kardze County in what has beenseen as a continuous case of dissidence and pro-in-dependence movement inside Tibet. On 1 March2009, Kardze County witnessed three protest dem-onstrations in a single day. The protest demonstra-tions called for “Independence for Tibet”. The firstprotest took place at 10 am in the morning at Su-ngo Township Headquarter, Kardze County,Sichuan Province.26 It was led by two nuns, PemaYangtso and another nun whose identity still remains

yet to be ascertained. The two nuns were fromShi-lus Hermitage Nunnery, which was locatedthree kilometers away from Kardze County Head-quarter.

The first protest, was followed by another protestat 1 pm at Kardze County Headquarter. This timeit was led by two students and a monk. They wereidentified as Rinchen Phuntsok, age 15, TseringDrakpa, age 17 and a monk named Achoe, age 22.The two teenage students were Chinese languagestudents at the Chinese Middle School in KardzeCounty. According to the Chinese Constitution,juvenile below the age of 18 are not liable to bearrested and placed under custodial detention. How-ever, when it comes to the actual implementation,these laws are often violated and ignored by theChinese authorities.

Sources told TCHRD that the third protest of theday was carried out by a girl whose identity still re-mains unknown. There was also an unconfirmedreport of a man who staged a solo protest in KardzeCounty on 6 March 2009.27

Local monasteries in Kardze “TAP” refused govern-ment offers of money to pay for Losar celebrations.28

Radio Free Asia reported that when government-sponsored dance troupes visited Kardze villages forLosar performances, protest posters urging local resi-dents not to attend appeared, and few Tibetansturned up for the performances.29

Whereas in Lhasa City, a resident told an oversearadio station that just prior to Losar, “[The tradi-tional pilgrimage route and market area of ] Barkhorwas packed with soldiers as Losar and March ap-proached.”30 One of the callers told that, “Ramochetemple area is packed with soldiers. Usually theJokhang [temple] is packed with pilgrims prostrat-ing in front, now there [is] barely anyone doing pros-trations at the Jokhang.”31

22


In Sangchu (Ch:Xiahe) County, Gansu Province,“TAP,” it was reported that in early February “Riotpolice marched through Xiahe’s tense main street atregular intervals.” A monk in Xiahe, the location ofLabrang Monastery, told Reuters, “Last year, becauseof the Olympics, people were confident China couldnot be too harsh with us. But this year, nothingmuch will happen because people are much moreafraid.”32 Because of last year’s persistent protests inXiahe County, government “significantly increasedsecurity forces across Tibet in the face of a grassrootsmovement to boycott festivities during the comingTibetan New Year….”33

In Rebkong (Ch:Tongren) County, Malho “TAP”Qinghai Province, locals told a reporter that theywould quietly show their unhappiness by markingtheir traditional New Year, or Losar, bereft of cel-ebration.34 One local told the New York Times re-porter that “there is nothing to celebrate after whathappened last year.”35

In Lithang County, Sichuan Province: LobsangLhundup, a monk of Nekhor Monastery staged asolo protest on 15 February36 which set off a sub-stantial political unrest in Kardze in the followingdays,37 where protesters were shouting slogans call-ing for “Tibetan independence, the Dalai Lama’slong life and return to Tibet, and for Tibetans toskip celebration of Losar.”38 Police detained and beatLobsang Lhundup after he had protested for 15-20minutes.39 Many Tibetans joined LobsangLhundup’s protest and later many were arrestedwhile others sustained serious injuries after PSB of-ficials beat and manhandled the protesters. The to-tal number of Tibetans known to have been detained,since 15 February solo protest by Lobsang Lhundupof Nekhor Monastery and subsequent peaceful pro-tests on 16 February, reached 21.40 There is no in-formation on their current condition and status.In Mangra County in Tsolho (Ch: Hainan) QinghaiProvince. More than 100 monks from LutsangMonastery marched towards government offices in

the early morning and staged a peaceful candlelightvigil protest.41 Monks called for officials to ‘under-stand the aspirations and views of the younger Ti-betan generation and allow the Dalai Lama’s returnto Tibet.’42 The monks returned to the monasteryafter Tibetan community leaders urged them to doso.43 Later security officials began detaining themonks on 27 February and eventually detained, in-terrogated, beat or tortured about 120 monks.44

Later in April, a local court sentenced four of themonks to two years’ imprisonment.45

In many ways, Tibetan people were not able tocelebrate a normal New Year, in what appears to bean anticipatory clampdown on all kinds of protestdemonstrations on the anniversary of the last year’sprotest demonstration inside Tibet. The State re-pression and the hardening of it’s position on theDalai Lama have created deepening tensions in Ti-bet, contrary to the ‘genuine stability’ and ‘harmo-nious societies’ that President Hu Jintao claims tobe seeking.China admitted that it had deployed security forcesin the “TAR” but maintained that this accordedwith the region’s current needs. Xinhua quoted KangJinzhong, political commissar of the “TAR” ArmedPolice Division, as saying the deployment of armedpolice in Tibet is “no exceptional practice”, as theyare deployed in all other Chinese provinces, autono-mous regions, and municipalities.46 AFP cited theChairman of the “TAR” Government QiangbaPuncog as saying the troop deployment was a “usualand necessary” security measures for the upcoming50th anniversary of the Tibetan uprising. AlthoughPuncog disputed a link with the unrest of 2008,circumstantial evidence indicates that most securitytroops who came then to Tibet are still stationedthere. There appears to be no clear evidence thatadditional troops were brought up more recently tothe plateau.


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March 10th Uprising Anniversary &heightened Security Measures:

This anniversary was of a key event as the day markedthe 50th anniversary of the popular Tibetan people’suprising of 195947 and signaled the potential forrenewed Tibetan protests - a possibility the Chinesesecurity officials were determined to prevent.48 Theday also marks the first anniversary of the start ofTibetan protests last year. Official acknowledgmentof possible Tibetan protests was evident but offi-cials sought to portray the situation as “stable” inmost Tibetan areas.49 The Chairman of the ‘TAR’government “TAR,” Jampa Phuntsog (Ch: QiangbaPuncog), referred on March 6 to ‘special days’50 re-ferring to the month of March and acknowledgedthat some individuals might make “recklessmoves.”51 He further said, “No extraordinary mea-sures like the martial law will be enforced in Lhasabut the city will take usual, necessary security mea-sures during the anniversaries of the riots last yearand the democratic reform that emancipated mil-lions of serfs and slaves 50 years ago.”52 The govern-ment officials blamed security risks and the possi-bility of disturbance from the Dalai Lama’s groupand western groups of “Tibet Independence.”53

Days prior to the 10 March anniversary, Chinesegovernment officials publicly called for putting se-curity measures in place to maintain stability in the“TAR”. Chinese President Hu Jintao while joininga panel discussion with the “TAR” deputies to theNational People’s Congress called for the buildingof a ‘Great Wall of stability’ in Tibet prior to the50th anniversary. He said that Central and localgovernment must “reinforce the solid Great Wallfor combating separatism and safeguarding nationalunity.”54 This call for “a Great Wall of Stability”came days prior to ‘several sensitive dates in Tibet.’55

Leqog, Chairman of the Standing Committee ofthe “TAR” People’s Congress confirmed the increasein the strength of the People’s Armed Police (PAP)in some parts of Tibet because of the ‘intensified

secessionist activities by the ‘Dalai clique.’56 The“TAR” PAP political commissar, Major GeneralKang Jinzhong said on 9 March that his troops were‘ready to handle any infiltration and sabotage ac-tivities by the Dalai Lama clique and other hostileforces.”57

Ahead of the anniversary the Chinese security forcesacross Tibet conducted extensive searches for “suspi-cious characters”.58 Mobile phone networks andinternet servers were shut down so that activists couldnot organize any protest. According to the SouthChina Morning Post, police have not spared “a singlehotel, guesthouse or local home” in the city.59

Westerners, residents from Hong Kong, Macao andTaiwan had been banned, and even Tibetans fromother parts of the region outside Lhasa. It was re-ported that anyone whose identification had not is-sued by the local government was interrogated andeven detained, according to local hotel and restau-rant owners.60 Major monasteries had been sealedand armed police were on patrol night and day.Roadblocks and checkpoints had also been set upacross the city. Locals reportedly told that a protestinvolving dozens of monks broke out on 09 March2009 around the Sera monastery. At least half themonastery was cordoned off and two military ve-hicles with up to 100 armed police deployed out-side.61 Fearful of a spasm of new unrest, the Chi-nese government shut off many ethnic Tibetan ar-eas to foreign journalists and made scattered arrestsof organizers of resistance campaigns.

For instance Ragya Monastery, the most importantGelugpa monastery in the Golog region in QinghaiProvince had been locked down and sealed by secu-rity forces since 10 March, after political leaflets werecirculated and a huge Tibetan national flag washoisted atop the main prayer hall of the monastery.62

Several monks of the monastery were detained andthe monastery had since been completely lockeddown. On 21 March security forces claimed to havefound a Tibetan national flag and political leaflets

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in the room of a 28 year old monk, Tashi Sangpo,63

who was among the monks who had earlier raisedthe banned Tibetan flag. The young monk escapedarrest by throwing himself into the Machu River,one of Tibet’s largest rivers which flow past themonastery, in an apparent suicide. 64Security forcesarrested 95 people, nearly all of them monks in-cluding the monastery prefect (Tib: Gekoe), PaldenGyatso. It was reported that seven military trooptrucks arrived in Ragya, with more having been calledin from Xining.65

And on 27 January, Chinese police reportedly openedfire on a group of protesting monks at DergeGonchen Monastery (western Kardze Prefecture)after Chinese government staff partied on the mon-astery campus (with women dancing around inmonks’ robes) over the Chinese New Year. The in-cident occurred at a facility normally used for per-formance of the ritual “Cham” dances, which are ausual part of Monlam Chenmo.66

Earlier in March, more small protests were reportedin Kardze, Lithang and Nyarong Counties.67 Threeteenaged girls protested with leaflets and freedomslogans on March 11 and were arrested by around50 security police. On March 12, two boys identi-fied as Sonam and Dawa Tsering mounted similarprotests in Kardze town. In Nyarong County, threemen in their twenties, identified as Sonam Gonpo,Thok Thok and Pema Yeshe, were arrested afterpublicly setting fire to a pile of documents belonging to local authorities.

Following the solo protest of nun Pema Yangzomin Kardze on 3 March, three more people staged asimilar protest the same afternoon. RinchenPhuntsok, 15, Tsering Dakpa, 16, and a monknamed Choenyi Gyatso, 18, all were arrested.68 InNyima town in Nagchu County, Tibetan freedomslogans were written in bold blue letters across thewall of a government building.69 PSB officials sus-pected monks of Drong Ngu and Tana monaster-

ies, subsequently rounding up monks from theseinstitutions to compare their handwriting. A man-hunt was being conducted to find more suspects.

On 12 March, a group of Tibetans in NyarongCounty raised freedom slogans, distributed leaflets,pasted protest letters at the front of the governmentoffice, and raised the banned Tibetan national flagat a school. Three men were reportedly arrested,along with the inevitable severe beatings — withthe PSB officers breaking one man’s leg. The threewere later paraded through the local market by thepolice, who issued a cash prize offer for informa-tion leading to the other protesters.70

Ngangrong Tashi Choephel Monastery in ChentsaCounty, Malho “TAP” Qinghai province markedMarch 10 with a Sangsol incense-burning ceremony.Six young monks were reported to be detained byPublic Security Bureau police.71 On the same day,youths from two nearby villages performed Sangsolin recognition of the fiftieth National Uprising Day.A number of them are known to have been arrested,but further information is not yet available. In asimilar incident, youths from the nearby NyenmoVillage and Lu Gyal Village performed Sangsol tomark the uprising day. Reports of the arrest of someyouths were made. However, identities of thedetainees could not be provided due to restriction.72

Serfs Emancipation Day:

March 28 was officially announced as a public holi-day in “TAR”73 which the exile Tibetan governmenttermed as ‘offensive’ and ‘provocative.’74 China’s statemedia heralded “Serf emancipation day” as the com-memoration of one of the 20th century’s greatesthuman rights and anti-slavery milestones. TheChairman of the Standing Committee of the ‘TAR’People’s Congress, Legqog described the setting of‘Serfs Emancipation Day’ as “an important moveto wage a ‘tit-for- tat’ struggle against the Dalaiclique.”75 Many Tibetans sought to avoid partici-


25

pating in an official holiday that celebrated China’sdissolution by proclamation of the former Tibetangovernment in Lhasa in 1959, but the Chinese offi-cials staged closely-managed ceremonies anyway.

The Chinese government and Party officials with-out judging the sentiment of Tibetans acted in aprovocative manner at the time when Tibetans wereyet to recover from the wound of last year’s crack-down by pressuring Tibetans to celebrate ‘SerfsEmancipation Day’ and the end of the Dalai Lama’sgovernment whereas most of the slogans used byTibetan protesters were a call for the return of theDalai Lama to his rightful place. Contrary to thewishes of many Tibetans inside Tibet, Legqog saidthat Serfs Emancipation Day would “strengthenTibetans’ patriotism.”76 The “TAR” governmentannounced “grand celebrations” of the day in Lhasaand Beijing.77

According to a media report, heads of all countiesmet prior to the formal announcement of the holi-day and were forced to observe the day and to “en-sure that all people mark the occasion with festivi-ties,”78 but Tibetans were unwilling to celebrate theanniversary.79 There were a few reports on Tibetansprotesting against the celebration of “Serfs Emanci-pation day.”

Around 300 Tibetans, including monks of DenChoekorling Monastery in Jomda (Ch: Jiangda)County, Chamdo Prefecture, “TAR,” led a protestdemonstration at the government administrativeoffice on 10 January in Jomda County, in an at-tempt to stop the local authorities from taking aTibetan dance troupe to Lhasa to participate in thecelebration of the “Serf Emancipation Day” on 28March 2009. It was reported that two explosionshad occurred near the government administrativebuilding in Choekhor Township on 05 January 2009causing damage to property but no casualties werereported. The authorities investigating were not ableto arrest anyone in connection with the explosions.

however, on 24 January Chinese authorities forc-ibly arrested and detained at least 7 monks80 fromDen Choekhor Monastery on suspicion of their in-volvement in the explosion and held them at Jomdacounty detention centre.81 The abbot of the mon-astery, Tenzin Gyaltsen, also went missing and hiswhereabouts still remain unknown. 82

It was described by the source of the report thatgovernment pressure to celebrate the day was “a de-liberate attempt to humiliate the Tibetans who arenot completely recovered from last year’s militarycrackdown.”83 Later six out of the seven monks ar-rested were sentenced to varying prison terms byJomda County Intermediate People’s court on 22May 2009.84

Farming Boycott Movement in Kardze:

“Let it be, if we died of hunger andstarvation, but for those of our brothers andsisters who were tortured, injured, detainedand killed in the last year’s peacefuldemonstration, we must forgo planting cropsin fields as a gesture of respect, mourning andto express out solidarity with them. Thosewho had already planted crops in the fieldsmust not tend and reap the harvest. This isa request for all of you. If anyone who stillgoes on to plant crops in fields and harvestthem, I will come with a black scarf to greetthem.”85

Above is a part of the message written by Phuntsokin a leaflet pasted around Drango County, Kardze“TAP” on 25 March 2009 calling for people toboycott farming. Phuntsok, a 27 years old monkof Drango Monastery, was beaten to death by theChinese security forces.

Beginning March this year, Tibetan farmers inKardze region led a civil disobedience movement of“farming boycott”86 thereby refraining from tilling

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their land and planting crops at the usual croppingtime in defiance of the prevalent repressive policiesbeing initiated and implemented by the Chineseauthorities against the Tibetans and as a solemn ges-ture of mourning for Tibetans who were tortured,detained and imprisoned by the Chinese authori-ties. The farming boycott gained momentum inKardze prefecture87 as a form of civil disobedienceand non-cooperation movement with Tibetans asthey adopted the same passive strategy for the Losarboycott movement attempting to address the griev-ances that the “No Losar” did: the death and im-prisonment of Tibetan protesters and ongoing crack-down since the protests in 2008.

This non-violent movement of boycotting farm-ing was active especially in Kardze region of theSichuan Province. Officials in Kardze, Drango, andNyarong Counties in Kardze “TAP” issued noticeswarning farmers to resume normal farming activi-ties88 or face serious consequences like the confisca-tion of lands of those who refused to till theirfarms,89 in some areas the Chinese authorities is-sued an ultimatum to the farmers to till their farm-lands.90 Meanwhile, the exile Tibetan government’sprime minister, appealed to the people of Kardze tocooperate with the authorities and resume farmingactivities91 and many Tibetans complied with therequest, went back to their field to till their landthough it had been late by one month of entire cul-tivation season.92 Due to the late start, some cashcrops failed to yield properly and incurred loss onthe farmers.

For defying the calls by the Chinese government totill their land, Tibetan farmers were arrested, in somecases beaten so severely that they required hospital-ization, some even paid the ultimate price for boy-cotting farming in their areas.93 A Tibetan monk,Phuntsok, died from beating on 25 March afterofficials arrested him while pasting leaflets urgingTibetans to forego farming their farmlands to sup-port the farming boycott movement.94 On 15 April

2009, armed Chinese security forces of NyarongCounty opened fire on Tibetans protesting peace-fully against a court verdict, and against the crack-down that followed the farming boycott which re-sulted in the arrest of 9 Tibetans, including a womanand 8 men and injuries to several from police fir-ing..95

Similarly, Chinese authorities arrested a 27-year-oldmonk Jampa Dhondup96 of the Tse-Tsang Monas-tery on 19 March, alleging his involvement in theboycott. The civil disobedience movement was in-tended to oppose the oppressive Chinese policiesagainst Tibetans, according to posters which prolif-erated in the streets of Kardze towns. Counter threatswere issued, including land confiscation.97

Dhunka Dorjee, 40, Tsering Wangrak, 40, andPachen, 30, all from Lhoe-pa Township in KardzeCounty, were taken away by PSB forces for havingallegedly participated in the farming boycott.98 An-other unidentified Tibetan fled towards the moun-tains and escaped when PSB forces came to arresthim. Many of the young people in Kardze regionhad already been detained for protesting last year,leaving few capable hands to do farm work in anycase.On 27 March 2009, the PAP arrested 11 Tibetansfrom Da-do Village for defying the Chinese authori-ties order to till their farm lands. Following theirarrest arrestees were paraded in the village to intimi-date others from following suit. In what has beenseen as desperate move by the authorities to reign inthe protesting farmers, on 26 and 27 March 2009,a contingent of Chinese security forces came toDrango Township, carrying sacks full of fertilizersto extort the locals to plant and till their farmlands.On 1 April, several numbers of farmers were arrestedand severely beaten by the Chinese security forceswho defied the authorities’ order to till their farm-lands. As recorded earlier, a large contingent of PAPforces was deployed in Drango County to crush anykind of dissidence and protest. A total of fourteen


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Tibetans sustained injuries, some seriously and rela-tives of the injured Tibetans were not allowed tovisit them in the hospital. Khethar, a lady from Kya-lam Village in Drango County became mentallyunstable after receiving severe beatings at the handsof the security forces. The victims of the policeabuses were identified as Pema Lhamo, Yali, Palchenand Choekyi- all from Drango County.99

‘Strike Hard’ Campaigns and Mass Detention

In a move to tighten its grip on the Tibetan peoplein Tibet and intensify its hard-line policies prior toany major events, the Chinese authorities’ in Lhasacity had rounded up and interrogated 5,766 Tibet-ans in the first three days of its stipulated 42-daywinter “Strike Hard” Campaign beginning 18 Janu-ary 2009. 100 Although the primary objective of thecampaign was cited as to ensure public security andstability in the Lhasa city, however, the Centre be-lieves the sole objective was the authorities’ attemptto detain those Tibetans suspected to be involved inthe March 2008 protests and target former politicalprisoners and Tibetans from outside the city with-out a permit.101

According to the information given in the officialnewspaper, Lhasa Evening News (Ch: Lasa Wen Bao)dated 23 January 2009, “Within three days of thelaunch of Winter ‘Strike Hard’ Campaign begin-ning 18 January 2009, Lhasa City Public SecurityBureau (PSB) office had deployed 600 officers,around 160 police vehicles and conducted raids on7 housing blocks, 2,922 rented houses, 14 guesthouses and hotels, 18 bars and 3 internet cafés inLhasa. After conducting the raid on these locations,the PSB were able to round up 5,766 suspects andquestioned them. This figure highlights the resultof the launch of the “Strike Hard” campaign in Lhasasince it was launched three days ago.”102 At least 81suspects were detained and 5,766 Tibetans wererounded up, including two for having “reactionarysongs and opinions” on their mobile phones.103

The report given in the official newspaper furtherstated that the city police had recently issued a no-tice, requiring all Tibetans from outside the Tibetancapital wishing to stay there for more than threedays, and up to a month, to obtain a temporarypermit from the office of city police. This new de-velopment had severe repercussions on Tibetanssettled from outside the capital especially fromKham and Amdo regions and who were mostlyengaged in business or were on a long term pilgrim-age to the holy city of Lhasa. The fate of thoserounded up remains unknown.

The Chinese authorities in “TAR” decided to re-launch the “Strike Hard” campaign ahead of the 60thAnniversary of the National Day Celebration accord-ing to the official report posted on Xizang Ren bao(Tibet Daily) dated 8 September 2009.104

The official report stated that the “TAR” Commu-nist Party headed by “TAR” Party Secretary, ZhangQingli held a videoconference with other Partymembers, government officials and security forcesof the region. The primary goal of the video confer-ence was cited to be “proper delegation of roles ofthe concerned officials at all levels to strengthen co-operation, work closely together to maintain stabil-ity in the region and to ensure the smooth opera-tion of the National Day celebration.”105

Mr. Zhang lauded the Party members and securityforces on the success in suppressing ‘riots’ and se-curing stability post March 14, 2008 and to takeheed from last year’s success in putting more effortsin ‘checking and defeating the ‘Dalai clique’ and‘separatists’ forces outside’.The “Strike Hard” campaign was first launched inChina in 1983 to fight corruption and other crimes.However, in Tibet, under the guise of fighting crimes,securing stability and security, State law enforcementagencies abuse the fundamental human rights of theTibetan people by enforcing arbitrary arrest, deten-tion, interrogation, the targeting and forced expul-

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sion of former political prisoners from the capitalprior to the anniversary, targeting Tibetans fromoutside Lhasa city who do not have official tempo-rary stay permits (Ch: Zan Zhu Zheng) and activi-ties that oppose or criticize the Chinese governmentor its policies. State law agencies also keep close sur-veillance on the monastic populations and imposerestrictions on the movement of monks and nuns.The campaign timing and motive raised more ques-tions than answers given the sensitivities of majoranniversaries that follow the campaign.

A Year of Sustained Protests Followed byArbitrary Arrests and Detentions:

Over the past twelve months many cases of arbi-trary arrests or detentions of Tibetans that the Cen-tre has documented stemmed mostly from theirpeaceful protests in groups or as a sole protestercalling for or shouting slogans in support of the DalaiLama, freedom or independence for Tibet or forthe release of those arrested.. This process of arbi-trary arrests and detentions was accelerated by thelaunch of campaigns such as “strike hard” and “Pa-triotic Education.” A stipulated 42-day winter“Strike Hard” Campaign106 was launched at thebeginning of this year to secure public security andstability. Nearly 6,000 Tibetans were rounded upfor questioning and detained atleast 81 during thecampaign.107 Tibetans faced the presence of wellentrenched security forces ensuring “social stabil-ity.”108

With China stepping up its rhetoric against the DalaiLama saying it is a “life and death struggle”109 and “apolitical battle between separatists and anti separat-ists, it is linked to the political foundation of theCommunist Party, the unity of the motherland (and)the maintenance of social stability.”110 Equipped withthe approval stamp from the government, PSB of-ficials and PAP forces carried all out operations tothwart Tibetan political protests, and took swift

action to contain and detain the protesters. Therewere many instances where security forces used ex-cessive forces on peaceful protesters.111

The People’s Republic of China on 5 October 1998signed the ICCPR, which binds them in principleto the provisions therein, including the protectionof citizens from arbitrary arrest and detention. Ar-bitrary arrests and detentions are commonplace inTibet of those suspected of being involved in po-litical activities that China terms ‘endangering statesecurity’.

The existence of a right to freedom of speech andexpression is rendered redundant by the harsh crack-down on people exercising these rights peacefully.The expression of any view that contradict Chinesegovernment policies are deemed anti-national andthe consequences include arbitrary arrests and de-tention.

All forms of expression contrary to the policies ofthe Chinese Communist Party are grounds for de-tention in Tibet. The arbitrary nature of these ar-rests is reflected both by the reason for the arrests aswell as the disregard of procedural safeguards. Oncedetained, their rights in the areas of pre-trial deten-tion, fair trial guidelines and appellate procedure areviolated.

The surge in the political detention of Tibetans sinceMarch 2008 far outweigh the number of informa-tion available about the detainees. There had beenno information at all from the Chinese governmentabout Tibetans who were detained for peaceful pro-test or for a peaceful expression of their viewsthrough means other than staging peaceful politicalprotests. The human rights watchdogs are con-fronted with huge obstacles in finding accurate ac-count of the number of people detained, sentenced,released, imprisoned or died. However, the Centreover the past couple of years had compiled a list ofknown Tibetans, who were detained, released, sen-


29

tenced and died since March 2008 protests acrossthe Tibetan areas, from various sources. A total of1,542 Tibetans still continue to remain in deten-tion or serving prison sentences since 2008. TheCentre believes the figure certain to be far short ofthe true figure registered during two years. For thesake of clarity we have not included here 43 Tibetanpolitical prisoners who continue to remain in de-tention prior to 2008 March protests that wouldmake the grand total of 1,585 political prisoners.

The total number of 1,542 does not include Tibet-ans having been released after their detention or diedsince 2008. Out of this figure, 820 people or53.17% were from Sichuan Province which wit-nessed one of the most sustained and persistent pro-

tests in 2008 and in the following year. Whereas307 or 19.90% of people were from Gansu Prov-ince and 139 or 9.01% of the detention and sen-tenced were registered from Qinghai Province. Like-wise Tibetans from “TAR” constitute 273 or17.70% and 3 Tibetans or 0.19% was from YunnanProvince who were detained or sentenced.

The Centre this year recorded a high number ofTibetans having been arbitrarily arrested and detained

for their peaceful protests or non-compliance withthe authorities’ orders or for peaceful protest duringfarm boycott movement in Kardze Prefecture andahead of major anniversaries etc. The figure doesnot include reports of a large number of Tibetanshaving arrested or detained in group without their

Graph show ing Tibe tans arres ted or sentenced from various regions be tw een 2008-20

REGIONS NO PERCENTAGESichuan 820 53.17%

"TAR" 273 17.70%Gansu 307 19.90%Qinghai 139 9.01%Yunnan 3 0.90%TOTAL 1542 100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900 Sichua

"TAR"

Gansu

Qingha

Yunnan

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identification112 or arrested and later released afterdetention. There are still 145 known Tibetans whowere arrested this year and continue to remain indetention or serving prison sentences. Of the totalknown cases of detention and sentenced this year,90 or 62.06% were from Sichuan, 6 or 4.13% fromGansu and 20 or 13.79% from Qinghai Province,2 Tibetans or 1.37% from Yunnan Province and 27

or 18.62% of Tibetans were from “TAR.” Follow-ing are a few known cases of Tibetans having beendetained arbitrarily in the last 12 months or knownthis year for their peaceful exercise of the freedomof expression guaranteed in the Chinese constitu-tion and international covenants.

Lobsang Lhundup, a 38-year-old monk of Nekhor

Monastery was arrested after staging a solo protestat the main market square of Lithang town. He isknown to have been detained at the Lithang PSBDetention Centre.113

21 Tibetans114 from Lithang, all known to be fromnomadic families shifted from different villages toLithang town,115 were arbitrarily detained for stag-ing a peaceful protest on 15116 and 16 February

2009. The arrested include the head of Dekyi vil-lage, Lithang County, and two Tibetan nomadwomen from Sako village in Lithang County.117

Detainees were severely beaten by the security forcesat the time of their arrest and two of them, SonamTenpa, 29, and Lobsang Tenzin, 23, in particularsuffered serious injuries. The whereabouts of GelekKunga still remains unknown.118

Sichuan 90"TAR" 27

Qinghai 20Gansu 6

Yunnan 2TOTAL 145

Graph depicting Tibetans arrested or sentenced in 2009

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Sichuan "TAR" Qinghai Gansu Yunnan


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Tibetan Civil Servant Arrested: Tashi Dhondup, 27year old Tibetan civil servant was arrested by thesecurity forces at his home on suspicious groundson 12 March 2009. His personal computer andmobile phone were seized and he was forcibly takenaway by the security personnel for further investiga-tion. Tashi Dhondup is a Chinese government civilservant in Mangra County, Tsolho “TAP” QinghaiProvince.119 His younger brother Jinpa Gyatso, aged25, from Sum-dho Township, Mangra County haddisappeared a few days before Tashi’s arrest on 12March 2009. Jinpa was a student at a higher collegein Xining city, the provincial capital city of QinghaiProvince.120

Jigme Gyatso a.k.a Golog Jigme, 40, a monk ofAmdo Labrang Monastery was re-arrested bySangchu County Public Security Bureau (PSB)somewhere around 10 March 2009 from his resi-dence in Sangchu County, Kanlho (Ch: Gannan)“TAP”, Gansu Province. He was released on 3 May2009.121 Jigme was previously arrested on 23 March2008 and then later released on 15 October 2008for assisting Dhondup Wangchen, a Tibetan fromBayen, Tsoshar “TAP” in making the film ‘LeavingFear Behind’ (Tib: Jigdrel). Dhondup Wangchen wasarrested on 26 March 2008 by the Chinese authori-ties in Tong De in Qinghai Province. Dhondup wasfirst detained at Ershilipu Detention Centre, inXining city for three months and later taken toGongshang Hotel in the middle of July 2008.122

Lobsang Khandro, aged 21, from Gema Dra-wokNunnery in Thingka Township, Kardze County wasarrested on 6 March 2009 after a few minutes ofsolo protest in Kardze. She was subjected to severebeatings at the site of the protest before being takenaway to a detention center.123

On 11 April 2009, Nagchu PSB arbitrarily arrestedKhensur Thupten Thapkhey, 47, a former abbot ofShapten Monastery and 34-year-old scripture mas-ter, Geshe Tsultrim Gyaltsen, for unknown reasons.Similarly, another monk, Tsundue, 30, a head of

the Shapten Monastery’s Democratic ManagementCommittee (DMC) was misled by Chinese authori-ties that he had to attend a meeting but was escortedto the Nagchu PSB Detention Centre.124

Around sixty local Tibetans from NyagchukaCounty (Ch: Yajiang Xian), Kardze “TAP,” SichuanProvince were arrested by local PSB while appeal-ing for an immediate release of a well known localspiritual figure, Tulku Tenzin Delek Rinpoche on 5December 2009.125

Tenpa, 30-year-old and his younger brother, Jamdo,25, both farmers from Rapa Village, Zakhog Town-ship, Kardze County, Kardze “TAP” who were ac-tively involved in last year’s 18 March protest inKardze County and were on the run for monthswere finally arrested by the security forces at thebeginning of May 2009 in Jyekundo, QinghaiProvince. There is no information as to where theduo was held and how their current condition is. 126

Two monks of Labrang Monastery; TsundueGyatso, 35 years old and 38-year-old Sonam Gyatsowere earlier arrested and released thrice by the Chi-nese security forces for their participations in a se-ries of protests that took place in Labrang last year.They were arbitrarily arrested during a raid onLabrang Monastery monks’ residences by Chinesesecurity forces on 14 May 2009. There is no infor-mation on their current whereabouts and conditions.No family members and close associates were toldof their whereabouts despite their approaching thelocal Public security office.127

Two Tibetan women - a nun named Pema Yangzom,and a girl whose name and age were unavailable -staged separate protests in front of Kardze’s PublicSecurity Bureau (PSB), and quickly taken away byChinese police, Radio Free Asia reported.128

Two monks and three laymen were arrested on 06and 07 March for staging protests in Kardze (Ch:Ganzi) county, in Sichuan province, reported Oslo-

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based Voice of Tibet (VoT) radio service. The re-port did not name the two monks nor gave detailsabout their protest action, which it said took placeon 06 March. It named the three teenagers whostaged a protest on 07 March as Tsering Dakpa 16;Chonyi Gyaltsen, 18, and Rinchen Phuntsok, 15.It said they were severely beaten after their arrest.129

A 36-year old monk, Kelsang Gyatso, of the LabrangTashikyil Monastery was arrested by the police on13 April 2009. Kelsang was part of a group ofmonks who defiantly briefed a state managed me-dia tour to the area on 9 April 2008. He was liftedby a group of police officers waiting in a vehiclewhile he was traveling from Labrang to Tsoed Cityon the morning of 13 April 2009. Two monks,Thabkhey and Tsundue of Labrang Monastery whowere also part of the monks briefing the media tourlast year and who disappeared soon after the daringact are still reported to be missing.130

On March 14, four young Tibetans131 shouted free-dom slogans in Kardze County. Namsel Dorjee, 28,Karma Norbu, 17, Rinchen Wangsel, 16, andSangye Tsering, 17, were immediately arrested andare currently locked up in the new detention centrenear the Kardze People’s Hospital. Relatives whoattempted to offer them food and clothing weredenied access by PSB authorities. Jamyang, the fa-ther of Karma Norbu, was arrested last year for par-ticipating in peaceful protests. He remains in prisonand is known to be in poor health. Two other sonsof Jamyang are currently serving three year prisonsentences for protesting Chinese policies.Two nuns; Yulshey and Tseten Lhamo were arrestedin Kardze for what was described as shouting slo-gans calling for the return of the Dalai Lama andhuman rights for Tibetans and carrying a bag con-taining political pamphlets. The nuns belong toLama Ladrakrak Monastery in Kardze. Both wereseverely beaten before being arrested by the securityforces. The nuns are reportedly being held at a newdetention centre in Kardze.132

On March 6 at around 10 am, nun Lobsang

Khandro, 21, of the Gema Dra-wok Nunnery inKardze County, staged a solo protest march fromthe Takchu Bridge to Kardze government headquar-ters.133 She carried pamphlets and other political lit-erature on Tibet, some prayer flags and shouted slo-gans. Five police vans with security forces rushed tothe scene and severely beat her before taking to de-tention center.

Chinese Police in Nyarong (Ch: Xinlong) County,Kardze “TAP”, Sichuan Province, opened fire on acrowd of Tibetans, leaving several injured and ar-resting nine of them, including a woman.134 TheTibetan radio news service VOT reported that theprotesters were calling for the release of three Tibet-ans who had been arrested for earlier protests.

On 28 June Chinese police in Chamdo arrested an18 year-old Tibetan schoolboy for opposing Chi-nese rule and expressing loyalty to the Dalai Lama.135

Lobsang Nyandak, a student of Guru Gewa School,draped himself in a white cloth on which was writ-ten “Tibetan independence, Long Live Dalai Lama,China out of Tibet”. He also carried a cloth paintedwith the colours of the Tibetan flag. He then stoodin the local market and shouted the slogans: “Tibetis independent; tsampa eating Tibetans, wake up”,before walking to the local police station where hewas detained.The above cases seem to indicate that the authori-ties have termed nonviolent expression of politicalopinion as shouting ‘reactionary slogans that aim tosplit the nation’ and violent protests under the labelof criminal separatist activities. On several occasions,the “TAR” Communist Party and Government of-ficials have called for a swift and quick judicial pro-cess to strike back at the “separatists” and the “Dalaiclique”.136 Failure on the part of the authorities todifferentiate between the two raises serious doubtsabout the validity of characterizing as “criminals” anunknown proportion of protesters who are de-tained, tortured and sentenced. These are clear-cuthuman rights violations if nothing else.


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Judicial System and Political Interference:

“China seeks to guarantee judicialindependence and fair administrationofjustice through continued reform andimprovement of its judicial system.”137

–Ambassador Li Baodong, Palais Des Nations, Geneva, 9 February 2009In the prevailing atmosphere where the State mufflethe freedom of expression, opinion and restrict peace-ful assembly, the temples of justice are virtuallyhandicapped in delivering justice- with a series ofpolitical instructions given to the courts that practi-cally nullify the possibility of a court adjudicatingfairly and impartially in cases of Tibetans involvedin protests. Zhang Qingli, the “TAR” Party Secre-tary on 17 March 2008, urged that there be “quickarrests, quick hearing and quick sentencing”138 ofthe people involved in last year’s protests that shookthe entire Tibetan plateau. Under such circumstanceswhere political directives to the court take prece-dence become inherent circumvention of guaran-tees for a fair and impartial trial.

The criminal justice system remained highly vul-nerable to political interference. The courts,(procuratorate) the prosecuting organ, and the po-lice remained under the supervision of the ChineseCommunist Party. The authorities continued to usebroad and vaguely defined provisions of criminallaw relating to state security and “state secrets” tosilence dissent and punish human rights defenders.The government of the PRC should reform its pro-cedures as recommended by the Universal PeriodicReview (UPR) Working Group in February this yearthat calls for numerous reforms including reformin the state secret law and definitions of crimes suchas “incitement to subversion of state power” or“leaking state secret.”139 Under the prevalence of suchbroadly ambiguous law provisions, the state lawenforcement agencies abuse the law by harassing,detaining and arresting of human rights defenderswho exercise their fundamental rights in a peaceful

manner. Many Tibetans charged under “subversionto state power or espionage,” leaking “state secrets”etc. received unfair trial and were not given the pro-tections afforded to other criminal suspects as stipu-lated in criminal procedure law provisions such asaccess to legal counsel, family and open trials.The government failure to distinguish betweenpeaceful protesters and those committing acts ofviolence is highly regrettable. Article 103 of theCriminal Law sets forth the crime of “inciting sepa-ratism and harming national unity,” which is overtlyinterpreted by the authorities as precluding any writ-ten or oral advocacy of self-determination, includ-ing, in the case of Tibet, calls for the return of theDalai Lama, and display of the Tibetan flag.

The centre has recorded cases which indicate thatthe authorities have clubbed non-violent expressionof political opinion and violent protests under thelabel of criminal separatist activities. Such failure todifferentiate between the two raises serious doubtsabout the validity of the characterization of “crimi-nals” of an unknown proportion of protestors de-tained and sentenced and suggests clear-cut humanrights violations in a number of cases.

In the past there was sufficient evidence that provedthat the right of the defendants to be represented bythe lawyers of their choice was ignored by the judi-cial authorities. For instance, a group of prominentChinese civil rights lawyers issued an open letteroffering to provide legal assistance to the Tibetandetainees.140 “As professional lawyers, we hope thatthe relevant authorities will handle Tibetan detain-ees strictly in accordance with the constitution, thelaws and due process for criminal defendants,” theletter said. “We hope that they will prevent coercedconfessions, respect judicial independence and showrespect for the law.” It was shocking what happenedafter lawyers volunteered to provide legal assistance.The judicial authorities in Beijing threatened to dis-cipline these lawyers and suspend their professionallicenses unless they withdrew their offers of assis-

34


tance. The Chinese authorities claimed that the Ti-betan protesters were “not ordinary cases, but sensi-tive cases” and asked law firms to dissociate them-selves from the individual signatories or to termi-nate their employment. With such high politicizedbackground, Tibetan defendants accused of havingparticipated in the protests stand little chance ofbenefiting from meaningful legal representation andthe due process of law to which they are entitledunder Chinese Criminal Law.

Similarly a Chinese organization consisting of law-yers and academics called “Gongmeng” referred to inEnglish as the “Open Constitution Initiative” thatadvocates the rule of law and greater constitutionalprotections published a report in 2009. The reportcriticised the Chinese government’s policy towardsTibet, alleging that propaganda is being used to maskfailings in its Tibet policy, such as ethnic inequalityand creating “an aristocracy of corrupt and abusivegovernment officials”141 It has been regarded as amore balanced view of the situation in Tibet andhas had approval circulating through discussionwebsites in China, though the Chinese governmenthas yet to comment.142

On 14 July 2009, the organization was fined at astunning 1.46 million RMB. On 17 July 2009,officials from Beijing’s Civil Affairs Bureau declaredthe organization “illegal” and shut it down.143 Theweek before, the Beijing Justice Bureau had postedon its website a notice revoking the licenses of 53lawyers associated with the group. On 29 July 2009Xu Zhiyong was arrested on charges of ‘tax eva-sion’144 and subsequently released on bail on 23August 2009.145 His administrative assistant,Zhuang Lu is reported to have disappeared, possi-bly held in a detention house in Beijing.146

Regarding China’s claim of guaranteeing legal rightsand representations for Tibetan detainees, China failsto provide full information, including of those Ti-betans outside the “TAR” who have been sentenced. The direct threats imposed on Chinese lawyers who

volunteered to defend Tibetan detainees show thevery discriminatory nature of the legal system ofCommunist China. It should be understood thatthis legal system is politically motivated against Ti-betans who engage in political activities, because thesystem is maintained to safeguard the interests ofthe Communist Party of China.

In fact in all cases, there was absence of due processas required under international laws in a state with arule of law such as filing of documents, engagingindependent lawyers, case verification, consultationfrom both parties, non-extraction of confessionthrough torture, etc. The purpose and nature ofcourts in Tibet obviously is only to provide a legalrubber stamp on pre-concluded convictions with-out the basic concept of ‘innocent until provenguilty.’

For example, in July 2009, in two independent casesthe Chinese authorities have blocked Beijing basedlawyers from representing a Tibetan filmmaker147

and two Tibetan monks.148 In Qinghai province,court officials told lawyer Li Dunyong that he wouldnot be allowed to defend Tibetan documentary pro-ducer Dhondup Wangchen who is currently await-ing trial in Xining. Wangchen had interviewed Ti-betans on their political views for the film “LeavingFear Behind” and was arrested in March 2008. In aseparate case, lawyer Li Fangping was prevented fromrepresenting two Tibetan monks from LabrangMonastery in Gansu province who were arrestedafter taking part in a political protest. TsultrimGyatso149 and Thabkey Gyatso,150 were recently sen-tenced to prison terms of life and 15 years respec-tively for “splitting the country.” The lawyer Li saidthat, “The authorities not only refused my request tomeet those two men, they also refused my involve-ment in the case by saying they already had lawyers.They effectively denied the families’ rights to inde-pendently hire attorneys.”151


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Targeting Influential Personalities toSubdue Disciples:

Over the past years the Chinese government hasemployed every possible tactic to target and subdueprominent and revered religious figures who have alarge number of followers. It is appalling and con-demnable that many highly revered religious per-sonalities who have contributed so much in uplift-ing the masses were arbitrarily detained, imprisonedand framed on untenable charges. This was not anew thing rather it serves as a dark reminder ofChina’s persistent vilification and demonizing cam-paign against the prominent religious figure insideTibet who have been viewed as a direct challenge totheir authority. In addition, Chinese authorities inorder to give a different dimension to the mostlypeaceful protests last year are distorting facts withfabricated evidence extracted through torture so asto label the prominent religious leader as someoneinstigating violence. It is something the authoritieshave been working so hard over the past years. Suchacts are disparagingly worrisome as numerous hu-man rights are violated in the process.

In the past, many of prominent Tibetan religiousfigures such as Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok of famedSertha Buddhist Institute, Geshe SonamPhuntsok152 of Dargay Monastery in Kardze, TrulkuTenzin Delek Rinpoche,153 the founder of KhamNalanda Monastery, who championed the welfareof Tibetan people and Bangri Rinpoche,154 thefounder of Gyatso orphanage in Lhasa were all ar-rested under false and fabricated charges. Many ofthem are serving lengthy prison sentences whereasfew have passed away after their releases.155

A recent case is that of Tulku Phurbu TseringRinpoche (Buronglang). It is appalling and highlycondemnable that Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpochewas framed on weapon charges related to the lastyear’s peaceful protests in Kardze. His case is thefirst known case of a senior Buddhist leader being

tried in court with a serious charge linked to lastyear’s protests and accused of illegally possessingammunitions and embezzlement,156 his Beijingbased lawyer Li Fangping said.157

Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche, 52, is a highly re-garded reincarnated Tulku (Living Buddha) of TehorKardze Monastery in Kardze County, Kardze “TAP”,Sichuan Province. He is the chief spiritual precep-tor and the head of Puruna and Ya-tseg Nunneriesin Kardze. A charismatic figure who was a source ofinspiration and hope he had constructed an old agepeople’s home and opened two chemist shops forthe local Tibetans.

The arrest of Phurbu Tsering is more likely con-nected to an incident that had occurred on 14 May2008,158 four days before his arrest, when around80 nuns from the abovementioned nunneries tookto the streets to carry out a peaceful protest againstthe Chinese government’s ‘patriotic education” cam-paign, which pressured Tibetans to denounce theDalai Lama, Tibet’s spiritual leader159 and theirteacher, Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche.160 There was noinformation on Tulku Phurbu Tsering since his ar-rest last year until the case of his trial emerged on 21

Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche

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April 2009 when one of his Beijing based Chineselawyers, Li Fangping said in an interview with theAssociated Press that the Ganzi Intermediate People’sCourt in Dartsedo (Ch: Kangding) had put Tulkuon trial on the charge of illegally possessing weap-ons. Prosecutors say a pistol and more than 100bullets and cartridges were found under a bed inPhurbu Tsering Rinpoche’s living room during apolice raid. However, the defense lawyer describedthe charge as “untenable” as the “police didn’t askhim about the source of the weapons or check forfingerprints.”161

Security arrangements were stepped up in the areaduring the trial to prevent local Tibetan monks andlay people from protesting outside the courtroom.Seven members of his family, including his wife andson, were allowed inside the court, some cryingthroughout the trial. Speaking in Chinese, Tulkudenied the alleged crimes, arguing in particular thatthe weapons and ammunition found at his homehad been planted there to frame him. Tulku wasreportedly tortured for four days and nights upondetention and forced into making a confession afterpolice interrogation. Police even threatened his wifeand son of detention if Tulku did not comply, ac-cording to his lawyer as cited by the AP report.162

On 25 April, Jiang Tianyong,163 the other lawyerdefending Tulku said in a telephonic interview thatthe court would pronounce a verdict on 28 April,and that Tulku faced a second criminal charge ofillegal occupation of the state land ‘embezzlement’164

involving a home for the elderly he had set up. On27 April, one of the judges contacted Jiang Tianyongto inform him that the court would not announcethe verdict the following day, and that the courthad postponed the verdict setting a new date.165 Thelatest information coming out of Tibet indicates thatTulku was sentenced to 8 years and six months injail by Kardze Intermediate People’s Court on 23December 2009.166 There is no information on whatcharges Tulku was sentenced. But to other reports

his lawyer told that Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche “wascharged with illegal possession of ammunition andembezzlement, but he denied all charges.”167 He iscurrently known to be detained at Dartsedo PSBDetention Centre.

There are some flaws in the government’s case againstTulku as the Tulku had been coerced to confess withtorture while in detention at Drango (Ch: Luhuo)County Detention Centre: “He was handcuffed byan alternating hand each day to an iron pillar in theinterrogation room and with arms outstretched andunable to sit down he was interrogated continuouslyfor four days and four nights by a team of six peoplein three units of two people; at the same time thedefendant was told that if he did not confess thatthe weapons and explosive[s] were his, then his wifeand son would be detained.”168 Such confession ex-tracted through torture is not admissible in the courtagainst the suspect as it violates the fundamentalinternational norm and violates article 43 of therevised Criminal Procedure Law that states, “ theuse of torture to coerce statements and the gather-ing of evidence by threats, enticement, deceit or otherunlawful methods are strictly prohibited.”.On the second allegation of “illegally occupying stateproperty”, the defense lawyer held that Tulku hadlegally acquired the right to use state-owned land,that the old age people’s home was registered as a“civic private non-enterprise” and was neither a col-lective work unit nor state-owned. The defense law-yer produced a series of factors including financialtransactions and registrations in order to bring aboutthe operation of an old aged people’s home. Ac-cording to the defense lawyers statement to theCourt, “the facts are unclear and there is insufficientevidence in this case to charge Living BuddhaBuronglang with the crime of illegal occupation ofstate property. At the same time, to define LivingBuddha Buronglang’s management of theBuronglang old people’s home as the crime of oc-cupying state property is a failure of common sensealso inhuman and irrational!”169


37

The defence lawyer considered the allegations of il-legal possession of weapons and explosive and oc-cupying state property as lack of factual clarity andinsufficient evidence and a serious violation of law.On the allegation of “illegally possessing weaponsand explosive” the defense lawyer’s statement pointedout the failure on the part of the law enforcementagency to conduct test investigation pertaining tothe origin of the gun, checking finger prints thatwould conclusively show the gun and explosivespolice found in Tulku’s residence were his or notand that he was not framed by someone who putgun in his home. Such lapses in investigation pro-cess and the evidence did not meet the standardrequired under the Chinese Criminal ProcedureLaw170 and the witness and the expert failed to ap-pear in court for cross examination, and it was im-possible to ascertain the reason why. According tothe Criminal Procedure Law and relevant legal opin-ions, witnesses and expert witnesses, aside from thosewith legal reasons to be excluded, should appear incourt for cross-examination, otherwise their testi-mony and expert opinion could not be accepted.

The trial of Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche wasreported widely in the international media. Thesereports show just how important such attention andpressure can be for the convict. Judgment and sen-tencing had been postponed indefinitely.171

TCHRD learnt about the court sentence on 23December.While analyzing the case of Tulku, detrimental aswell as potential positive aspects of the legal system’sfunction in China come clear. The usual trend showsthe government as adamant and in its questionableapplication of criminal charges to achieve an appar-ent political mileage. However; the new trend indi-cates a new avenue being explored by Tibetan de-fendants to access a competent and vigorous legaldefence. In addition, Tibetans inside Tibet began tocall for the court to conduct fair judicial proceed-ings in accordance with the law. For instance, sixTibetans monks staged a peaceful sit-in protest on

2 April 2009 in front of the Xining City HighPeople’s Court,172 Qinghai, holding a large bannerappealing for fair trial in accordance with the law.The monks were reportedly led away by the localPSB officers and their whereabouts remain un-known.

Given the various lapses highlighted by Tulku’s de-fense lawyers, China should seriously and strictlyrespect its constitution and other laws to the fullestand all related bodies and individuals must act withinthe confines of the Constitution and the laws. Rightsof all individuals must be respected; thorough andeffective protections must be guaranteed to all citi-zens including those of minorities.

EEEEExxxxxecution of ecution of ecution of ecution of ecution of TTTTTibetans:ibetans:ibetans:ibetans:ibetans:

Judging from the State media reports over the seriesof protests last year in Tibet that portrayed the en-tire events in a bad light and the death sentencespassed on Tibetans in April173 this year and theirexecution in October174 it was shocking to hear thestatement made by the court officials that the callfor the execution of two Tibetans for committing“extremely serious crime and have to be executed toassuage the people’s anger.”175 Despite repeated callsby the international human rights groups176 andexiled government and parliament177 to commutethese death sentences, China went ahead with theexecution of Tibetans on 20 October this year.178

The victims were: Lobsang Gyaltsen, 27, fromLhasa, Loyak, 25, of Tashi Khang, Shol Township,Lhasa, Penkyi and an unidentified Tibetan wereexecuted in Lhasa on Oct 20. The Chinese state me-dia confirmed the execution of only two Tibetans179

whereas the Centre had earlier received informationon the execution of four Tibetans.

A report indicates that Lobsang Gyaltsen was alloweda visit by his mother before he was executed. “I havenothing to say, except please take good care of mychild and send him to school,” he was quoted as

38


telling her mother.180

According to sources, the dead body of LobsangGyaltsen, from Lubug on the outskirt of Lhasa city,was handed over to his family and it was later knownto have been immersed in Kyichu River.181

In mid April of the year, the National Human RightsAction Plan (2009-2010) of China released by theInformation office of China’s State Council statedthat death penalty shall be strictly controlled andprudently applied.182 In December last year, China’sSupreme People’s Court issued a new regulationwith 7 articles clarifying the conditions and proce-dure used to halt execution of death penalty.183

However, the death sentences passed on Tibetanconvicted in last year’s protest were denied even thebasic due process although the Plan boasts of fol-lowing stringent judicial procedures for death sen-tences and review procedure.

According to the Chinese official mouthpiece dated8 April 2009, Lhasa Municipal Intermediate People’sCourt sentenced two people to death (LobsangGyaltsen and Loyak), two to suspended death pen-alties (Tenzin Phuntsok and Kangtsuk) and another(Dawa Sangpo) to life imprisonment on charges ofarson causing death.184 The five were convicted oftorching five shops in Lhasa, killing seven people,during the March 14 riot.

On 21 April 2009 the same court, according to the

State media, sentenced three Tibetans (Penkyi ofNyemo County and Penkyi of Sakya County andChime of Namling County) to suspended death,life and 10 years’ imprisonment respectively for set-ting fires that allegedly killed six people in Lhasalast year.185 The Centre is highly concerned aboutthe fate of Tibetans who were on suspended deathsentences.

There is no official information on whether theywere adequately represented by a defense of theirchoice, whether they had an opportunity to chal-lenge the evidence produced against them, orwhether the defense could produce their own wit-nesses during the procedures. The Centre is awarethat death sentence passed on Tibetans have beencarried out without adequate legal oversight that theconvicts were denied access to family and legal coun-sel and held incommunicado for a long period oftime violating many basic human rights. Such vio-lations of basic due process rights are chronic in Ti-bet. There is no information on whether the defen-dants appealed their sentences to the SupremePeople’s Court after Lhasa Municipal IntermediatePeople’s Court sentenced Lobsang Gyaltsen andLoyak to death on 8 April 2009.186

The secretive nature of the trial is particularly hardto justify for a number of reasons, not least thatunder Chinese law all trials are supposed to be open.One would have expected the presence of domesticand international observers, not to mention relatives.Yet, absolutely no information has been made pub-lic on the proceedings, leaving many fundamentalquestions about these important cases unanswered.

Despite official restrictions on information, judg-ing from the events from various sources it was clearthat protests in some pockets did turn violent re-sulting in deaths, injury, damages to properties andlives. The Centre condemns such attacks and ac-knowledges the authorities’ right and duty to pro-tect all individuals against violence; however, the

Loyak produced before in Lhasa Intermediate

Poeple’s Court


39

more concerning issue here is that while restoringorder the Chinese authorities resorted to measures,which violate international human rights law andstandards. These include unnecessary and excessiveuse of force, intimidation, arbitrary detentions andenforced disappearance. While such measures mayhelp to quell a protest in the short-run but suchviolations will only stoke up further hostility, com-promising any future effort to address legitimategrievances held by many Tibetans over the Chinesegovernment’s policy.

The PRC government currently sentences morepeople to death each year than any other nation inthe world. TCHRD condemns the executions offour Tibetans and urges PRC government to showrestraint and to grant its citizens fair trials and toabide by the basic human rights of all of its peoples,regardless of their ethnicity.

The Centre expresses its unconditional oppositionto the use of the death penalty as it is a violation ofthe fundamental right to life and the right not to besubjected to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatmentor punishment. It should also be noted that thedeath penalty has never shown to have a special de-terrent effect nor should state use it to justify thewrong done by the defendant. For instance, in thecase of two Tibetans (Lobsang Gyaltsen and Loyak)the state media earlier reported that both “have tobe executed to assuage the people’s anger.”187 Sucheyeball for eyeball approach is in no way a justifica-tion of giving death sentence. The execution of Ti-betans is a further proof of China’s unwillingness toabide by the United Nations Global Moratoriumon the Death Penalty, adopted in 2007,188 whichestablishes a suspension on executions with a viewto abolish the death penalty. On 18 December2007,the UN General Assembly adopted a ground break-ing resolution calling for a moratorium on the useof the death penalty. The resolution was adoptedby an overwhelming majority; however, China votedagainst the resolution calling for a worldwide mora-

torium on executions.189 Snubbing of such an im-portant resolution, although nonbinding, raises se-rious concern over the fate of other Tibetans withsuspended death sentences.190

The Year of Court Sentencing:

Despite much restriction on the flow of informa-tion from Tibet to the outside world, quite an in-formation regarding Tibetan people having beensentenced by courts at various levels has emerged orreached the outside world. The official statistics onthe number of Tibetans having sentenced so far aresketchy and few. The Vice-Chairman of the regionalgovernment of the “TAR”, Pema Tsewang, in a re-mark during a meeting with visiting members ofthe Australian House of Representatives on 4 No-vember 2008, said that 55 Tibetans had been handeddown with sentences ranging between three years tolife imprisonment for their involvement in the‘March 14 riot’ in the Tibetan Capital.191 However,it was not known whether this figure included thetotal of 42 Tibetans sentenced earlier on 29 Apriland 20-21 June.192 The bald comment was devoidof any details about names, charges, jail terms, datesof court trials and other details. But late in Novem-ber last year, the figure was raised to 69193 by thePermanent Representative of China to the UN atGeneva during response to CAT experts.

The harshest of the prison sentences having beenpassed on the Tibetans arrested since last year cameon 8 April 2009 and 21 April this year with LhasaMunicipality Intermediate People’s Court sentenc-ing two Tibetans to death, three to death with two-year reprieve, two others to life imprisonment andone to 10 years imprisonment.194

On 21 April 2009, Lhasa Municipal IntermediatePeople’s Court sentenced one man to death with atwo-year reprieve and two others to long jail termsfor setting fire that allegedly killed six people in Lhasalast year. Penkyi, of Sakya County, Shigatse Prefec-

40


ture (Ch:Xigaze) “TAR” was sentenced to death witha two-year reprieve, whereas Penkyi, from NyemoCounty, Lhasa Municipality, “TAR” was sentencedto life imprisonment and Chime, from NamlingCounty, Shigatse Prefecture “TAR” was sentencedto 10 years imprisonment on charges of arson, set-ting fire to clothing stores last year during the Lhasaunrest.

While the official mouthpiece,Xinhua, report states that trialshad been open and strictly abidedby the Criminal Procedure Lawof the People’s Republic of Chinaand provided with Tibetan inter-preters for the defendants duringthe trial,195 the right of defendantsto be represented by the lawyerof their choice had been ignoredby the judicial authorities in otherearlier cases, due to the politicizednature of the process.

Political patronage in judicial trialis evident from past experiences.Pema Trinley, Executive Vice Gov-ernor of “TAR,” who was also aDeputy Secretary, Standing Com-mittee of the “TAR” CommunistParty’s Political and Legal Affairs,called on judiciary bodies to act fast and strike hardon ‘Dalai clique’ during a meeting on 2 April 2008in Lhasa. He further said that stringent legal actionshould be taken in tune with the Party policy sothat the finalverdict would gain political, legal and social divi-dends, referring to achieving social and political sta-bility in the region.

The recent Chinese official report stated that 76people196 had been sentenced in connection with the2008 unrest only in the so called “Tibet Autono-mous Region,” ignoring reports on Ngaba, Sangchu,

Kardze region in the eastern parts of Tibet in par-ticular which witnessed one of the most sustainedand innovative protests and the highest number ofarrests. However, the official Chinese newspaper,Ganze Daily, dated 15 May 2009 acknowledged only28 Tibetans having been sentenced so far in Kardze197

by the Kardze Intermediate People’s Court. In ad-

dition the Ganze Daily on 12 April reported thearrest of 73 Tibetans on alleged charges of ‘leakingstate secret, gathering, procuring or illegally provid-ing state secret or intelligence outside of the coun-try.”198 The reported started that cases of 34 Tibet-ans had been sent to the respective county courtsfor hearing. There has been no information on thedetail of the court trials ever since. The last two of-ficial reports citing sentencing of Tibetans were on8 April199 when 5 Tibetans were sentenced and 3more sentenced on 21 April 2009200 making up atotal 81 Tibetans officially sentenced.

Pie Chart showing Tibetans sentenced in 2008-2009 "TAR" 125

Gansu 17 Sichuan 161

Qinghai 29

Yunnan 1 TOTAL 334

0.29% 8.68%

5.08%

37.42%

48.20%

"TAR"

Gansu

Sichuan

Qinghai

Yunnan


41

According to our database, out of 334 known casesof Tibetans having been sentenced since 2008,201 161Tibetans (or 48.20%) were from Ngaba and Kardze“TAP” under Sichuan Province. whereas Tibetansfrom “TAR” constituted 125 of the total or 37.42%and a total of 29 or 8.68% were Tibetans fromQinghai, and 17 Tibetans or 5.08% were fromGansu Province, one Tibetan from Yunnan202 theorigin of one Tibetan sentenced remains unknown.Those convicted have received sentences rangingfrom fixed jail terms to life, as well as to death ordeath with a two-year reprieve. Most of the Tibet-ans from “TAR” were sentenced for crimes such as“arson, looting, picking quarrels and provokingtroubles, assembling a crowd to storm state organs,disrupting public service, and theft.” But the offi-cial report rarely elaborates on what the sentenceswere, what charges they faced, or what happened tothose detained.Over the past couple of years, the Centre has docu-mented the known cases of 334 Tibetans sentencedbut to its astonishment the cumulative year of sen-tences (excluding death sentence, suspended deathsentence and life imprisonment) of all the knowncases of prison sentences between 2008-09 are 1717.5years and the average mean year of prison term is5.3 years for each prisoner. There are 11 known Ti-betans serving life sentences203 and their prison sen-tence is not calculated in finding the mean averageprison sentence.

Following are a few cases of Tibetans having beensentenced this year:

The Lhoka Intermediate People’s Court sentencednine monks to varying terms between 2 -15 years’in jail for their participation in the 15 March 2008protest which took place at Samye government ad-ministrative headquarters in Dranang County (Ch:Zhanang), Lhoka (Ch: Shannan) Prefecture, “TAR”.Although the court trial happened in May-June2008, the information of their sentences reached onlythis year.204

Out of 55 nuns of Pangri-Na Nunnery in Kardze,six nuns; Soe Lhamo (35) and Bhumo (36) weresentenced to 10 years and 9 years in jail205 whereasTashi Lhamo, Serka and Youghal Khando to 2 years’each in prison and Rinzin Choetso was sentenced to3 years206 in prison respectively for their participa-tion in last year protest in Kardze on 14 May 2008.Similarly, two men from Kardze; Ngawang Tashi(18) and Dorjee Tashi (18) were both sentenced to3 years in prison for their participation in the 18March protest last year in Kardze.207

Two nuns Tashi Tso (26) and Dhungtso (20) fromDraggo Nunnery were sentenced by Kardze Inter-mediate People’s Court to 2½ and 2 years jail termrespectively for their involvement in18 June 2008protest in Kardze County.208 Similarly, JampaDickyi from Kardze County was sentenced to 2 yearsin jail.209

Two Tibetan monks from Labrang Monastery inGansu province were arrested after their taking partin a political protest on 15 March 2008. TsultrimGyatso210 and Thabkey Gyatso,211 were recently sen-tenced to prison terms of life and 15 years respec-tively for the crime of “splitting the country.”

On 22 May 2009, Jomda County People’s Courtsentenced six monks to varying prison terms rang-ing between 12 to 15 years212 The prime reason forthe monks’ arrest was their suspicious role in thebomb blast which occurred on 5 January in ChoekorTownship, Jomda County, Chamdo Prefecture,“TAR”. The court trial commenced in JomdaCounty People’s Court on 22 May 2009, the courtconvicted monks with various offenses of the bombblast, taking part in protests, committing politicalcrimes and the refusal to sign documents denounc-ing the Dalai Lama as a “separatist and anti-Chinaforce”.213

In June, Gonpo Tserang, a well-respected expedi-tion guide was sentenced to three years in prison for“inciting splittism” after the March 14 riots in

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Lhasa.214 He was involved in a series of emails andtext messages sent over three days to acquaintancesoutside of China. These messages, which prosecu-tors claim “distorted the facts and true situation re-garding social stability in the Tibetan area followingthe ‘March 14 incident” were considered by the courtto be deserving of severe punishment.215 However,the charge of ‘inciting separatism’ was not at all ap-plicable as the content of the messages was neverspecified. According to Dui Hua Foundation, itappears that Gonpo Tserang was not represented bya counsel-very likely a result of the reluctance of mostlawyers to take on criminal defense work in politi-cal cases and the threat of consequences for lawyerswho volunteered to defend Tibetans.

Jamyang Tenzin, a 35-year-old monk of YonruGeyden Rabgayling Monastery was sentenced tothree years in jail by the Kardze Intermediate People’sCourt around 3 July 2009.216 He was arrested forhis involvement in a protest against the “PatrioticEducation” campaign launched in Lithang in 2007.

The People’s Court of Machen County, Golog“TAP”, Qinghai Province on 13 August 2009 sen-tenced six monks and two lay Tibetans217 to vary-ing prison terms for taking part in a peaceful pro-test on 21 March 2009. The court found themguilty of inciting protests and demonstrations againstthe Chinese government following the suicide ofTashi Sangpo, who took his own life by drowninginto the Yellow River [Tib: Machu River] on 21March 2009. Monks after hearing the news of TashiSangpo’s suicide,218 stormed the local PSB office todemand answer for Tashi Sangpo’s death.

Three monks from Sera Monastery, who in a groupwith eleven other monks staged a protest in Lhasaon 10 March 2008,219 were sentenced to jail termsof up to ten years by a Lhasa court.220 Another monk,Sonam Dakpa, arrested while returning to Tibetfrom India around the time of the March protests,was jailed for ten years. Lodoe, a monk is serving a

ten-year sentence at the Chushul Prison near Lhasa.Two of his Sera colleagues, Lobsang Ngodup andMangay Soepa, were each sentenced to five-years.221

In June, a Chinese court in Jomda County, ChamdoPrefecture, “TAR,” sentenced three Tibetans to two-year prison terms each for their role in a distur-bance at Kyabje Monastery, Jomda County in whichinitially over 30 Tibetans were detained.222 “Thereason for the sentences was not made public…Eventheir relatives had little information about theircharges,” a source reported. The three men - identi-fied as Gyaltsentsang Jampa, Buluk and MutsatsangTseten - had been moved to Chamdo detention cen-tre from Jomda County prior to their sentencing.

Around 3 August 2009, a Chinese court in Kardzesentenced Sangay Tashi, 38, from Kardze to fiveyears imprisonment and ‘deprivation of politicalrights.’223 He was charged with the crime of “incit-ing separatism” for staging a protest in Kardze Countyon 21 June 2008 when the Beijing Olympic torchwas being paraded in Lhasa. He was among the fif-teen Tibetans prisoners, who were paraded on 5 April2009 in Kardze town by the Chinese authorities tointimidate other Tibetans. According to a report theTibetan prisoners had their heads shaven, and theirhands and legs chained. The authorities announcedthrough a loudspeaker that anybody who protestedagainst the Chinese government would face similartreatment.

Four Tibetan men who took part in demonstrationsin Lhasa in 2008 were sentenced to imprisonmentwith terms ranging from two-and-a-half to fifteenyears by a Lhasa court in the beginning of 2009.224

The four were identified as Wangchuk or LobsangWangchuk who received 15 years’ jail term whileTsultrim and Choephel who received two and a halfyears jail term and Lhakpa Tsering who was sen-tenced to five years in jail. Three of them joined apeaceful protest in Takste (Ch: Dazi) County, LhasaMunicipality, while one protested in Lhasa in March


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2008. They are believed to be serving their jail termsin Chushul prison near Lhasa.225

Prisoner Release:

International attention to specific cases can have apositive effect on the treatment of political prison-ers as in the case of the recently released monk /filmmaker Golog Jigme Gyatso,226 who first be-came aware of the international pressure on his Chi-nese interrogators by the relatively better treatmenthe received as compared with other prisoners.

Of the thousands of Tibetans who were detainedlast year227 the Chinese authorities stated that theyhad released “more than 1,200 Tibetans who weredetained in connection with the Protests”228 through-out Tibet in 2008. The United Nations Commit-tee on the Elimination of Racial Discriminationpublished a review of the human rights situation inChina on 7 August 2009. Beijing’s response was astatement saying, “1,231 people (Tibetans) have beenreleased by the administration of justice with conduct-ing of punishments, presenting repentance and accep-tance of units of re-education campaigns in Tibet.”But this number doesn’t elaborate on the detaineeslike whether they were only from the “TAR” or in-clude Tibetans from non-TAR which registered oneof the highest numbers of arrest, detention and sen-tenced post March unrest in Tibet. The Centre overthe past couple of years had recorded the release ofonly 483 known cases of Tibetans having been re-leased since March 2008.229 Following are few casesof Tibetans who were known to have released afterdetention:

Jigme a.k.a Jigme Guri of Labrang Monastery whoexposed Chinese brutality to the outside world wasreleased on 3 May 2009. Jigme, a 42-year-old monkwas first arrested on 22 March 2008 by four armedpersonnel while retuning to his monastery from amarket. He was later detained and tortured for twomonths in the detention Centre for his suspected

role in one of the biggest protests that took place inLabrang on 14 March 2008. He was released onmedical grounds after months of detention. He gavehis testimony on air through recorded video to theoutside world. Following this act he went into hid-ing for almost two months. Finally, on 4 Novem-ber 2008, scores of PAP and PSB officials in severalmilitary trucks came to Labrang and arrested Jigmefrom a Tibetan home and took him away to anundisclosed location where he was detained untilhis release on 3 May 2009. He looked very frailupon reaching his home after the release.230

Most of the Lutsang Monastery monks who werearrested in February this year and taken away for“severe” patriotism re-education have been re-leased.231 The monks had held a candlelight proces-sion and vigil at Mangra County headquarters onFebruary 25, the first day of the Tibetan New Year.Of the 109 monks taken away for re-grooving, onlysix — Jamyang Sherab, Jamyang Ngodup, JamyangKhenrab, Lungtok, Lobsang Thabkhey and Kunsang— are still being held.232 The six are senior monksinvolved in monastic education, and are not part ofthe monastery’s administration. Chinese authoritieshave ordered all monks who originate from outsideMangra County to leave the monastery and returnto their home areas, and these reportedly comprisenearly half of the Lutsang monks. Most of the monkssuffered severe beatings as part of ‘re-education’process, with one reported to have gone deaf in oneear as a result of the instructors’ patriotic fervor.

Seven Tibetans arrested earlier on 5 December forholding protest demonstration to petition the re-lease of a jailed Tibetan religious figure in Tibet’sNyagchuka County had been released on 15 De-cember.233 These seven Tibetans were beaten up se-verely in detention, and the condition of one of themwas described as “extremely serious” with a head in-jury and he was receiving treatment in a hospital ata place called Gara. The seven are Tsering Sangpo,Jinpa, Lhamo Choedup, Tsagey Atha, Jamdrel andtwo others.

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Tightening Chokehold on the Freedom ofExpression:

Freedom of Expression is a fundamental humanright, which is a prerequisite to the enjoyment of allhuman rights. Article 35 of the Constitution of thePRC guarantees “freedom of expression, of the press,of assembly, of association, of procession and ofdemonstration.”234 Article 19 of the Universal Dec-laration of Human Rights establishes freedom ofopinion and expression as fundamental humanrights. It states, ‘Everyone has the right to freedomof opinion and expression; this right includes free-dom to hold opinions without interference and toseek, receive and impart information and ideasthrough any media and regardless of frontiers’. Ar-ticle 20 establishes the right to freedom of peacefulassembly. Article 35 of China’s Constitution alsoguarantees freedom of expression, publication, dem-onstration and assembly. These rights, among oth-ers in the Universal Declaration, have become bind-ing as customary international law. Article 19 of theInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICCPR), which China has signed and committedto ratify, provides: ‘‘everyone shall have the right tohold opinions without interference. 2. Everyone shallhave the right to freedom of expression; this right shallinclude freedom to seek, receive and impart informa-tion and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, ei-ther orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, orthrough any other media of his choice.’’235

Although the 1982 constitution guarantees freedomof speech,236 the Chinese government often uses thesubversion of state power and sharing of informa-tion as ‘leaking state secret” clause to imprison thosewho are critical of the government.237 There is alsovery heavy government involvement in the mediawith the largest media organizations being run di-rectly under the aegis of government such as Xinhuaor People’s Daily or be it CCTV.

The Chinese authorities continued to suppress theTibetan people’s basic rights to freedom of speech,expression and opinion. Internet users, bloggers andjournalists were at risk of harassment and imprison-ment for addressing politically sensitive issues.TCHRD has recorded scores of new confirmed casesof Tibetans who were arrested for their political be-liefs, openly expressing their opinions and thoughts,initiating civil disobedience movement such as ‘farm-ing boycott’ and ‘No New Year-Losar celebration,’possession of items deemed “reactionary” by Chi-nese authorities such as the Dalai Lama’s photo,banned Tibetan national flag and literature from exile,speaking or demonstrating in support of the DalaiLama, printing or distributing leaflets or posters.Almost all Tibetan political prisoners languishingin various prisons in Tibet were arrested solely forpeacefully expressing their political views. They mayhave called for the “swift return of the Dalai Lamato Tibet,” “freedom for Tibetans” or they may havemade a sign reading “Free Tibet.” Such acts can re-sult in lengthy detentions and possible torture. Allprisoners of conscience who hold a distinct politicaland religious belief imprisoned for peaceful activi-ties or dissent should be released immediately andunconditionally and further arrests on such groundsshould cease.

The authorities continued to prevent informationfrom leaving the Tibetan areas on the abuse, deten-tion, and punishment of peaceful Tibetan protest-ors; detention of Tibetans for non-political activi-ties.238 In the past one-year, the authorities haveadded new legal, technological and political mea-sures of monitoring, controlling, and restricting thefree flow of information and expression in variousmedia.

The recent wave of detentions and sentencing ofTibetans based on ambiguously worded charges in-cluding ‘illegally leaking state secrets’, ‘disturbingpublic order’, ‘subversion’ among others for thepeaceful exercise of their fundamental right of free


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expression sends an unmistakable message to Tibet-ans inside Tibet of the risks they run in exercisingtheir rights. There was not let-up in the relaxationover the press, investigative reporting, personal blog,the internet, radio and other forms of broadcastingin Tibet.

China justified its repression of free speech under abroad interpretation of “national security”. Over theyear Chinese judicial officials have sentenced manyTibetans to lengthy prison terms for sharing infor-mation about Tibetan protests with individuals orgroups outside of China.239

In the aftermath of the series of protests in Tibet,international media organizations reported thatChinese authorities took measures to close Tibetanareas to foreign travelers including foreign journal-ists in advance of the sensitive dates this year. Therewere several reports of foreign reporters having beenkicked out of Tibet from unspecified Tibetan areasduring the first week of February.240 Similar strin-gent security measures of closing Tibetan areas toforeign tourists were taken by the Chinese authori-ties prior to the 60th Anniversary of the People’sRepublic of China (PRC)241 The Tibetan capitalwhich witnessed a large number of protests remainedunder tight security with huge military presence ofsoldiers and armored vehicles patrolling the streetsand alleyways of Lhasa City. Tibetan residents werereportedly afraid more of the invisible secret policethan the police patrolling the streets.242 ‘They’ve beendoing a lot of cleaning up, which means people havegone missing,’243 one Tibetan shopkeeper told thereporter. Both soldiers and police officers were re-ported to operate checkpoints along roads through-out the ‘TAR.”

Targeting Tibetan intellectuals,Photographers and artistes

The Chinese authorities over the years have targeted,detained and sentenced Tibetan writers, bloggers and

publishers who did not engage in overt protest ac-tivity, but who sought to explore and express Ti-betan views on issues that affect Tibetan people’srights,244 culture, religion and Tibet’s fragile envi-ronment.245 Following are the few known cases ofindividuals arrested for their exercise of the freedomof expression and opinion. The Chinese authoritieshave adopted a harsh and systematic approach ofsilencing Tibetans and suppressing dissent, and manyartists and writers have been detained, ‘disappeared’and sentenced.

A Website proprietor arrested and sentenced: on 26February 2009: the Chinese security officials inMachu County arrested246 Kunchok TsephelGopeytsang, a resident of Nyul-ra Township, MachuCounty, Gannan “TAP” Gansu Province who ran aTibetan language and culture website-Chomei (Eng:Lamp) (http://www.tibetcm.com/index.html). Hishouse was ransacked, his computer confiscated, androoms searched for other incriminating materials.In collaboration with a young Tibetan poet Kyab-chen De-drol, Tsephel had started a website on Ti-betan arts and literature in 2005 called Chomei. Thewebsite was self funded with a mission to protectand promote the Tibetan arts and literature insideTibet. Their website was under official supervisionfor many years, and was shut down many timesbetween 2007 - 2008, but they remained un-daunted. On 12 November 2009, Kanlho Inter-mediate People’s court sentenced Kunchok Tsephelto 15 years in jail on charges of distributing ‘statesecret’.247 He is known to be in poor health afternine months of detention and interrogation and hisfamily members fear for his welfare. Until his de-tention, he provided the main source of income forhis family; his wife, who is also a government worker,is currently caring for their sick daughter.248

Kunga Tsayang, a monk from Amdo LabrangTashikyil Monastery was arrested by the Public Se-curity Bureau personnel on 17 March 2009 fromhis living room during a midnight raid on Labrang

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Monastery, in Sangchu County, Gannan “TAP”Gansu Province. He was arrested on alleged chargesof posting political essays on Tibet to a websiteknown as “Jotting” (Tib: Zin-dris). He was a pas-sionate writer, essayist, chronicler and an amateurphotographer who wrote under a pen name “Sunof Snowland” (Tib: Gang Nyi). His travelogues dealtwith the special characteristic features of Tibetantopographical landscapes, culture, customs, habitsand religious heritage.249 In a closed door trial on12 November 2009, Kunga Tsayang was sentencedto 5 years in prison by the Kanlho IntermediatePeople’s Court in Gannan “TAP” Gansu Provinceon charges of disclosing ‘state secret.’250

Kunga had traveled widely in Tibet and documentedthe environmental degradation on the Tibetan pla-teau with his camera. He also worked for NyenpoYutsae Kyekham environmental protection group.He has authored several brave and compelling es-says on Tibet including, “Who Is the Real Splittist?”,“Who Is the Real Disturber of Stability?” and “WhoIs The Real Instigator of Protests?”

Fate of Tibetan Filmmaker Dhondup Wangchen grim:Dhondup, 35, has been in detention since March26, 2008, for filming interviews with ordinary Ti-betans on their views on the Olympic Games, theDalai Lama and Chinese government policies inTibet. His film was first shown to journalists inBeijing two days before the start of the Olympicsin August 2008. In the past more than a year sincehis detention, he was known to be in very poorhealth suffering from Hepatitis-B and has not re-ceived any medical treatment,251 was denied the rightto be represented by the Beijing based lawyer hiredby his family in June this year.252 DhondupWangchen was formally arrested in July 2008 un-der suspicion of “inciting separatism and stealing,secretly gathering, purchasing, and illegally provid-ing intelligence for an organisation, institution, orpersonnel outside the country.”253

Li Dunyong, from the Beijing Gongxin law firm,was blocked from taking on the case by the Xiningjudicial authorities, who informed DhondupWangchen’s family that the court would designate agovernment-appointed lawyer for the trial,254 a clearviolation of China’s Criminal Procedure Law andits obligations under international human rights law,which guarantee criminal defendants the right tochoose their own defense counsel and to meet theircounsel while in detention. The calls by rightsgroups and the exile parliament255 for fair trial andhis unconditional release remain unheeded. Accord-ing to the latest information, Dhondup Wangchenwas sentenced to six years in jail256 but there is noclear information on which court and on whatcharges he was sentenced or whether he was ad-equately represented by counsel of his choice.

Disappearance of young Tibetan writer: A Tibetanwriter and university student, missing since 26 July2009, was known to have been detained by the au-thorities in Sichuan province.257 Tashi Rabten whowrites under the pen name of Therang (the’u rang)was editor of the banned literary magazine that fo-cused on issues of democracy and on the last year’sprotest in Tibet, and author of a new collection called“Written in Blood”. He has not been seen by friendssince 26 July, the beginning of the summer holidayat the Northwest Nationalities University inLanzhou where he is a student. Rabten, is a nativeof Dzoge (Ch: Ru’ ergai) County in Ngaba (Ch: Aba)prefecture.

Another Tibetan writer, Dokru Tsultrim (Ch: ZhuoriCicheng) thought to be from Mangra County inTsolho “TAP” Qinghai Province was jailed on 2April 2009 for writing articles that allegedly “in-cited separatism”.258 He was the founder and editorof the literary magazine “Life of Snow” (Tib: KhaweiTsesok) which has been banned. He studied inLoktsang Monastery in Chabcha County in Tsolho“TAP,” and at Ditsa Monastery in Bayan (Ch:Hualong) County in Haidong Prefecture, Qinghai.


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He was arrested on 2 April from Gemo Monasteryin Ngaba County in Sichuan Province where he wasstudying.

Kang Kunchok (Ch: Kang Gongque), the editor ofthe newspaper “Gangsai Meiduo” was arrested on 20March 2008259 when protesting against the killingof Tibetans by security forces, and was sentenced to2 years in prison. He is from Drotsang village inNgaba County, and studied at Barkham Nationali-ties Teachers’ college. Kang Kunchok had edited“Gangsai Meiduo”, the Kirti Monastery magazine.

An earlier unreported case of suicide by a young Ti-betan student from a nomadic family studying atthe Number One Middle School in Chentsa (Ch:Jianza) County in Malho “TAP” Qinghai Provincesurfaced only this year as he committed suicide byjumping from the third floor of the school’s teach-ing block on 18 October 2008.260 Woeser, a Tibetanwriter and blogger wrote in Chinese, “It’s said thatin his final testimony left behind, he said his deathwould bring awareness to the plight of Tibetans andprove to the world the Tibetan people’s situation ofhaving no rights. He hoped that Tibetans wouldunite and strive for the cause of the people’s free-doms until they had those freedoms; he hoped thatTibetan students and teachers would actively use theTibetan language and strive for the protection andcontinuation of the people’s culture.”261

Tashi Dondrup, a 30 year old popular Tibetan singerwas arrested on 3 December 2009 while hiding inthe western city of Xining, the provincial capital ofQinghai, where he had taken refuge.262 The Chi-nese authorities banned his music and the officialsin Central Henan province, where the singer is amember of the Henan Mongolian AutonomousRegion Arts Troupe issued a warrant for his arrest.He was accused of composing subversive songs af-ter the release of his album titled ‘Torture withouttrace’ in November 2009 which became very popu-lar in the region. The banned album consisted of 13

songs expressing nostalgia for the exiled Tibetanleader His Holiness the Dalai Lama and it also re-minded of the crackdown that followed an anti-Chinese unrest across Tibet in March Last year.

Dolma Tashi a.k.a. Dolta (21) and Dolma Bum a.k.a.Dolbum,(22) hailed from Sangkhok Township,Sangchu County, Kanlho “TAP” Gansu Provinceand were students of Kanlho Tibetan MiddleSchool. They were expelled from their school on19 June 2009 for their involvement in a peacefulprotest on 24 April 2009.263 The students protestedover alleged malpractices in allocating reserved seatsof Tibetan students to Chinese students in highereducation by the school authorities and the smearcampaign carried out against the Dalai Lama in alocal newspaper. Another 13 students from SangchuTibetan Nationality Elementary School were ar-rested for their peaceful demonstration on 30 April2009 but subsequently released after brief detentionfor protesting against the smear campaign againstthe Dalai Lama.264

Gyaltsen, 25, and Nyima Wangdu, 24, were amongthe four Tibetans arrested on Chinese National Dayon 1 October 2009, for posting the exile Tibetanleader Dalai Lama’s pictures and speeches on theirprofiles on the famous Chinese chat site qq.com.265

The abovementioned Tibetans were sentenced to 3years’ imprisonment. They were from Sog County,Nagchu Prefecture “TAR”. The other three Tibet-ans: Yeshi Namkha; 25, Anne (a pseudonym) andThupten who were arrested for similar reasons arenot yet sentenced. It is not known where they arebeing held.266

According to Reporters San Frontiers, severalbloggers and other Internet users have been arrestedin Tibet for viewing online photos of the Tibetanflag and the Dalai Lama. Pasang Norbu267 was ar-rested from a cyber café called Zhijian Wang, on theTsangral Road in Lhasa for “surfing ‘reactionary’websites” on 12 August.

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On 4 December 2009, eleven Tibetans mostlymonks from the monasteries of Tsakho andKhakhor in Matoe County, Golog “TAP” QinghaiProvince, were arrested by the county PSB officialsover the production and distribution of subversivesongs on video compact disc (VCD) titledChakdrum Marpo” (Translation: Bloody Omen ).268

Although six of the distributors of VCD were re-leased on a bail amount and fine of 20,000 Yuan,five monk producers continued to remain in deten-tion.

Despite stipulations and guarantees for the right tofreedom of expression in the constitution and vari-ous international covenants that China has signed,regretfully the Chinese authorities have in practicerestricted the ability of the Tibetan people to fullyenjoy freedom of expression and opinion. The gulfbetween the laws and their application remains sig-nificant as authorities continue to place a higher pri-ority on so-called ‘stability’ than on adhering tonational and international laws and norms.

In addition, the above few cases illustrate both theextent to which the Chinese security forces wereengaged in monitoring communications betweenTibetans and outsiders during the past year and therisk involved in sending anything remotely as in-criminating materials through arrest, detention, tor-ture and jail term. Such persecution of individualsfor the peaceful expression of political views is in-consistent with internationally recognized norms ofhuman rights.

Moreover, intense monitoring and the potentialconsequences of being caught saying wrong thingsto outsiders help to elucidate the wariness of manyTibetans to report what they witnessed. To a largeextent, this wariness has allowed the official Chi-nese narrative of events to become dominant. ButTCHRD has recorded numerous cases of Tibetansseeking newer and innovative ways of communi-cating to the outside world what they witnessed andexperienced.

The relevant Chinese authorities in almost all theknown cases said that the charges brought againstalleged convicts were ‘in accordance with the law,’269

but, by definition, those laws restrict free speech,and until the government of PRC brings its law inconformity with international human rights norms,Tibet will continue to witness more cases of itspeople incarcerated for the alleged crime of ‘separat-ism, espionage, endangering national security or ‘trea-son’ while exercising the fundamental human rights.

China’s directives, Nepal compliance andTibetan suffering at transit point:

Every year, hundreds of Tibetans transit throughNepal hoping to seek asylum in a third country orin Nepal. Many having to undergo tremendousphysical as well as psychological hardships under-take this arduous journey across the Himalayas toseek a better life, education facilities in exile and manycome here to seek an audience with the Dalai Lama.Arrest, brief detention, imprisonment, rape, harass-ment, threat of deportation, monetary fines etc area few of the common hardships faced by the Tibet-ans setting off from Tibet into exile.

The clampdown last year in Tibet had a direct ef-fect on the flow of the number of Tibetans escapinginto exile and made a dramatic impact on the situa-tion for Tibetans across the border in Nepal; partlyit could be due to the new restrictions being im-posed on the movement of people, posting moreborder security forces at prominent escapingroutes270 and sometimes on stern measures under-taken after Maoist government took the helm ofpower in Nepal which leaned more towards China.While the ‘gentlemen’s agreement’ to guarantee safetransit of Tibetans escaping from Tibet throughNepal is still largely implemented, the Nepalesegovernment over the years has adopted a harder lineagainst expression of Tibetan identity by Tibetanrefugees living in Nepal.


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The Nepalese government aligning more towardsChina on Tibetan issues is characterized by manynew developments such as continuing harassmentof and extortions from Tibetans staying in Nepal,arbitrary arrest and detention, unlawful threats todeport Tibetans to China to deter them from anyfuture demonstrations, restriction on freedom ofmovement in the Katmandu valley thereby contrib-uting to a widespread sense of fear, insecurity andvulnerability. There is harassment of Tibetan andforeign journalists and other human rights defend-ers; crackdown on peaceful expression of Tibetanidentity such as the cancellation of a peaceful cel-ebration of the Dalai Lama’s birthday and com-memoration of Tibetan uprising day; pre-emptivearrests and detention of community leaders; IDchecks; the house searches and large deployment ofsecurity forces in the Tibetan communities etc.

Since last year, Tibetan refugees living in Nepal havestaged some of the most sustained and regular anti-China protests after unrest against Chinese rule inTibet faced brutal Chinese military crackdown. TheNepalese authorities adopted a “zero tolerance” ap-proach towards Tibetan protesters, and the Nepalesepolice on many occasion used excessive force againstthe protesters.271

Following last year’s events, border control has beentightened in Tibet for what China termed as ‘pos-sible sabotage activities by the Dalai Lama clique.”272

Fu Hongyu, Political Commissar of the Ministryof Public Security Border Control Department toldthat, “we have made due deployment and tightenedcontrols at border posts, and key areas and passagesalong the border in Tibet.”273

On average every year, the Tibetan Reception Cen-tre in Katmandu usually receives 2,500 to 3,000Tibetans who are registered by the UNHCR as “per-son of concern” and provided assistance at the Ti-betan Reception Centre but that number droppedto 627 last year.274 At the end of this year only 691

Tibetan refugees had arrived.275 This dwindlingnumber in the outflow of refugees over the pastcouple of years can be directly attributed to theNepalese government’s complying fully to its giantAsian neighbor’s call for the “Great Wall of Stabil-ity in Tibet” to combat ‘separatism’276 by checkingthe flight of illegal Tibetans across the border andanti-Chinese activities by Tibetan dissidents. Accord-ing to Article 322 of the Chinese Criminal Law,such Tibetans are subjected to imprisonment for“secretly crossing the national border”277 and couldface detention for months.

In February, Chinese Deputy Foreign Minister HuZhengyue met the then Nepali Prime MinisterPushpa Kamal Dahal, Defence Minister RamBahadur Thapa and other Nepali security officialsin Katmandu and stressed that 2009 was “a sensitiveyear” for his country and urged increased surveil-lance to curb anti-China activities on Nepali soil.278

Following the talks, Nepali Prime Minister’s PressAdvisor Om Sharma reiterated his government’sintention to control “anti-China” activities.279

Nepal’s defence minister said that Nepal wouldtighten controls on the border to prevent Dalai Lamasupporters from entering the country280 while itsHome Ministry intended to deploy for the first timefull-fledged new armed security forces at some keyborder entry points along the Tibet-Nepalborder281in a bid to prevent anti-China activities.

Chinese forces on the other hand have tightenedborder controls between the “TAR” and neighbor-ing countries ahead of expected “secessionist and sabo-tage activities” by supporters of the Dalai Lama.282

Kang Jinzhong, the political commissar of theregion’s paramilitary forces, said his troops were“ready to handle any infiltration and sabotage activi-ties by the Dalai Lama clique and other hostile forces”.283 Similarly, Fu Hongyu, the political commissarof the public security ministry’s Border ControlDepartment said, “We have made due deploymentand tightened controls at border ports, and key areas

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and passages along the border in Tibet.”284 The tight-ening of Tibet’s long Himalayan border with India,Nepal, Bhutan and Myanmar was to ensure stabil-ity during the National People’s Congress session inBeijing, and to guard against “expected sabotage ac-tivities by the Dalai Lama clique”.

In the interview on 03 October, Nepal’s HomeMinister Rawal specified that the plan to deployArmed Police Forces (APF) along the Tibet borderwas “to make our border secure and free from infil-tration from any criminal activities”. “We do notwant to allow any elements to carry out activities inNepali soil against any of our friendly countries”,he added. Given the political situation in Nepal, hesaid, “We have to put our utmost efforts to makeour border secure and efficient [sic] to control anytype of violent activities.”285

Nepal’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Koirala whileon a visit to China in September has “pledged thatthe Nepali government would tighten security mea-sures on checkpoints along the borders to preventillegal entries”.286 The “illegal entries” mentionedrefer to the Tibetans who come to visit relatives inNepal or India, or to see the Dalai Lama, or to goon pilgrimage to India. Many of these cross theborder illegally because the Chinese authorities ef-fectively refuse to issue them with valid papers.

Tibetans caught en route to Nepal were mostly heldat Shigatse’s new detention centre euphemisticallycalled by “Tibet’s New Reception Centre”. This cen-tre holds Tibetans caught attempting to flee intoexile as well as Tibetans who are returning to Tibetafter completing school or visiting family membersin Nepal or India. Most Tibetan detainees serve fromthree months to five months or longer, and face se-vere beatings and hard labour. In almost all casesthey must sign a document stating they will neveragain attempt to leave the People’s Republic of Chinato go to India

Two Tibetan youths, Dagah and Tsultrim originallyfrom Dechen (Ch: Deqin) “TAP” in Yunnan prov-ince while returning to Tibet from exile were re-portedly tortured by the Chinese police after theirarrest at the border near Nepal in April this year.They were arrested and taken to a detention centrein Shigatse where the police interrogated them formany days. The two were subjected to torture dur-ing the interrogation sessions. The report added thatthe two Tibetans were beaten with electric batonscausing severe damage to their abdomen and geni-tals. The families of the two located them at theShigatse detention centre and were reportedlyshocked to see the condition they were in.287

Members of the Young Communist League (YCL),the youth wing of Communist Party of Nepal(Maoist) which last year headed Nepal’s governmentdetained five Tibetans and handed them over to lo-cal police accusing them of crossing into Nepal ille-gally in a bid to take part in campaigns against theChinese government. The group, including twoTibetan women, was detained in Sindhupalchowkdistrict in north Nepal, near the Tibetan border. Thiswas the first time that the youth cadres were knownto have handed Tibetans, often traveling throughNepal to India, over to the authorities.288

It has been a very tough year for nearly 20,000 Ti-betan refugees living in Nepal as well as for thosecrossing Himalayas to seek freedom, better educa-tion and opportunities.

Torture unabated in Tibet

Torture, inhuman and ill-treatment of prisoners arecommon and widespread in Tibet and China. Nu-merous torture methods like kicking, beating, hang-ing prisoners by the wrists, ankles, and thumbs forhours, or even days, and attacks by trained guarddogs, depriving food, exposing to extreme tempera-ture, hard labour, electric shocks, cuffing and soli-tary confinement etc. are among the forms of tor-


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ture employed by the Chinese officials at variousstages of detention and imprisonment. Such abusesare most prevalent at the initial stage of detentionwhen the intention is to extract confessions fromdetainees or suspects.289 Those held in detention areparticularly vulnerable as they are questioned with-out the presence of lawyers, are denied the right ofan accused to remain silent during the investigationphase and at trial and suspects are frequently heldincommunicado for long periods of time.The existence of this cruel practice is in many waysthe result of a tyrannical system that persecutes thosewho exercise their fundamental human rights in apeaceful manner. Although the PRC has signed andratified the Convention Against Torture, yet theChinese government has made use of the provisionunder article 28 of the Convention to declare thatthey ‘do not recognize the competence of the Commit-tee Against Torture to investigate allegations of wide-spread torture within their boundaries.’ And the PRCgovernment does not consider itself bound by para-graph 1 of article 30 of the Convention. Also in thearticle 43 of the revised Criminal Procedure Lawstates that, “the use of torture to coerce statementsand the gathering of evidence by threats, enticement,deceit or other unlawful methods are strictly pro-hibited.” Yet the recent testimonies290 have exposeda stark contrast to the prevailing laws. Torture is stillused for the purpose of extracting confessions, de-feating Tibetan prisoners’ nationalist spirit, intimi-dating prisoners and causing humiliation and men-tal trauma to affect the prisoners for the rest of theirlives.

Despite recommendations by the UN CommitteeAgainst Torture, which made a damning assessmentof China’s record on torture last November,291 Chinahas made no clear and discernable improvement inprohibiting the use of torture, cruel, inhuman anddegrading treatment as is evident from the numberof testimonies that the TCHRD has received overthe past twelve months. The UN Committee rec-

ommendation regarding China ensuring that allpersons detained or arrested in the aftermath of theSpring 2008 events to have “prompt access to anindependent lawyer, independent medical care andthe right to lodge complaints free from official re-prisal or harassment292 remains unheeded.

Over the past year, since the protest broke out on10 March 2008, the Chinese government has en-gaged in a comprehensive cover-up of all informa-tion on the torture, disappearances and killings thathave taken place across Tibet, to the outside world.On the international stage, China has subverted andpoliticized international forums where its humanrights record has been challenged and refused to an-swer legitimate questions from governments andcivil societies about the use of lethal force againstunarmed protestors, or about the welfare of indi-vidual detainees.

There is also rampant misuse of administrative de-tention, lack of fair trials, torture and mistreatmentof prisoners, and coerced confessions. Of the nu-merous reports of torture of Tibetans, a few promi-nent cases of death as a result of being subjected toexcessive brutality in custody have reached the out-side world. These are not isolated incidents; manyother deaths following torture have occurred, butfull details are often not known.

A Monk committed suicide after torture: TashiSangpo, 28, hailed from Gyulgho Township,Machen County, Golog “TAP”, Qinghai provincecommitted suicide on 21 March 2009 by plunginginto Machu River and drowned himself out of sheerdesperation and frustration.293 He had been severelysubjected to harsh beatings inhuman torture andlong interrogation in a local detention centre sincehis arrest on 10 March 2009. Prolonged torture andinterrogation finally took its toll on Tashi Sangpo’smental state, which eventually forced him to takehis own life by drowning in the Machu River. Fol-lowing his death, Some 95 Tibetan monks were ar-

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rested or surrendered after hundreds of Tibetan pro-testers attacked the local police station in GyalaTownship, Golog “TAP.”294 Angry Tibetan protest-ers clashed with the police after Tashi Sangpo triedto escape police custody by jumping into the Machu(Yellow) river and was drowned.295 Contingents ofPSB and PAP security forces completely sealed offand encircled the monastery with telephone, mo-bile and postal service cut off. Tashi Sangpo’s familywas offered monetary compensation of 200,000Yuan.296 Following the incident, a disciplinarian ofRagya Monastery, Palden Gyatso and four othermonks were arrested by the Chinese authorities.297

Tabey, a monk from Kirti Jepa Monastery in NgabaCounty, Sichuan Province attempted self immola-tion. He was seen by eyewitnesses falling down “af-ter hearing three gun shots”. He sustained severe guninjuries on both of his legs, apart from severe burntinjuries. While nursing his injuries, the Chinese of-ficials explained to his mother about the need toamputate his legs, which was strenuously resistedby Tabey himself. This move was considered as au-thorities’ attempt to hide and cover up the irrevers-ible injuries inflicted on his legs by bullets. The of-ficial Chinese news agency, Xinhua, confirmed thata protest took place298 and that a monk was takento a hospital to be treated for burn injuries. TheChinese authorities later denied the shooting.299

There has been no further information available onthe condition of Tabey and his whereabouts.300

It is extremely rare getting video footage on Chi-nese brutality caught on tape from Tibet. However,the recent videotapes smuggled out of Tibet showviolent scenes from the March 2008 unrest in Lhasa,Tibet. These footages are the clearest evidence ofhow Tibetans were subjected to police brutality. Inthe seven-minute video it shows extremely rare andshocking footages that confirm the worst fear aboutthe horrific pain and suffering of Tibetans insideTibet. Chinese police kick, drag and throw the de-fenseless Tibetan protesters and monks with hands

tied behind their backs and they can only curl in anattempt to resist beatings and growl in pain as po-lice beat them.

The treatment of the captives violates internationalnorms and amounts to torture. Such visible evidenceamply proves the use of brutal and excessive forceagainst Tibetan protesters and it flies in the face ofthe Chinese government statement that dispropor-tionate force was not used on unarmed protesters.301 China has repeatedly denied any brutality in Ti-bet or that any disproportionate force was used onunarmed protesters and it has angrily rejected a callfrom the United Nations last November302 to clarifythe measures it took in the wake of the riots inMarch. It accused the UN of “prejudice againstChina”303 and of fabricating evidence to “deliber-ately politicize the issue”.304

Another segment of the video shows gruesome im-ages of a young Tibetan by the name of Tendar, astaff of China Mobile Company who was brutallybeaten and later suffered inhuman treatment at thehands of Chinese authorities on 14 March 2008. .He was reportedly fired at, beaten with an electricbaton, burned with cigarettes, and his right foot waspierced by a nail. The wounds and the bruise marksvisible on his body are a testimony of the brutalityhe was subjected to by the Chinese authorities.He died due to injuries sustained from torture on19 June 2008. The video shows him after beingbrought to the TAR People’s Hospital. His body iscovered with rotting wounds from lack of propertreatment. The hospital removed 2.5 kg of decay-ing flesh. When his corpse was offered to the vul-tures (sky burial) according to tradition, a nail wasfound in his right foot.

Following the release, the video footages were up-loaded on popular video-sharing website “YouTube”.Three days after the official release of the video foot-age,305 YouTube was blocked in China, apparentlyto block the footages appearing on the site showing


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brutal beating of Tibetan protesters by Chinese po-lice officers in Tibet. Google confirmed that itsYouTube video-sharing website had been blockedin China.306 This blockage was not for the first time.China routinely filters Internet content and blocksmaterial that is critical of its policies.

Two nuns from Lamdrag Nunnery who staged apeaceful protest on 24 March 2009 at the KardzeCounty main market by distributing handwrittenpamphlets were beaten indiscriminately with rodsand electric batons before bring thrown into anddriven away in a security vehicle.307 One of the nuns,Yangkyi Dolma later died under mysterious circum-stances on 6 December 2009 at Chengdu hospitalmonths after their detention.308

Phuntsok, a 27-year old monk of Drango Monas-tery, hailed form Zongpa Village, Drango County,Kardze “TAP” was beaten to death by the ChinesePSB personnel in a ghastly manner for pasting leaf-lets on the office of Drango PSB headquarters andother places in Drango County. 309 Phuntsok’s defi-ant protest was not a coincidence but deliberatelytimed to remember, mourn, and express solidaritywith those Drango monks who were tortured, ill-treated and imprisoned during last year protest.While pasting leaflets on the walls of an automo-bile service center in Drango County, he was de-tected by Drango PSB personnel who came straightto arrest him. He fled on a motorbike and PSBforces pursued him until his bike couldn’t climb anyfurther. He was arrested and severely beaten on thespot with batons. He died shortly after receivinginhuman beatings at the hand of PSB personnel. Inan attempt to conceal the circumstance of his death,the PSB personnel dropped his corpse at the base ofa hill to conjure up a suicide scene. The Chineseauthorities maintained that Phuntsok died aftercommitting suicide while the local Tibetans werenot convinced.

Pema Tsepak died on 23 January from injuries hesuffered at the police detention centre when he wasarrested on 20 January 2009.310 He was detainedwith two other men. He was so severely beaten thathis kidneys and intestines were badly damaged. Hewas initially taken to Dzogang County hospital, butthey could not treat him, and they took him toChamdo hospital instead where he succumbed tohis injuries sustained from beatings by Chinese au-thorities.

A monk of Drepung Monastery, Kalden (32), whoparticipated in 10 March 2008 protest led by monksof the monastery died in mid August 2009 alleg-edly from torture.311 His whereabouts remainedunknown to his family members as well as to closeassociates for more than a year until his death inAugust. He died in a detention centre in mid-Au-gust 2009, due to a prolonged period of confine-ment, torture and maltreatment. His corpse washanded over to his distant relatives in Lhasa City inmid-Aug 2009.

33-year-old Choephel from Meruma Township inNgaba County was detained by the Chinese secu-rity forces during a raid on his home following amassive protest in the county on 17 March 2008.He was beaten black and blue with rifle butts re-sulting in serious injuries to his left eye and head.He was sentenced to 4 years in jail for his participa-tion in the protest last year. His family membersduring a meeting in January this year came to knowthat his left eye had gone blind from the injuries hesustained during the police beating.312

Around fifteen Tibetans protesters313 “were brutallybeaten, manhandled and forcibly loaded into mili-tary trucks by the Chinese PSB and PAP forces.Many were badly bruised and injured with blooddripping from their nose, head and arms.” All weredetained by Lithang County security forces after theystaged a peaceful protest in Lithang County on 16February 2009.

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Police in Nangchen (Ch: Nangqian) County,Jyekundo (Ch: Yushu) “TAP,” Qinghai province,severely beat up four school children for allegedlyfilming a demonstration that took place during amusical event. The report said that the protesters,all Tibetans, were apparently not locals. They sud-denly appeared when the musical event was goingon, shouting anti-China slogans, with one of themclimbing a tree and tying a Tibetan national flag therebefore taking off on a waiting motorbike. The otherprotester ran off into the crowd to avoid arrest.There is no information as to whether the four chil-dren were arrested or not and their whereabouts re-main unknown.314

Suicides resulting from unbearable mental torturehave also been recorded in the past. As a direct con-sequence of relentless oppression by the Chinese se-curity forces, many anguished Tibetans attemptedto and others took the drastic step of committingsuicide to rid themselves of persistent physical andmental torture.315 In the last couple of years theCentre recorded a disturbing trend of suicide evenby monks who were known for their patience andresilience in the face of adversity. Such cases are aclear indication of Tibetan monks being pushed tothe extreme limits of endurance and helplessness inthe face of oppression and repression by the Chi-nese authorities in Tibet. One such instance was on19 March 2008, when a visiting scholar from DorjeeDrak Monastery to the Samye Monastery calledNamdrol Khakyab from Nyemo County, LhasaMunicipality, “TAR,’ committed suicide leaving anote that spoke of unbearable suppression by theChinese regime.316

Fearing arrest by the Chinese security forces, a Ti-betan monk identified as Shedup, committed sui-cide at a monastery in Rebkong (Ch: Tongren) inMalho “TAP” around 2 April this year.317 He wasknown to have been arrested earlier for his allegedrole in a protest in Rebkong in March last year and

he was released after undergoing torture in custody.His name appeared on the wanted list to be arrestedsometime before the Tibetan uprising anniversaryin March. It was reported that he killed himself toescape arrest and torture by Chinese security forces.

Officials from the Chinese Communist Party haverepeatedly denied that torture was used in Tibet. InNovember 2008 when the U.N. panel released areport on the use of torture on Tibetans by Chinesepolice, the Chinese Foreign Ministry called the re-ports “untrue and slanderous” and accused the com-mittee members of being “prejudiced” against China.

Detainee released after severe torture:

A Tibetan arrested for taking part in a protest inKardze (Ch: Ganzi) County, Kardze “TAP,” SichuanProvince, on 13 March last year was released onmedical parole on 2 January 2009.318 Guru Dorjee,aged 49 and father of four children was arrested on28 March 2008 from his home by officials of thePublic Security Bureau and armed personnel oncharges of involvement in peaceful protests inKardze. His wife, Sherab Yangtso, turned mentallyunstable as a result of enormous grief following thearrest and later died.

Although the Intermediate People’s Court in Kardzehad sentenced Guru Dorjee to 3-year imprisonment,severe torture during the detention left him physi-cally debilitated and officials shifted him to a hos-pital in Dartsedo. As there was no one except histwo children, he was handed over to some local Ti-betans after they were compelled to sign an agree-ment which barred Guru to take part in any dem-onstrations. He is currently undergoing treatmentat his home and could not visit a hospital on hisown due to very poor health.

Nyima Tenzin, arrested in March last years’ protestin Phenpo Lhundup County, Lhasa Municipalitywas critically injured after he was torturef in deten-


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tion. Although he was paroled in 2008 after payinga fine of 5,000Yuan, he was known to be in criticalcondition because of authorities allegedly not allow-ing him to seek medical treatment at a hospital inLhasa. He became bed-ridden and vomited bloodin early June 2009.319

Enforced Disappearance:

Apart from court sentences, arbitrary arrest and deathof Tibetans, the Centre had documented numerouscases of enforced disappearance of Tibetans follow-ing mass protests across the Tibetan plateau since10 March last year. In many cases, people werepicked up from their residences in the middle ofthe night to avoid public glare, in other cases peoplewere detained from the site of the demonstrationand never has been heard about their whereaboutsand conditions by their immediate family membersor close associates. The cases of enforced and invol-untary disappearance are surfacing from Tibet de-spite enormous restrictions put on the flow of in-formation.

According to the UN Declaration on the Protec-tion of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance,320

an enforced disappearance occurs when “persons arearrested, detained or abducted against their will orotherwise deprived of their liberty by officials ofdifferent branches or levels of Government, or byorganized groups, or private individuals acting onbehalf of, or with the support, direct or indirect,consent or acquiescence of the Government, fol-lowed by a refusal to disclose the fate or whereaboutsof the persons concerned or a refusal to acknowl-edge the deprivation of their liberty, which placessuch persons outside the protection of the law.”321

This heinous act322 of enforced disappearance ofpersons infringes upon an entire range of humanrights embodied in the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights and set out in both InternationalCovenants on Human Rights as well as in other

major international human rights instruments. Thiscan involve serious violations of the Standard Mini-mum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, approvedby the United Nations Economics and Social Coun-cil in 1957, as well as the Code of Conduct for Lawfor the Protection of All Persons under Any Personsunder Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment,adopted by the General Assembly in 1979 and 1988respectively. Disappearance violates the right to afamily life as well as various socio-economic andcultural rights.

The government of the PRC should affirm and re-spect the right of every person to life, liberty anddignity and the right not to be subjected to enforceddisappearance. The essential value of one’s existenceis to live freely without discrimination, prejudicesand harm. Enforced disappearance does not onlyviolate these basic human rights by physically re-moving a person from the protection of the lawbut it also denies the families of the disappearedpersons the right to know the truth and to seekjustice.

In Tibet there are people who are made to disappearfor exercising their rights and for protesting againsthuman rights violations. This act of enforced disap-pearance was done mostly in the context of a wide-spread and systematic way under a climate of impu-nity. The Centre has over the years recorded numer-ous cases of enforced disappearance of persons whosewhereabouts and status remain completely un-known to their family members and close associ-ates. In many cases the family members and closeassociates were only informed of their loved oneduring the final court sentencing which occurredmonths after their disappearance.

Following are a few of the known cases of Tibetanshaving disappeared and having been never seen orheard.

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Two monks of Labrang Monastery; TsundueGyatso, 35 years old, from Gyengya Village, LabrangCounty (Ch: Sangchu/Xiahe xian), and SonamGyatso, 38, from Sangkok Village, Labrang County,Kanlho ‘TAP’, Gansu Province were earlier arrestedand released thrice by the Chinese security forcesfor their participation in a series of protests that tookplace in Labrang last year. Their arrest came at a timewhen a sudden raid was carried out inside LabrangMonastery’s residential quarter by PSB and PAPofficials on 14 May 2009. The duo continues toface detention without any knowledge of their sta-tus to the family members.323

Yigha, a 27-year-old, originally from Rongtsa,Kardze County in Sichuan Province and a residentof Karma Kusang area of Lhasa city had disappearedsince 14 March 2008 unrest in the capital. Therehas been no information on his whereabouts andcondition.324

Gelek Kunga from Lithang County who along with14 other Tibetans staged a peaceful protest on 16February 2009 went missing following their deten-tion from the site of the demonstration.

Samdup from Drepung Monastery arrested by LhasaPSB officials on 10 March 2008 remains incom-municado since and his whereabouts are unknownto his associates.325 His brother Kalden was also ar-rested on the same day but he succumbed to torturesuffered while in detention in August this year.326

A monk of Sertha Larung Ngarig Buddhist Schoolin Serthar County, Kardze “TAP” was arrested on 8July last year on charges of leaking information aboutthe situation in Tibet to the outside world. His cur-rent whereabouts and wellbeing is not known tohis family members.327

The head of Onpo Monastery in Kardze County,Ari Rinpoche, was taken into police custody aftermany monks from his monastery took to the streets

in Lhasa on 10 March to protest against the Chi-nese rule. The security forces took him into policecustody under suspicion of his involvement in themonks’ protest. His whereabouts remain unknowntill date.328

Conclusion:

The human rights situation in Tibet for the year2009 can be described as serious, appalling and dis-mal given hoards of violations of basic human rightsrecorded despite Chinese authorities enormous re-strictions to check the flow of information to theoutside world. China no matter how hard it tries tocover up and reject its dismal record on human rightsin various international fora remains one of the worstand leading violators of rights and such acts willcontinue to remain a dark blot on the rosy imagethat China is projecting to the outside world.

The upsurge in the protests in its occupied territo-ries of Tibet since March 2008 and Xinjiang in Julythis year have triggered an international communitycall to address the policy provocations underlyingthem. However, China is bang with vengeance, is-suing a white paper on the ethnic issue on 27 Sep-tember.329 The unrest clearly shows that China’spolicy in these regions has been an utter failure, up-held only by the harshness of the brute force usedto man the communist Chinese rule there. TheWhite paper is blunt in asserting the sanctity andcorrectness of China’s policy there. The paper is alsodirected especially at the international communitywhose media China routinely accuses of being bi-ased and anti-China whenever they cover news aboutlarge-scale disturbances in the country. Also, Chinais particularly annoyed with the UN High Com-missioner for Human Rights, Ms N Pillay who on15 September urged it, while addressing the UNHuman Rights Council in Geneva,330 to reflect onthe underlying causes of the recent disturbances inTibet and Xinjiang, including in particular, “discrimi-nation and the failure to protect minority rights.”


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Neither is China happy about the concluding ob-servations of the UN Committee on the Elimina-tion of Racial Discrimination (CERD) which endedits 75th session from 3 – 28 August in Geneva byurging China to “carefully consider the root causesof such events (namely recent disturbances in Tibetand Xinjiang), including inter-ethnic violence, andthe reasons why the situation had escalated.”331 Chinatherefore, should take into account the root causesof recent unrests in various ethnic regions while for-mulating its ethnic policies and, in addition, shouldfirst put her house in order by respecting and up-holding basic rights if she wanted to play an impor-tant global role.

Over the past year, Tibet witnessed restrictions inevery sphere of Tibetan lives. The Centre called onthe Chinese authorities to account for all those whohave been killed, injured or gone missing, and forall those arbitrarily detained in Tibet, including theirnames, whereabouts, and the charges against them.The Centre also called for a prompt and impartialinvestigation into the allegations of torture and otherill-treatment of Tibetan detainees, with a view tobringing those responsible to justice; a prompt andimpartial investigation into the deaths of individu-als detained in official custody over the past twoyears and the immediate and unconditional releaseof all those detained solely for peacefully exercisingtheir rights to freedom of expression, opinion, as-sociation and assembly.As a matter of urgency, China as a state party to theUN convention against torture, should take imme-diate steps to prevent any acts of torture and ill-treatment under any circumstances. The Centre re-mains deeply concerned about the continued alle-gations, corroborated by Chinese legal sources, ofroutine and widespread use of torture and ill-treat-ment of suspects in police custody, especially to ex-tract confessions or information to be used in crimi-nal proceedings and further the Centre notes withconcern on the lack of legal safeguards for detaineessuch as failure to bring detainees promptly before a

competent judge, thus keeping them in prolongedpolice detention without charges and making themvulnerable to further ill-treatment. And there is lackof an effective independent monitoring mechanismon the situation of detainees, including restrictionon access to lawyers and failure to notify detaineesabout their rights at the time of detention, includ-ing their rights to contact family members. Chinashould take the measures necessary to ensure that,both in legislation and in practice, statements thathave been made under torture are not invoked asevidence in any proceedings, except against a personaccused of torture, in accordance with the provi-sions of the Convention.

After the execution of Tibetans for their alleged rolein last year’s unrest in Tibet, China should immedi-ately abolish the death penalty and commute alldeath sentences to terms of imprisonment andshould not use this despicable act to justify or use asway of revenge332 for the crimes committed like whatit did in the case of Tibetans and other ethnic mi-norities.

In May this year, China got re-elected for anotherthree-year term to the 47-members UN HumanRights Council with the promise of promoting andprotecting human rights. In addition, the Informa-tion Office of China’s State Council on 13 April2009 published “the First Working Action Plan onHuman Rights Protection 2009-2010”, promisingcitizens more legal protection, better livelihoods andgreater civil and political rights that include rightsof detainees and the right to a fair trial. The Centrefinds it encouraging that the government of the PRCmade an effort to put the document out but China’sfailure to implement the protection enshrined in itslaw routinely is matter of great concern. Therefore,it is high time China make sincere effort to respect,follow and implement all the pledges made in theAction Plan which includes action plan on deathpenalty and improvement in judicial procedures forreview.

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As the country review of China’s human rightsrecord through the Universal Periodic Review (UPR)is over with Beijing making mockery of the system,TCHRD calls for the rules and practices to beamended. China’s human rights policy will not beexamined again until 2013 under this framework.Several other mechanisms are still available at theUN to promote fundamental human rights; thetreaty bodies and the special procedures. Such op-portunities should not be missed and revised strate-gies should be crafted in the light of UPR experi-ence.

On the future of Tibet, the international commu-nities should urge the Chinese authorities to opendialogue leading to negotiations with the represen-tatives of the Dalai Lama that can lead to a mutu-ally agreeable solution to the Tibetan issue, on thebasis of Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy333

previously presented to the Chinese Government.After carrying out nine rounds of talks since 2002,China put a resounding brake to it all late last yearby saying there never was anything to discuss be-tween the two sides. It then launched a flurry oftirades and vilification campaigns against the DalaiLama, the exile government headed by him, accus-ing them of seeking nothing but independence allalong. China also initiated provocative celebrationssuch as ‘serf emancipation’ day when people wereyet to recover from earlier wounds. Such constantvilification campaigns and provocative act havebackfired with Tibetan people openly rejecting themthereby resulting in protests, arrests, expulsions, sen-tences and even death. This vicious cycle can be bro-ken if China scrap those campaign and adhere tothe laws and respect the rights of the people.

It’s sad reality that we have entered a period of timewhen China wields significant influence over theeconomies and internal policies of many nationsaround the world and even powerful nations are noexception. As a consequence human rights of Tibet-

ans have taken a real beating with overriding eco-nomic imperatives pushing core human rights is-sues to the fringes, especially in the post Olympicsera and the times of world economic recession.

Endnote

1 “China brands Dalai Lama ‘wolf in monk’s robes’ as strugglesdeepen,” Christopher Bodeen, 20 March 2008; The Scotman;http://news.scotsman.com/world/China—brands-Dalai-Lama.3896802.jp

2 CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BYSTATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THECONVENTION, Concluding observations of the Committeeagainst Torture, CHINA, 41st Session, 3-21 November 2008,Geneva, Pg No. 8 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

3 “Committee Against Torture hears response of China“, UnitedNations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available ath t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E /( h t t p N e w s B y Y e a r _ e n )B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574FD0049F039?OpenDocument

4 “China comes up for scrutiny at a U.N meeting in Genevafrom Monday to Wednesday. Here are some facts about themeeting and China‘s human rights record. “ Reuters, 8 February2009

5 Summary chart of UPR recommendations rejected by thePeople ’s Republic of China,” Human Rights in China.

6 This includes all recommendations related to freedom ofexpression and freedom of association, independence of thejudiciary, guarantees for the legal profession, protection ofhuman rights defenders, rights of ethnic minorities, reductionof the death penalty, abolition of reeducation-through-labor,prohibition of torture, media freedom, and effective remediesfor discrimination

7 UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/60/251 dated 3April 2006

8 “Chinese Official hails nation ’s first Human Rights ActionPlan,” Xinhua New, dated 14 April 2009

9 “Statement of Ms. Navanethem Pillay United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights at the 12th session of theHuman Rights Council,” United Nations Office of the HighCommissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 14 September2009

1 0 “ China to step up unprecedented restriction in Tibet ,”TCHRD Press Release dated 4 March 2009 available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090304.html

1 1 Ibid and Xinhua News dated 4 February 2009 available onlineat http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2009-02/04/content_10762894_1.htm (In Chinese language)

1 2 “China Arrests a solo protestor in Lithang,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 16 February 2009; “Fifteen Tibetans arrested inLithang after a peaceful protest,” TCHRD Press Release dated


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16 February 2009, “The peaceful Tibetan protesters took tothe street of Lithang main market chanting slogans, ‘LongLive the Dalai Lama,’ Independence for Tibet,’ ‘Swift returnof the Dalai Lama to Tibet’ and ‘ No Losar (Tibetan NewYear) celebration this year.” “China Adds to Security Forces,in Tibet Amid Calls for a Boycott,” By Edward Wong, NewYork Times (Online) dated 19 February 2009, “The campaignfor the boycott of Losar, the Tibetan New Year, has spread viatest and e-mail messages and fliers.” “China Expects Tibet toCelebrate, or Else,” Barbara Demick, Los AngelesTimes, 23February 2009. “Even among Tibetans, there is a vigorousdebated about the campaign to boycott Losar.”

1 3 “Tibetan monks in protest march,” Radio Free Asia (online)dated 26 February 2009. “Tibetan have largely boycottedtraditional Losar festivities this year in memory of Tibetanskilled and jailed in protests against Chinese rule throughoutthe region last year.”

1 4 “China Expects Tibetto Celebrate, or Else,” Barbara Demick,Los AngelesTimes, 23 February 2009. “The tactic appears tobe driving Chinese authorities crazy. They ’re countering withtheir own campaign of forced merriment, organizing concerts,pageants, fireworks, horse races, archery competitions.”

1 5 “China Adds to Security Forces to Tibet Amid calls for aboycott,” Edward Wong, The New York Times, 19 February2009.

1 6 “China to step up unprecedented restrictions in Tibet,”TCHRD Press Release dated 4 March 2009 (online) availableathttp://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090304.html

1 7 “China grills 5766 Tibetans under Winter “Strike Hard”Campaign in Lhasa, TCHRD Press Release dated 23 January2009

1 8 “China Adds to Security Forces to TibetAmid calls for aboycott,” Edward Wong, The New York Times, 19 February2009.

1 9 “76 People Convicted Over LhasaViolence,” Xinhua (online)dated 11 February 2009 available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 2 / 1 1 /content_10798392.htm

2 0 Ibid2 1 Tibetans protest in Kardze during the Tibetan New Year,

TCHRD Press Release dated 7 March 2009, available athttp://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090307a.html

2 2 “Tibetans Skip New Year,” Radio Free Asia (Online) dated 25February 2009

2 3 Ibid2 4 Ibid2 5 Ibid2 6 Tibetans protest in Kardze during the Tibetan New Year,

TCHRD Press Release dated 7 March 2009, available athttp://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090307a.html

2 7 Ibid2 8 “Tibetans Skip New Year,” Radio Free Asia (Online dated 25

February 20092 9 “Tibetans refuse State Dance Troupes,” Radio Free Asia

(Online) 5 March 2009

3 0 “Clampdown in Tibet,” Radio Free Asia(online) 24 February2009.

3 1 Ibid3 2 “Security forces patrol TibetanTown in NW China,” Nir Elias,

Reuters, dated 7 February 20093 3 “China Adds to Security Forces to TibetAmid calls for a

boycott,” Edward Wong, The New York Times, 19 February2009. (The four “crucial areas” named in the report wheregovernment officials “significantly increased security forces”were: “Lhasa, the capital; Xiahe, a town in Gansu Provincethat is home to a large and restive monastery; Tongren, amonastery town in Qinghai Province; and Lithang, a town inSichuan Province that has been locked down this week.”

3 4 “Tibetans mark somber New Year after unrest,” BenBlanchard, Reuters, dated 25 February 2009 (Online) availablea t h t t p : / / u k . r e u t e r s . c o m / a r t i c l e /idUKTRE51O0X620090225?feedType=RSS&feedName=worldNews

3 5 Ibid3 6 “China arrests a solo protestor in Lithang,” TCHRD Press

Release dated 16 February 2009 available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090216.html

3 7 “More cases of detention and disappearance emerges afterLithang protest,” TCHRD Press Release dated 17 February2009 available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090217.html

3 8 Ibid3 9 “Chinaarrests a solo protestor in Lithang,” TCHRD Press

Release dated 16 February 2009 available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090216.html

4 0 “More cases of detention and disappearance emerges afterLithang protest,” TCHRD Press Release dated 17 February2009 available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090217.html “The Lithang County Public SecurityBureau (PSB) and People’s Armed Police (PAP) detained fivemore Tibetans along with 15 other known Tibetans who stageda peaceful protest demonstration in Lithang on 16 February2009 and were brutally beaten, manhandled at the site of thedemonstration before being forcibly loaded into militarytrucks.” Hundred of Tibetans protest over two days in restiveLithang County,” Free Tibet Campaign, Press Release dated17 February 2009 available at http://www.freetibet.org/newsmedia/170209 ( Based on these reports, the followingTibetans are some of the persons detained on Feb 16 and 17;Lobsang Phande, Jamyang Palden, Tenzin Sanggye, LobsangWangchug, Lobsang Tashi, Jampa Yonten, Jampa Tsering, AdoGyaltsen, Geleg Kunga, Gedun Jamphel, Gedun Choephel,Lobsang Dhargyal, Jampa Jogme, Lobsang Tenzin and SonamTenpa.)

4 1 “Tibetan Monks in Protest March,” Radio Free Asia (Online),26 February 2009; available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/tibet-march-02262009163337.html

4 2 Ibid4 3 Ibid4 4 “Amdo monks taken for ‘study’ after peaceful protest,”

International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) dated 16 March 2009

60


4 5 “Court sentences 4 Tibetans to 2 years in jail,” Voice of Tibet(Online Radio) report dated 28 April 2009; According toanother report based on this story, Lutsang monks JamyangSherab, Jamyang Ngodrub, Jamyang Khyenrab, Lungthog,Thabkhe Gyatso, and Kunsang were released early in April,whereas Thabkhe Gyatso was subsequently rearrested in April)

4 6 “Additional troop deployments confirmed” Tibetan Reviewquoted AFP; Xinhua reports dated 10 March 2009

4 7 March 10, 1959 marked the popular Tibetan People’s Uprisingin Lhasa when thousands of Tibetans hold the biggest everprotest demonstration against the Chinese rule in Tibet.

4 8 China Daily Newspaper dated 7 March 2009; In the reportthe Chairman of the TAR Government Qiangba Punco citedPuncog as saying the troop deployment was a “usual andnecessary” security measures for the upcoming 50th anniversaryof the Tibetan uprising. “I cannot swear that some individualswon’t make reckless moves next week, but riots like thoseseen last March won’t happen again.”; South China MorningPost (online) 20 May 2009, Choi Chi-yuk, “Almost 70,000[PAP] were reportedly sent to Tibet in the run-up to the firstanniversary of the crackdown in March.”

4 9 “Tibet remains stable despite repeated secessionist attempts,”Xinhua (Online) dated 8 March 2009. Available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 8 /content_10967427.htm; Legqog, the Chairman of theStanding Committee of the Tibet Autonomous RegionalPeople’s Congress stated that “Most parts of Tibet are stable.People live a life as normal as usual. Religious activities,including major rituals, are also going on as usual.”

5 0 “No Martial Law in Lhasa on ‘Special’ days,” Xinhua NewsReport (online) dated 6 March 2009 available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 6 /content_10958195.htm

5 1 Ibid. Mr. Jampa Phuntsog said, “I cannot swear that someindividuals wouldn’t make reckless moves next week, but riotslike those in last March won’t happen again,”

5 2 Ibid5 3 “Tibet remains stable despite repeated secessionist attempts,”

Xinhua (Online) dated 8 March 2009. Available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 8 /content_10967427.htmAccording to the report, Legqogdescribed the increased in security enhancement as“…defensive against possible disturbance from the DalaiLama’s group and some Western groups of ‘Tibetindependence.

’54 “Hu Calls for Great Wall of Stability in Tibet,” Xinhua News(online) dated 9 March 2009 available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 9 /content_10977938.htm

5 5 Ibid5 6 “Tibet remains stable despite repeated secessionist attempts,”

Xinhua (Online) dated 8 March 2009. Available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 8 /content_10967427.htm

5 7 “Hu Calls for Great Wall of Stability in Tibet , ” X i n h u aNews (online) dated 9 March 2009 available at

ht tp : / /news .x inhuanet .com/engl i sh/2009-03/09/content_10977938.htm

5 8 “Chinese police ‘search houses in Lhasa for non-Tibetans’, ByMalcolm Moore, The Telegraph, dated 13 March 2009.Available online at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/4984659/Chinese-police-search-houses-in-Lhasa-for-non-Tibetans.html

5 9 ibid6 0 Ibid6 1 The South China Morning Post dated March 16,

2009(Online) — “Dozens of monks staged a protest aroundthe Sera Monastery in Lhasa’s outskirts on Mar 9, the eve ofthe 50th anniversary of the Tibetan national uprising day,citing locals. As a result, at least half the monastery was nowcordoned off and two military vehicles with up to 100 armedpolice were deployed outside. And Lhasa city was reported tobe under severe crackdown ahead of the first anniversary oflast year’s Mar 14 uprising protests.”

6 2 “Monk kills self in Ragya, residents protest,” Phayul.com(online) dated 21 March 2009; “China detains 95 Tibetanswho protested in the aftermath of Tashi Sangpo’s suicide inMachu River,” TCHRD Press Release dated 23 March 2009.

6 3 Thousands clash with Chinese police over death of Tibetanmonk; Central Tibetan Administration, Tibet.net report dated21 March 2009 http://www.tibet.net/en/ index.php?id=761&articletype=flash

6 4 “China detains 95 Tibetans who protested in the aftermath ofTashi Sangpo’s suicide in Machu River,” TCHRD Press Releasedated 23 March 2009.

6 5 China arrests monks after protest over missing lama; TimesOnline, Jane Macartney ; 22 March 2009; http://w w w. t i m e s o n l i n e . c o . u k / t o l / n e w s / w o r l d / a s i a /article5954977.ece

6 6 Voice of Tibet (Online Radio) report dated 27 January 2009.“Initial reports suggested five or six monks from Gonchenmonastery in Derge (Chinese: Dege) county in Kardze(Chinese: Ganzi) prefecture staged a protest on January 27,2009 calling for Tibetan independence, and were detained bypolice who opened fire with live ammunition at some point inthe process of detaining the monks.” “However, later reportssuggest the protest was a response to a demand by local officialsthat monks at the monastery perform ritual dances to welcomesenior visiting officials. Accounts vary, with one RFA sourcesaying that monks at the monastery were angered and protestedwhen some other monks agreed to dance, despite a popularunderstanding that had spread throughout Tibet that therewould be no activities to mark the Tibetan new year in memoryof the people killed during the Chinese authorities’ responseto protests the previous year.”

6 7 Tibetans protest in Sichuan, Radio Free Asia report dated 15March 2009; http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/protest-03152009131528.html

6 8 Tibetans protest in Kardze during the Tibetan New Year,TCHRD Press Release dated 7 March 2009

6 9 “Tibetans stage peaceful protests in Kardze, Nagchu, Mangraand Ngapa, 16 Arrested,” Central Tibetan Administration,


61

Tibet.net dated 15 March 20097 0 Update on Tibet Demonstration: Protest in Nyarong, Kardze,

Central Tibetan Administration, Tibet.net report dated 16March 2009

7 1 “Protesters call for United Stand Against China’s Wrong Policyin Tibet: Update” Tibet.net (online) dated 18 March 2009,Central Tibetan Administration.

7 2 Ibid7 3 Deputies to the “TAR” People’s congress endorsed a motion

on 19 January 2009 designating March 28 as the SerfsEmancipation Day, to commemorate the emancipation ofmillions of serfs and slaves in Tibet 50 years ago.

7 4 “China’s serf emancipation day hides repression in Tibet,”Kashag Press Statement as given in Tibet.net, 27 March 2008;Central Tibetan Administration.

7 5 “Setting of Serfs Emancipation Day major Move to fight Dalaiclique,” Xinhua News dated 6 March 2009 available atht tp : / /news .x inhuanet .com/engl i sh/2009-03/06/content_10957431.htm

7 6 “Tibet proposes setting of ‘serfs emancipation day,” XinhuaNews dated 16 January 2009 available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 1 / 1 6 /content_10668257.htm

7 7 “Official: Grand Celebration To be Held on SerfsEmancipation Day in Beijing, Lhasa,” Xinhua News dated 5March 2009; http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/05/content_10948661.htm

7 8 “Tibetans plan ‘subdue’ New Year,” Radio Free Asia (online)dated 16 January 2009 available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/tibetansubduednewyear-01162009120152.html

7 9 Ibid8 0 “7 Monks arrested and abbot missing in Chamdo,” Phayul.com

report dated 09 February 2009; The seven monks are Chantleader Nima Tsering, disciplinarian Lhundup, Nyichey, TseringPalden, Ngawang Tashi, Tado and Tashi Dawa.

8 1 Ibid8 2 Ibid and Tenzin studied from 1995 to 2003 at Drepung

Loseling monastery in south India. He returned to Tibet andtaught dialectics at Denchoekhor Monastery before beingappointed the abbot in November 2008.

8 3 Ibid8 4 “Chinese court sentences six monks in Chamdo,” TCHRD

Press Release dated 27 May 2009.8 5 A Tibetan monk beaten to death by Chinese security police,

TCHRD Press Release dated 30 March 20098 6 ‘Drango Farmers Arrested and Beaten by the Chinese Security

Police,” TCHRD Press Release dated 1 April 2009.8 7 China arrest Tibetan in Kardze over farming boycott movement,

TCHRD Press Release dated 21 March 2009; “Three Tibetansarrested in connection with farming boycott movement,”TCHRD Press Release dated 23 March 2009; “Chinese PoliceOpen fire in eastern Tibet, 9 Arrested and several injured,”Tibetan Government-in-exile Press Release dated 22 April2009.

8 8 China arrest Tibetan in Kardze over farming boycott movement,TCHRD Press Release dated 21 March 2009; “

China arrested two nuns of Dragkar Nunnery in Kardze,”TCHRD Press Release dated 3 April 2009

8 9 Ibid9 0 Ibid9 1 “Tibetans Farmers in Kardze Stop Farming in Protest,

Authorities Issue Warning,” Tibetan Government-in-exile,www.tibet.net; Central Tibetan Administration dated 22March 2009.

9 2 “TESTIMONY OF TONGKOR DORJEE RINCHEN,”TCHRD 27 November 2009

9 3 ‘Drango Farmers Arrested and Beaten by the Chinese SecurityPolice,” TCHRD Press Release dated 1 April 2009; “A Tibetanmonk beaten to death by Chinese security forces,” TCHRDPress Release dated 30 March 2009

9 4 “A Tibetan monk beaten to death by Chinese security police,”TCHRD Press Release dated 30 March 2009.

9 5 “Chinese Police Open fire in eastern Tibet, 9 Arrested andseveral injured,” Tibetan Government-in-exile Press Releasedated 22 April 2009.

9 6 “China arrest Tibetan in Kardze over farming boycottmovement,” TCHRD Press Release dated 21 March 2009available online at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090321.html; According to the report, Several membersof Jampa Dhondup’s family were involved in peaceful protestslast year, including his elder brother Tashi Namgyal, who hasbeen on the run since a peaceful protest in Serthar County on17 March 2008 resulted in a warrant for his arrest. An eldersister, Lhagha, was arrested after a peaceful protest in KardzeCounty on 14 May 2008 with her fellow nuns from Pangri-NaNunnery. She was later released, but must report to the PublicSecurity Bureau every week. At least 28 incidents of peacefulprotest have been reported from Kardze in March, resultingin more than 60 arrests.

9 7 “China arrest Tibetan in Kardze over farming boycottmovement,” TCHRD Press Release dated 21 March 2009available online at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090321.html

9 8 “Three more Tibetan arrested over Farming boycottmovement;” TCHRD Press Release dated 23 March 2009available online at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090323.html

9 9 Drango Farmers arrested and beaten by the Chinese securitypolice, TCHRD Press Release dated 1 April 2009

100 “China grills 5766 Tibetans under Winter “Strike Hard”Campaign in Lhasa, TCHRD Press Release dated 23 January2009

101 China grills 5766 Tibetans under Winter “Strike Hard”Campaign in Lhasa, TCHRD Press Release dated 23 January2009.

102 Ibid103 “Chinese launch raids, detentions in Tibet“; The Washing

Post, By Maureen Fan dated 29 January 2009 Online at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/28/AR2009012801176.html

104 “China launches the “Strike Hard” Campaign in Tibet aheadof major anniversary,” TCHRD Press Release dated 9September 2009.

62


105 Ibid106 “China grills 5766 Tibetans under Winter “Strike Hard”

Campaign in Lhasa“, TCHRD Press Release dated 23 January2009

107 Ibid108 “Tibet’s Armed Police Chief Says Ready to Handle Incident,”

Xinhua Net News dated 9 March 2009109 “China warns of “life and death struggle” over Tibet,” Reuters,

By Lindsay Beck and Benjamin Kang Lim, dated 19 March2008; available online at http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSPEK334594

110 “China in Life, death struggle against Dalai Lama: Media”The China Post report dated 17 February 2009 available athttp://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/national-news/2009/02/17/196382/China-in.htm

111 “China Arrests Two Nuns of Dragkar Nunnery in Kardze,”TCHRD Press Release dated 3 April 2009 “Chinese people’sArmed Police (PAP) immediately detained both the Tibetannuns from the site of protest and they were beatenindiscriminately with rods and electric batons before beingthrown into and driven away in a security vehicle.” “TibetansStage Farm Boycott,” Radio Free Asia (online) dated 25 March2009; “Hundreds of Tibetans Protest Over Two Days in RestiveLithang County,” Free Tibet Campaign Press Release dated17 February 2009; “Drango farmers arrested and beaten bythe Chinese security police,” TCHRD Press Release dated 1April 2009 “some of the victims became unconscious afterbeing subjected to inhumane beatings. A woman namedKhethar from Kya-lam Village is currently said to be in anunable mental state after receiving severe beatings at the handsof Chinese security police.”

112 “China detains 95 Tibetans who protested in the aftermath ofTashi Sangpo’s suicide in Machu River,” TCHRD Press Releasedated 23 March 2009 OR “SIXTY TIBETANS DETAINEDIN KARDZE FOR PETITIONING,” TCHRD Press Releasedated 8 December 2009; “More cases of detention anddisappearance emerges after Lithang Protest,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 17 February 2009.

113 China arrests a solo protester in Lithang, TCHRD PressRelease dated 16 February 2009

114 More cases of detention and disappearance emerges afterLithang Protest, TCHRD Press Release dated 17 February2009.

115 Fifteen Tibetans arrested in Lithang after a peaceful protest,TCHRD Press Release dated 16 February 2009

116 Ibid; The identities of all those detained are; Sonam Tenpa, 29years old, Jampa Thokmey, 30, Gelek Kunga, 26, LobsangTenzin 23, Lobsang Phendey, 37, Jampa Yonten, 30, Sanggey,29, Jampa Tsering, 28, Lobsang Wangchuk, 30, Lobsang Tashi,21, Gendun Choephel, 30, Dargye, 37, Gedhun, 29, Jampa,40 and Amdo Gyaltsen, 41

117 More cases of detention and disappearance emerges afterLithang Protest, TCHRD Press Release dated 17 February2009

118 More cases of detention and disappearance emerges after

Lithang Protest, TCHRD Press Release dated 17 February2009

119 China arrests a Tibetan civil servant in Mangra County,Qinghai Province, TCHRD Press Release date 16 March2009

120 Tashi Dhondup’s younger brother disappeared, TCHRD PressRelease dated 16 March 2009

121 International support led Golog Jigme free; The Associationof Tibetan Journalists, Press Release dated 22 April 2009;http://www.tibetanjournalists.org/pressreleases/20090422-pressrelease.html

122 “Chinese authorities re-arrest Jigme Gyatso,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 17 March 2009

123 “A Solo nun stages protest march in Kardze,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 17 March 2009

124 “China detains three Tibetan monks in Nagchu County,”TCHRD Press Release dated 28 April 2009

125 “Sixty Tibetans detained in Kardze for Petitioning,” TCHRDPress Release dated 8 December 2009

126 “China arrests brothers who were on the run,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 21 May 2009

127 “Two monks disappeared after raid in Labrang Monastery,”TCHRD Press Release dated 3 June 2009

128 “Two arrested in Kardze,” Radio Free Asia report dated 05March 2009

129 Two monks and three laymen arrested in Kardze, Voice ofTibet Radio Service report dated 07 March 2009

130 School students demonstration in Labrang County, TCHRDPress Release dated 24 April 2009

131 Protesters Call for United Stand Against China’s Wrong Policyin Tibet: Update, Central Tibetan Administration, Tibet.netdated 17 March 2009 http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=755&articletype=flash

132 Nuns arrested in Kardze, Voice of Tibet (VOT) Tibetan Radioservice broadcasted this report on 25 March 2009

133 A solo nun stages protest in Kardze, TCHRD Press Releasedated 17 March 2009

134 Troops fire into Nyarong protesters, arrest nine, Voice of Tibet(VOT) Tibetan Radio news service reported on 15 April 2009.

135 Radio Free Asia Report dated 28 July 2009136 “China jails 17 Tibetans in a “swift and quick” court

proceeding;” TCHRD Press Release; 29 April 2008; http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080429a.html

137 Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to theUnited Nations Office at Geneva and other InternationalOrganizations in Switzerland. http://www.china-un.ch/eng/gjhyfy/2009/t536333.htm

138 h t t p : / / w w w. x z e d u . c o m . c n / d o n g t a i / p n e w s /20080317173436.shtml Online Report dated March 17, 2008(Translation from the original text in Chinese language)

139 “Summary Chart Of UPR Recommendations Rejected bythe People’s Republic of China,” Human Rights in China.(Online) Available at http://hrichina.org/public/PDFs/S u b m i s s i o n s /Summary_Chart_of_Rejected_UPR_Recommendations.pdf

40 “China: Rights Lawyers Face Disbarment Threats: Intimidation


63

Overshadows Reforms to Law on Lawyers,” InternationalCampaign for Tibet, 30 May 2008

141 “Chinese tell of Tibetfailures; The Age, By John Garnaut, 22May 2009 (online) available at http://www.theage.com.au/world/chinese-tell-of-tibet-failures-20090521-bh1x.html; TheEditorial: The KMT and Chinese Democracy; Taipei Timesdated 23 May 2009 (Online) available at http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2009/05/23/2003444327

142 “Chinese report on Tibet reveals the roots of unrest,” TheTelegraph, By Malcolm Moore in Shanghai, dated 22 May2009

143 “China Blocks Tibet Lawyer,” Radio Free Asia, dated 20 July2009 available online at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/lawyer-blocked-07202009165943.html

144 “ Chinese public-interest lawyer charged amid crackdown,” TheNew York Times, By Michael Wines, dated 18 August 2009available online at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/world/asia/19china.html?_r=2

145 “Lawyer Released, Assistant ‘Missing’, Radio Free Asia reportdated 24 August 2009 (online) available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/LawyerReleased-08242009100808.html

146 “Assistant to pioneering Chinese rights lawyer ‘disappears,’”Guardian, By Tania Branigan, 21 August 2009 available onlineat http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/21/china-rights-activist-assistant-disappears


148 Ibid149 “China sentences a monk to life imprisonment term,” TCHRD

Press Release dated 21 May 2009 available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090521a.html; Also“Chinadenies family access to two Labrang Monks servinglengthy prison sentence,” TCHRD Press Release dated 27May 2009 available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090527a.html

150 “China denies family access to two Labrang Monks servinglengthy prison sentence,” TCHRD Press Release dated 27May 2009 available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090527a.html


152 Geshe Sonam Phuntsok from Kardze passed away in 2008; “Apopular Tibetan religious figure, Geshe Sonam Phuntsok,passes away on 5 April 2008 in Kardze,” TCHRD Press Releasedated 15 April 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080415.html; and Look for all related informationat the link given at the end of the press release.

153 Unjust Sentence:A Special Report on Trulku Tenzin Delek,”2004, available online ath t t p : / / t c h r d . o r g / p u b l i c a t i o n s / t o p i c a l _ r e p o r t s /unjust_sentence-trulku_tenzin_delek-2004/trulku.pdf and

Special Brochure available at http://tchrd.org/publications/brochures/trulku_tenzin_delek-brochure.pdf

154 “Death Sentence For Bangri Rinpoche Commuted to LifeImprisonment ,”TCHRD Press Release dated 16 December2004. Available at www.tchrd.org/press/2004/pr20041216.html

155 Geshe Sonam Phuntsok from Kardze passed away in 2008; “Apopular Tibetan religious figure, Geshe Sonam Phuntsok,passes away on 5 April 2008 in Kardze,” TCHRD Press Releasedated 15 April 2008; available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080415.html; Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok , founderof famed Sertha Buddhist Institute passed away on 6 January2004, TCHRD Press Release dated 7 January 2004 availableat http://www.tchrd.org/press/2004/pr20040107.html

156 “Senior Tibetan Cleric faces prison in China,” The New YorkTimes, By Edward Wong, 25 April 2009

157 “Tibetan Lama on trial for weapons charge in China,”Christopher Bodeen, The Associated Press, 21 April 2009

158 “China arrests 55 nuns of Pangri-Na Nunnery for Protesting,”TCHRD Press Release dated 17 May 2008 available onlineat http://tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080517.html

159 Ibid160 “Tibetan nuns play key role,” Radio Free Asia (online) 21

May 2008. According to161 “Tibetan lama on trial for weapons charge in China,” The

Associated Press dated 21 April 2009162 “Tibetan lama on trial for weapons charge in China,” The

Associated Press dated 21 April 2009163 “China’s civil rights lawyers: The new enemies of the state,”

The Huffington Post, By Rebecca Novick, dated 20 July 2009available online at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rebecca-novick/chinas-civil-rights-lawye_b_240759.html; Mr. Jiangwas one of 21 Chinese lawyers who signed a public statementon 1 April 2008, offering to provide legal defense to Tibetanswho were arrested in connection with protests that broke outin March 2008 in Tibetan areas. The Chinese government hasthreatened to close the law firms, or revoke individual lawyers’licenses, if these lawyers involve themselves in the Tibet issue.

164 “Senior Tibetan Cleric faces prison in China,” The New YorkTimes, By Edward Wong, 25 April 2009

165 “Chinese court postpones judgment on Tibetan LivingBuddha,” Times Online, By Jane Macartney, 27 April 2009

166 “China sentences Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche to jail,”TCHRD Press Release dated 29 December 2009.

167 “Tibetan ‘Living Buddha” Phurbu Tsering jailed by China,”BBC News 1 January 2010. Available online at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8436865.stm

168 “Verdict on Tibetan Lama Deferred: Chinese Lawyers’statement on charges against Phurbu Rinpoche,” InternationalCampaign for Tibet (online) 27 April 2009 The Translation ofthe lawyers’ statement on behalf of Phurbu Tsering Rinpocheto the Ganzi Intermediate People’s Court was given in ICTreport.

169 “Verdict on Tibetan Lama Deferred: Chinese lawyers’ statementon Charges Against Phurbu Rinpoche,” International

64


Campaign for Tibet, Press Release dated 27 April 2009170 Ibid.171 Chinese court postpones judgment on Tibetan Living Buddha,

Times Online report dated 27 April 2009. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article6180748.ece

172 “Tibetan monks stage sit-in protest in front of Chinesecourt,“TCHRD Press Release dated 3 April 2009

173 “Chinese court sentences two to death starting fatal fires inLhasa riot,” Xinhua News dated 8 April 2009.

174 “China Executes Four Tibetans in Lhasa Over Spring 2008Protest,” TCHRD Press Release dated 22 October 2009.

175 “Chinese court sentences two to death starting fatal fires inLhasa riot,” Xinhua News dated 8 April 2009.

176 “China: Overturn Death Sentences for Tibet Protesters,”Amnesty International (Asia Pacific) Press Release dated 9April 2009 available at http://www.amnesty.org.hk/html/node/10260 The Asia-Pacific Director, Sam Zarifi of the AmnestyInternational stated “Amnesty International condemns thedeath sentences handed down to Losang Gyaltse and Loyar.We have recorded a pattern of unfair trials leading to deathsentences in China. Under these conditions it’s very unlikelythat these sentences stand up. We urge the death sentences tobe overturned.”China: Hundreds of Tibetan Detainees andPrisoners Unaccounted For, Human Rights Watch Reportdated 9 March 2009 concluded that “the process of trials andimprisonment in Tibet over the past year has been politicallymotivated and that the “principle of independence of thejudiciary is thoroughly undermined by leadership’s demandthat court and police tailor their actions to politicalrequirements.””

177 “Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile Calls on InternationalCommunity to free Tibetans from Death Penalty,” TibetanParliament-in-exile Press Release dated 10 April 2009 availableonline at http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=94&articletype=press&tab=2&rmenuid=morepress,“CTA Condemns Tibet Sentences,” Central TibetanAdministration Press Release dated 22 April 2009 availableonline at http://www.tibet.net/en/index.


179 “China says two executed for Tibetriots,” Reuters, 27 October2009; “Two people have been executed in China for theirinvolvement in deadly riots in Tibet last year, the ChineseForeign Ministry said on Tuesday, the first officially confirmedto have been carried out.”

180 “Tibetan’s Trial Detailed,” Radio Free Asia report dated 16November 2009 (Online)


182 “Death penalty to be strictly controlled and prudently appliedin China “ Xinhua report dated 13 April 2009 available atht tp : / /news .x inhuanet .com/engl i sh/2009-04/13/content_11177838.htm

183 “New Supreme People’s Court Regulations Issued GoverningDeath Penalty Procedure,” Dui Hua Foundation Human

Rights Journal dated 25 December 2008.184 "Death penalty to be strictly controlled and prudently applied

in China“ Xinhua report dated 13 April 2009 available atht tp : / /news .x inhuanet .com/engl i sh/2009-04/13/content_11177838.htm

185 “TCHRD condemns China sentencing of three Tibetans,”TCHRD Press Release dated 21 April 2009 available onlineat http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090421.html;“Court Sentences 3 for arson in Lhasa riot,” Xinhua Reportdated 21 April 2009 as given in http://www.china.org.cn/china/news/2009-04/21/content_17643102.htm

186 “Chinese court sentences two to death on starting fatal fires inLhasa riot,” Xinhua News report dated 8 April 2009 (Online)available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/08/content_11151158.htm

187 “Chinese court sentences two to death on starting fatal fires inLhasa riot,” Xinhua News dated 8 April 2009, (Online)available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/08/content_11151158.htm

188 GENERAL ASSEMBLY ADOPTS LANDMARK TEXTCALLING FOR MORATORIUM ON DEATH PENALTY,Adopts 54 Resolutions, 12 Decisions Recommended by ThirdCommittee, UN General Assembly, GA/10678, Departmentof Public Information News and Media Division New Yorkdated 18 December 2007

189 “UN General Assembly resolution 62/149, Country Vote.”Amnesty International. The list of Countries voted for, againstand abstained were given. Available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/international-law/moratorium/voting-records

190 “Chinese court sentences two to death on starting fatal fires inLhasa riot,” Xinhua News dated 8 April 2009, Online availableat http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/08/content_11151158.htm

191 “Sentences for 55 people handed down so far over Lhasaviolence”, Xinhua report dated 4 November 2008, Also availableon http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-11/04/content_10307184.htm

192 “No death penalty handed down so far over Lhasa violence”.Xinhua report, Lhasa, dated 11 July 2008. Available on http:// n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 8 - 0 7 / 1 1 /content_8527795.htm

193 “After judicial proceedings, 69 had been sentenced toimprisonment for committing crimes of arson, robbery, theft,obstructing government functions, trouble-making in thestreets, gathering to disrupt public order or attacking Stateorgans; seven had been sentenced for committing crimes oftreason or illegally offering information to people outside China,and eight were still under investigation by the judicial organs.”“Committee Against Torture hears response of China“, UnitedNations Office, Geneva, 10 November 2008. Also available ath t t p : / / w w w. u n o g . c h / 8 0 2 5 6 E D D 0 0 6 B 9 C 2 E /( h t t p N e w s B y Y e a r _ e n ) /B2DAD5A2D673AA85C12574FD0049F039?OpenDocument

194 “Chinese court sentences two to death on staring fatal fires inLhasa riot,”Online available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/


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english/2009-04/08/content_11151158.htm; “TCHRDstrongly condemns the Lhasa court verdicts,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 8 April 2009; “Chinese court sentenced two todeath on starting fatal fires in Lhasa riot,” Xinhua, 8 April2009 AND “TCHRD condemns China sentencing of threeTibetans,” TCHRD Press Release dated 21 April 2009available online at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090421.html; “Court Sentences 3 for arson in Lhasa riot,”Xinhua Report dated 21 April 2009 as given in http://w w w. c h i n a . o r g . c n / c h i n a / n e w s / 2 0 0 9 - 0 4 / 2 1 /content_17643102.htm

195 “Chinese court sentences two to death on starting fatal fires inLhasa riot,” Online available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/08/content_11151158.htm

196 “76 people convicted over Lhasa violence,” Xinhua NewsReport, 11 February 2009, (online) available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 2 / 1 1 /content_10798392.htm; “76 sentenced so far over Tibet riots:China report,” The China Post dated 12 February 2009 (online)available at http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/local-news/tibet/2009/02/12/195728/76-sentenced.htm; 76 sentencedfor taking part in riots,” The New York Times, By AndrewJacobs, dated 1 November 2009; available at http://www.nyt imes .com/2009/02/11/world/as ia/11iht-tibet.3.20110700.html;

197 “TCHRD fears for the fates of two Tibetans sentenced todeath,” TCHRD Press Release dated 16 May 2009.

198 Ganze Daily dated 12 April 2009199 “Chinese court sentences two to death on starting fatal fires in

Lhasa riot,” Xinhua News dated 8 April 2009, Online availableat http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/08/content_11151158.htm

200 “Chinese court sentences 3 for Arsons in Lhasa Riot,” XinhuaNews reprinted in China Tibet News, 21 April 2009

201 Reference for the Total number of Tibetans sentenced is givenat the list at the end of the Annual Report.

202 “Tibetan Guide’s Incitement Case Surfaces: 3-Year Sentencefor Emails, Text Messages,” Dui Hua Foundation HumanRights Journal dated 22 June 2009

203 Refer to the List of Political Prisoners at the end of the report.204 “Nine monks sentenced, another committed suicide in Tibet,”

TCHRD Press Release dated 10 February 2009 (Online)available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090210.html;According to the source the name and affiliation of thesentenced monks are as follows: According to the source, “Ofthe nine Tibetans sentenced, four were visiting Buddhistscripture masters to the Samye Monastery from othermonasteries, and other five were monks of the SamyeMonastery. Five monks are: 1)Gyaltsen of Tsona (Ch: Cuona)County, Lhoka Prefecture was sentenced to 15 years’ in jail;2)Nyima Tashi, of Gongkar County (Ch: Gongga Xian), LhokaPrefecture was sentenced to 13 years’ in jail; 3) Phuntsok(One name only) born in Kongpo, Nyingtri Prefecture ‘TAR’and his parent were known to have shifted their home toKyiray in Lhasa, was sentenced to 13 years’ in jail; 4) TenzinDawa, of Tsome County (Ch: Cuomei xian), Lhoka Prefecture,

was sentenced to two years’ in jail; 5)Rigden, of DranangCounty, Lhoka Prefecture, was sentenced to 2 years’ in jail.The visiting Buddhist scripture masters were identified as: 1)Tenzin Bhuchung of Phenpo Lhundup County, LhasaMunicipality and monk of Langthang Monastery was sentencedto 15 years’ imprisonment term; 2)Tenzin Zoepa, of TsomeCounty, Lhoka Prefecture and monk of Jowo Monastery, wassentenced to 13 years’ imprisonment term; 3)Gelek of LhodragCounty (Ch: Luozha xian), Lhoka Prefecture and monk ofSang Ngag Choekor Monastery was sentenced to 2 years’ jailterm; 4) Ngawang Tenzin of Nagartse County (Ch: Lianggarzexian), Lhoka Prefecture and monk of Khathok Monasterywas sentenced to 2 years’ in jail.

205 “China sentences four Tibetans in Kardze,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 19 February 2009 (Online available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090219.html

206 “China sentences four Puru-na nuns in Kardze County,” TCHRDPress Release dated 7 March 2009 available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090307.html

207 “China sentences four Tibetans in Kardze,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 19 February 2009 (Online available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090219.html

208 “Four Tibetans sentenced, another missing,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 20 January 2009.

209 Ibid210 “China sentences a monk to life imprisonment term,” TCHRD

Press Release dated 21 May 2009 available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090521a.html; Also “Chinadenies family access to two Labrang Monks serving lengthyprison sentence,” TCHRD Press Release dated 27 May 2009available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090527a.html

211 “China denies family access to two Labrang Monks servinglengthy prison sentence,” TCHRD Press Release dated 27May 2009 available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090527a.html

212 “Chinese court sentences six monks in Chamdo,” TCHRDPress Release dated 27 May 2009; Six monks were identifiedas abbot Tenzin Gyaltsen, 37, Nyi-chig, 50, ex-treasurerNgawang Tashi, 51, Tashi Dorjee, 30, all received 15 years ofrigorous imprisonment. Chant Master Jamyang Sherab, 42was sentenced to 13 years and Tsering Palden, 36, wassentenced to 12 years of rigorous imprisonment

213 “Chinese court sentences six monks in Chamdo,” TCHRDPress Release dated 27 May 2009 available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090527.html

214 “Tibetan Guide’s Incitement Case Surfaces: 3-year sentencefor Emails, Text Messages,” Dui Hua Foundation, Dui HuaHuman Rights Journal dated 22 June 2009. and “MoreTibetans arrested in connection with Internet Activities,”Reporters Without Borders, 22 October 2009 (Online)available at http://www.rsf.org/More-Tibetans-arrested-in.html

215 Ibid216 “A Tibetan monk sentenced to 3- years in jail for opposing

patriotic education campaign,” TCHRD Press Release dated

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20 July 2009 available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090720.html

217 “China Sentences eight Tibetans to varying prison terms inTibet;” TCHRD Press Release dated 14 August 2009; Theeight indicted Tibetans were identified as: 1. Monk PaldenGyatso, a disciplinarian at Ragya Monastery, sentenced toseven years rigorous imprisonment; 2. Monk Tsultrim, a formerdisciplinarian of Ragya Monastery was given four years ofrigorous imprisonment. He was also a former Chant master,well trained in performing ritual prayers and a scholar onvinaya teachings (monastic code of conduct);3. Monk Sangpowas given three-year prison sentence. He was a former treasurerof Ragya Monastery; 4. Monk Jamyang Khedrub was sentencedto two-year prison term. He was the secretary of the Board ofDirectors of Ragya Monastery; 5. Monk Gendun was givenone-year prison sentence; 6. Monk Sherab Sangpo, 27, wassentenced to two-year prison term; 7. Hu-lo from Gya-saVillage (lay person) was given one-year prison sentence; 8.Yang-kyab from Gya-sa Village (lay person) was given six-months prison sentence.

218 “China detains 95 Tibetans who protested in the aftermath ofTashi Sangpo’s suicide in the MachuRiver,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 23 March 2009

219 “TCHRD fears torture and inhumane treatment on thearrestees from Barkhor protest on Tibetan Uprising Day,”TCHRD Press Release date 12 March 2008 available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080312.html

220 “Monks jailed for up to ten years for March 2008 Protests,”Voice of Tibet Radio service (online), dated 20 August 2009

221 “Picture identities of visiting monk students of Sera Monasteryarrested on 10 March from Barkhor street, Lhasa, for theirpro-Tibet protest, “ TCHRD Press Release dated 12 March2008 available at http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/p001.html

222 “Three Tibetans sentenced,” Radio Free Asia (Online) dated12 August 2009 available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/threetibetans-08122009164030.html

223 “Tibetan sentenced to five years in Kardze,” Voice of TibetRadio Service report dated 10 August 2009.

224 “Tibetan man gets 15 years imprisonment for 2008 Tibetprotest,” www.tibet.net, Central Tibetan Administration, PressRelease dated 27 August 2009

225 Ibid226 International support led Golog Jigme free; The Association

of Tibetan Journalists, Press Release dated 22 April 2009;http://www.tibetanjournalists.org/pressreleases/20090422-pressrelease.html

227 Refer to the details of the Prisoners’ List compiled by theTibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy’s AnnualReport 2008, Human Rights Situation 2008

228 “China frees 1,200 in Tibet, holds 700 over Xinjiang, “ AFPreport dated 10 August 2009.

229 Refer to the list of people released since March 2008 protestat the back of the Annual Report 2009

230 A monk who exposed Chinese brutality released, TCHRDPress Release dated 6 May 2009

231 “103 Lutsang monks arrive home, 6 still held – updated,”Phayul.com dated 20 March 2009

232 Voice of Tibet Radio News Service report dated 20 March2009

233 “Seven released in Nyagchuka, situation “tense,”” Phayul.comcited Voice of Tibet Radio Service News on 18 December2009

234 Constitution of the PRC Article 35. Article 51, however, states:‘‘The exercise by citizens of the People’s Republic of China oftheir freedoms and rights may not infringe upon the interestsof the state, of society and of the collective, or upon the lawfulfreedoms and rights of other citizens.’’

235 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adoptedby General Assembly resolution 2200A(XXI) of 16 December1966, entry into force 23 March 1976, article 19 [hereinafterICCPR]. In March 2008, Premier Wen Jiabao reiteratedChina’s commitment to ratify the ICCPR, saying ‘‘we areconducting inter-agency coordination to address the issue ofcompatibility between China’s domestic laws and internationallaw so as to ratify the Covenant as soon as possible.’’ Ministryof Foreign Affairs (Online), ‘‘Premier Wen Jiabao AnsweredQuestions at Press Conference,’’18 March 2008

236 “Citizens of the People’s Republic of China enjoy freedom ofspeech, of the press, of assembly, of association, of processionand of demonstration.”Constitution of the People’s Republicof China available online at http://english.people.com.cn/constitution/constitution.html

237 “A Tibetan writer-photographer sentenced,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 19 November 2009; “Founder of Tibetancultural website sentenced to 15 years in closed door trial infreedom of expression case,” 16 November 2009, InternationalCampaign for Tibet.; A Tibetan writer-photographer arrestedin Gansu Province, TCHRD Press Release dated 25 March2009; A Tibetan writer-photographer sentenced, TCHRDPress Release dated 19 November 2009; Available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091119.html; “China: Ensure FairTrails for Tibetan Filmmaker”, Human Rights Watch, 3 August2009

238 “China tightens grip as Tibet Revolt hits 50-year mark,”Maureen Fan, Washington Post (online) dated 16 March 2009.The Article cited Tibetan blogger Woeser who had writtenthat ‘in at least 17 counties of the Ganzi Tibetan AutonomousPrefecture in Sichuan Province, cell phone messaging andInternet service were cut off in mid-February,” and that ‘phonecalls foreign countries to Tibetan areas cannot get through.”“China’s show of force keeps Tibet quiet;” Audra Aung,Associated Press dated 10 March 2009 as given in abc onlinenews, “Lhasa residents received notice on their cell phonesTuesday from carrier China Mobile that voice and textmessaging services many face disruptions from March 10 toMay 1 for “network improvements.”

239 “China sentences 14 Tibetans for March Unrest in Tibet;”TCHRD Press Release dated 3 November 2008; The Lhasaintermediate People’s court in late October and earlyNovember sentenced Tibetans to seven Tibetans to terms ofimprisonment ranging from 8 years to life imprisonment on


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charges of “espionage” (Criminal Law, Article 110) or unlawfullyproviding “intelligence” to an organization or individualoutside of China (Criminal Law, Article 111). The information(intelligence) allegedly provided to the outside organizationsbased in Indiaare part of what the Chinese government andParty refer to collectively as “the Dalai Clique.” AND“Chinesecourt sentences seven Tibetans between 8 years to lifeimprisonment;” TCHRD Press Release dated 16 December2008

240 “Lithang Under Siege Day After the Protest,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 20 February 2009, Available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090220.html; “Official: Tibetan Area Closedto Foreigners,” Associated Press, as given in the WashingtonPost, 12 February 2009, ‘Several foreign journalists havereported being expelled from Tibetan-populated areas in Chinain the past week.

’241 “China bans tourist entry into Tibet till October 8" ANIreport dated 22 September 2009; China bans entry into Tibet;MountEverest.net (Online) dated 22 September 2009 saying,“Today the Tibetan Tourist Board (TTB) announced thatthey will not be issuing any more permits to foreigners until8th Oct. The announcement, such as it was, was made only totravel agents in Lhasa.” Available at http://www.mounteverest.net/news.php?id=18735

242 “On China’s 60th Anniversary, Tibet wants quiet;” By StephenKruczy, Christian Science Monitor report dated 30 September2009 (Online)

243 Ibid244 “A video appeal from a Tibetan inside Tibet to the International

Community,” TCHRD Press Release dated 28 August 2009available online at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090828.html

245 “China arrests eleven Tibetans in Golog over subversive VCD,”TCHRD Press Release dated 8 December 2009 availableonline at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091208.html

246 “A website proprietor arrested in Gansu Province,” TCHRDPress release dated 7 March 2009 available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090307b.html ; Kunchok Tsephel came intoexile in 1989 and studied Tibetan and English languages forthree years. He returned to Tibet after completion of hisstudies in 1994. Tsephel was arrested in 1995 by PSB officialson suspicious ground and kept under custodial detention fortwo months and subjected to torture and forced interrogation.

247 “A Tibetan writer-photographer sentenced,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 19 November 2009

248 “Founder of Tibetan cultural website sentenced to 15 years inclosed door trial in freedom of expression case,” 16 November2009, International Campaign for Tibet.

249 A Tibetan writer-photographer arrested in Gansu Province,TCHRD Press Release dated 25 March 2009

250 A Tibetan writer-photographer sentenced, TCHRD PressRelease dated 19 November 2009; Available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091119.html

251 “Crackdown on lawyers: legal think-tank shut down, fears for‘Leaving Fear Behind’ film-maker Dhondup Wangchen,”International Campaign for Tibet, 17 July 2009

252 “Tibetan Filmmaker and 2 monks denied legal representative,”Phayul (Online) 18 July 2009

253 “Dhondup Wangchen faces trial: New information on charges,”International Campaign for Tibet, 17 September 2009

254 “China: Ensure Fair Trails for Tibetan Filmmaker”, HumanRights Watch, 3 August 2009

255 “Tibetan Parliament-in-exile calls on UN to help release ofarrested Tibetan filmmaker,” www.tibet.net, Central TibetanAdministration, 1 August 2009.

256 “Filmmaker Dhondup Wangchen sentenced to 6 years inprison,” Phayul.com dated 6 January 2010

257 “Bad News”- Tibetan bloggers report the arrest of Tibetanwriter Therang,” 3 August 2008 as reported by high peakspure earth website; http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2009/08/bad-news-tibetan-bloggers-report-arrest.html

258 “China arrests Tibetan writer in Ngaba,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 20 April 2009 And Online Woeser blog “InvisibleTibet” http://woeser.middle-way.net/2009/08/blog-post_03.html

259 Ibid260 Woeser Online Blog “Invisible Tibet” available at http://

woeser.middle-way.net/2009/08/blog-post_04.html261 Ibid262 “Tibetan Singer Tashi Dondrup arrested over subversive CD,”

Jane Macartney, Times Online News dated 4 December 2009available at http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6943997.ece

263 “Students expelled from School in Kanlho,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 30 June 2009 available online at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090630.html

264 Ibid265 “3 years’ imprisonment for 2 Tibetans for Dalai Lama contents

on chat site” Phayul (Online) dated 3 December 2009; “MoreTibetans arrested in connection with Internet Activities,”Reporters Without Borders, 22 October 2009 (Online)available at http://www.rsf.org/More-Tibetans-arrested-in.html

266 “Three years in jail for posting Dalai Lama photos online,”Reporters without Border, 4 December 2009 (Online)available at http://www.rsf.org/More-Tibetans-arrested-in.html

267 “Tibetan ‘web-surfer’ detained,” Radio Free Asia (online )dated 24 August 2009 available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/tibetanwebsurfer-08242009154122.html; “MoreTibetans arrested in connection with Internet Activities,”Reporters Without Borders, 22 October 2009 (Online)available at http://www.rsf.org/More-Tibetans-arrested-in.html

268 “China arrests eleven Tibetans in Golog over subversive VCD,”TCHRD Press Release dated 8 December 2009 availableonline at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091208.html

269 “Chinese Court Sentences two to death on starting fatal firesin Lhasa riot,” Xinhua News, 8 April 2009; “ …the court hadgiven open trials strictly abiding by the Criminal ProcedureLaw of the People’s Republic of China. The court also provided

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Tibetan interpreters for the defendants. Their lawyers fullyvoiced their defenses. The litigious rights of the defendantswere fully safeguarded and their customs and dignity wererespected.” A reminder to China that the world has notforgotten Tibet; The Independent, By Clifford Coonan,Wednesday, 12 March 2008. Lhasa Evening News (Ch: LasaWenbao) dated 8 November 2008; can be read at http://www.lasa-eveningnews.com.cn/epaper/uniflows/02/20081108/02_30.htm (In Chinese language); The translatedversion of the report can be found at http://www.highpeakspureearth.com/2008/12/tibetan-ngo-worker-given-life-sentence.html

270 “Nepal to tighten Tibet border area to please China,” IANSreport (Online) 2 October 2009

271 “Nepal: Abuses Against Tibetans Protesting China’s TibetCrackdown China Leans on Nepal to Stifle Demonstrations,”Human Rights Watch Report dated 24 July 2009 available ath t t p : / / c h i n a . h r w . o r g / p r e s s / n e w s _ r e l e a s e /nepal_abuses_against_tibetans_protesting_china_s_tibet_crackdown

272 “China’s Hu Calls for Great Wall of Stability in Tibet,” XinhuaNews dated 9 March 2009 available online at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 9 /content_10977938.htm

273 Ibid274 Tibetan Reception Centre, Dharamsala275 “Tibetan monks tell tale of Escape from China,” Edward Wong,

The New York Times dated 21 June 2009276 “China’s Hu Calls for Great Wall of Stability in Tibet,” Xinhua

News dated 9 March 2009 available online at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 9 /content_10977938.htm

277 The Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China Article322 states, “Whoever, in violation of the laws or regulationson administration of the national border (frontier), illegallycrosses the national border (frontier), if the circumstances areserious, shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of notmore than one year, criminal detention or public surveillanceand shall also be fined.”

278 Ekantipur.com Online Nepalese News Portal dated 26February 2009

279 “Beijing warns Kathmandu against pro-Tibet rallies in Nepal,”By Kalpit Parajuli, Asianews.it (Online) available at AsiaNewsreport dated 27 February 2009

280 “Beijing warns Kathmandu against pro-Tibet rallies in Nepal,”By Kalpit Parajuli, Asianews.it (Online) available at AsiaNewsreport dated 27 February 2009

281 “Govt mulls security deployment to Nepal-China border,”NepalNews.com online news report dated 16 July 2009available online at http://www.nepalnews.com/main/index.php/news-archive/2-political/463-govt-mulls-security-deployment-to-nepal-china-border.html; According to thereport, Border security bases will be established in Tatopani ofSindhupalchok, Lomanthang of Mustang, Kimathanka ofSankhuwasabha, Limi of Humla and Tinker of Darchula inthe first phase. Each base will have an Armed Police Force(APF) squad under the command of a Superintendent of Police(SP).

282 “China’s Hu Calls for Great Wall of Stability in Tibet,” XinhuaNews (online) dated 9 March 2009 available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 9 /content_10977938.htm

283 China tightens TAR border controls: Xinhua News dated 09March 2009. “Hu Calls for Great Wall of Stability in Tibet,”Xinhua News (online) dated 9 March 2009 available at http:// n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 9 /content_10977938.htm

284 “China’s Hu Calls for Great Wall of Stability in Tibet,” XinhuaNews (online) dated 9 March 2009 available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 0 9 /content_10977938.htm

285 “Nepal To Deploy Cops at Border,” The Straits Times reportdated 4 October 2009 (Online) available at http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_437997.html

286 “China, Nepal Vow to Enhance Co-op on Border Security,”Xinhua News given in China’s Tibet Online dated 11 September2009 (Online) available at http://chinatibet.people.com.cn/6754679.html

287 Originally reported in Boxun.com.cn and later reported inPhayul.com date 15 July 2009 “Two Tibetans returning toTibet face immense torture.”

288 IANS Report dated 23 February 2009289 “Ragya Monastery Encircled, Reeling Under Severe

Restriction,” TCHRD Press Release dated 23 March 2009.Police subjected Tashi Zangpo to ‘harsh beatings, inhumanetorture and long interrogation,’ Refer to TCHRD Publication‘Kuxing: Torture In Tibet”

290 “Tibetan lama on trial for weapons charge in China,” TheAssociated Press dated 21 April 2009; Tulku was reportedlytortured for four days and nights upon detention and forcedinto making a confession after a police interrogation. Policeeven threatened his wife and son of detention if Tulku did notcomply, according to his lawyer; “A monk who exposed Chinesebrutality released,” TCHRD Press Release dated 6 May 2009;Jigme Gyatso or Jigme Guri of Labrang Monastery was releasedon medical ground after months of detention and torture inthe police custody. He was arrested few times and finallyreleased on 3 May 2009.

291 Consideration of reports submitted by States parties underArticle 19 of the Convention, Concluding observation of theCommittee against Torture, CHINA, 41stSession, 3-21November 2008, Geneva, Pg No. 8 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

292 Ibid293 China detains 95 Tibetans who protested in the aftermath of

Tashi Sangpo’s suicide in Machu River, TCHRD Press Releasedated 23 March 2009

294 Ibid295 Ibid296 Voice of Tibet Radio News service report dated 23 March2009297 Ibid298 “China confirms monk immolation in Tibetan town: Xinhua,”

AFP News dated 28 February 2009


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299 “China tensions high after Tibet monk sets self on fire inProtest,” AFP, By Marianne Barriaux, 1 March 2009.

300 Self-immolated man asked to amputate his legs, TCHRDPress Release dated 13 March 2009

301 Consideration of Reports submitted by states parties underarticle 19 of the Convention, UN Committee Against Torture,Forty-First Session Geneva 3-21 November 2008, CAT/C/CHN/CO/4 available online at http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf

302 Ibid303 “China protests against “prejudiced” U.N. torture report,”

Reuters, 23 November 2008 available at http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE4AM0CX20081123

304 Ibid and Statement by Counsellor ZHANG Dan, the ChineseDelegation at the Third Committee of the 64th Session of theGA at the Dialogue with the Chairman of the Committeeagainst Torture and the Special Rapporteur on Torture,Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to theUN Website (Online) available at http://www.china-un.org/eng/lhghyywj/ldhy/64th_unga/t621595.htm dated 20October 2009

305 “China’s brutality in Tibet Exposed,” www.tibet.net, CentralTibetan Administration, Press Release dated 20 March 2009available online at http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=89&articletype=press&rmenuid=morepress&tab=2

306 “YouTube Being Blocked In China, Google Says,” The NewYork Times, By Miguel Helft, dated 24 March 2009 (Online) available at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/25/technology/internet/25youtube.html; “YouTube Blocked InChina,” CNN News dated 26 March 2009

307 “China arrests two nuns of Dragkar Nunnery,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 3 April 2009 (Online) available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090403b.html

308 “Kardze nun protestor died under mysterious circumstance inChengdu hospital,” TCHRD Press Release dated 7 December2009 (Online) available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20091207.html

309 A Tibetan monk beaten to death by Chinese Security Police,TCHRD Press Release dated 30 March 2009

310 “Tibetan youth dies in custody,” Radio Free Asia (Online)report dated 30 January 2009.

311 “A Tibetan monk died from torture whilst in detention,”TCHRD Press Release dated 10 September 2009 (Online)available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090910.html

312 “ A Tibetan man blinded and sentenced to four years’ in jail inNgaba,” TCHRD Press Release dated 31 January 2009(Online) available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090131.html

313 “Fifteen Tibetans arrested after a peaceful protest,” TCHRDPress Release dated 16 February 2009 (Online) available athttp://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090216a.html;The identitiesof all those detained are; Sonam Tenpa, 29 years old, JampaThokmey, 30, Gelek Kunga, 26, Lobsang Tenzin 23, LobsangPhendey, 37, Jampa Yonten, 30, Sanggey, 29, Jampa Tsering,28, Lobsang Wangchuk, 30, Lobsang Tashi, 21, GendunChoephel, 30, Dargye, 37, Gedhun, 29, Jampa, 40 and Amdo

Gyaltsen, 41. All the detainees were known to be from nomadicfamilies who have shifted their residences from different villagesto LithangTown.

314 Voice of Tibet Radio service (Online) dated 16 September2009.

315 “Monk suicides on the rise in Buddhist Tibet,” A reportsubmitted by TCHRD to the UN Special Rapporteur on theFreedom of Religion or Belief on the factors and circumstancesleading to the occurrences and increase of suicides by Tibetanmonks and nuns in Chinese occupied Tibet since 10 March2008, 7 June 2009

316 “Nine monks sentenced, another committed suicide in Tibet,”TCHRD Press Release dated 10 February 2009 (Online)available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090210.html

317 “Fear of arrest and torture causes Tibetan monk to commitsuicide in Tibet,” www.tibet.net, Central TibetanAdministration dated 21 April 2009

318 China reinforces Patriotic education in Drepung Monastery:Report, Tibet.net, Central Tibetan Administration, 15 January2009

319 “Updates on Repression in Tibet,” tibet.net, Central TibetanAdministration dated 8 July 2009

320 UN General Assembly Declaration on the Protection of allPersons from Enforced Disappearance, GA Resolution 47/133 dated18 December 1992. Available online at UNHCHRwebsite http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/%28Symbol%29/A.RES.47.133.En?Opendocument

321 Declaration on the Protection of all Persons from EnforcedDisappearance, UN General Assembly resolution 47/133 of18 December 1992; Details of the resolution can be found athttp://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/A.RES.47.133.En?OpenDocument

322 United Nations Working Group on Enforced and InvoluntaryDisappearances, Fact Sheet No 6 (Rev 2), Enforced orInvoluntary Disappearances (2006)

323 Two monks disappeared after raid in Labrang Monastery;TCHRD Press Release dated 3 June 2009

324 “Four Tibetans sentenced, another missing,” TCHRD PressRelease dated 20 January 2009,(Online) available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090120.html

325 “A Tibetan monk died from torture whilst in Chinesedetention,” TCHRD Press Release dated 10 September 2009(Online) available at http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090910.html

326 Ibid327 “Updates on repression in Tibet,” www.tibet.net , Central

Tibetan Administration dated 8 July 2009328 “Monks jailed for up to ten years for March 2008 Protests,”

Voice of Tibet Radio service (online), dated 20 August 2009329 “China issues white paper on ethnic issues,” Xinhua News

dated 27 September 2009 made available in Global Timesonline at http://china.globaltimes.cn/chinanews/2009-09/472441.html

330 “Statement of Ms. Navanethem Pillay United Nations HighCommissioner for Human Rights at the 12th session of theHuman Rights Council,” United Nations Office of the High

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Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), 15September2009

331 Consideration of reports submitted by States parties underarticle 9 of the Convention : concluding observations of theCommittee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination :China (including Hong Kong and Macau SpecialAdministrative Regions) as given in the United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees website : http://www.unhcr.org/r e f w o r l d /publisher,CERD,CONCOBSERVATIONS,CHN,4adc35852,0.html

332 “Chinese court sentences two to death starting fatal fires inLhasa riot,” Xinhua News dated 8 April 2009; statement madeby the court officials that call for execution of two Tibetansfor committing “extremely serious crime and have to beexecuted to assuage the people’s anger.”

333 “Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy for Tibetan People,”Central Tibetan Administration, (Online) available at http://w w w . t i b e t . n e t / e n /index.php?id=109&articletype=press&rmenuid=morepress&tab=2

71

EDUCATION

Everyone has the right to education . . .Education shall be directed to the fulldevelopment of the human personality andto the strengthening of respect for humanrights and fundamental freedoms.

-The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,Article 261

Introduction

Every year, hundreds of school-aged children leaveTibet to make the treacherous journey over theHimalayas in pursuit of furthering their education.2

Under Chinese rule, education in Tibet has beenallowed to deteriorate and is oftentimes treated as apropaganda vehicle aimed at strengthening theruling party of the People’s Republic of China(PRC). The poor condition of the schools, the infe-rior quality of instruction, and a curriculum designedto prevent Tibetan children from speaking their ownlanguage and learning their own history promptsthe painful decision to flee into exile where the hopeof receiving an adequate education awaits them.Many of these children leave behind their entire fami-lies, knowing that this sacrifice is the best chancefor their future. The trek from Tibet to asylum inIndia or Nepal is long, difficult, and dangerous, withmost groups setting out in the winter months toavoid being intercepted by Chinese border guards.As explained by an employee at the TibetanChildren’s Village Suja School:

Tibetans mainly try to cross [into India orNepal] in the winter, because there are lessChinese border guards then. The Tibetanstry to take advantage of this opportunity, butthis is when the weather is very harsh. Moststudents cross in a group, but out of a groupof ten children usually only five will makeit. Some children are caught, and are eithersent back or put in prison, but others simplydie.3

International and Domestic LegalObligations

Education is a vital component of human develop-ment and is a cornerstone to achieving and main-taining an acceptable quality of life. Acquiring aneducation is fundamental to the realization of otherbasic human rights, such as the freedom of thoughtand religion,4 the freedom of opinion and informa-tion,5 the right to participate in the governmentalprocess,6 and the right to work.7 For a society toadvance and make progress against social challenges,the state bears the responsibility of ensuring that anadequate educational system is established. In rec-ognition of education’s vital importance, the Uni-versal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed theright to an education in 1948.8 This right was latercodified by the International Covenant on Eco-nomic, Social, and Cultural Rights,9 and is also rec-ognized in the Convention on the Rights of theChild.

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The Convention on the Rights of the Child statesthat primary education should be “compulsory andfree for all students,”10 and goes on to say

In those States in which ethnic, religious orlinguistic minorities or persons of indigenousorigin exist, a child belonging to such aminority or who is indigenous shall not bedenied the right, in community with othermembers of his or her group, to enjoy his orher own culture, to profess and practice hisor her own religion, or to use his or her ownlanguage.11 (emphasis added)

This clause holds particular importance for Tibet-ans, as this year marks the 50th Anniversary of theDalai Lama’s flight into exile in 1959 following theChinese invasion and subsequent religious and cul-tural persecution of those remaining in Tibet.12

The PRC voted in favor of adopting the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights in 1948,13 ratifiedthe Convention on the Rights of the Child in1992,14 and ratified the International Covenant onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights in 2001.15

As a member state to these UN Declarations andConventions, the PRC is obligated to ensure therights contained within those international instru-ments are respected and upheld. Additionally, thePRC has enshrined “the duty as well as the right toreceive [an] education” in its Constitution,16 and hasreiterated in its Education Law of the People’sRepublic of China that citizens’ right to be educatedexists “regardless of their nationality, race, sex . . . orreligious belief.”17 Despite mandates from these vari-ous sources of law, the PRC persists in maintainingpolicies and programs that functionally deny Tibetanstudents access to adequate education. This denialviolates international norms and the PRC’s domes-tic laws, and has serious consequences for the Ti-betan population and the preservation of Tibetanculture.

Compulsory EducationCompulsory EducationCompulsory EducationCompulsory EducationCompulsory Education:

The Education Law of the People’s Republic ofChina was first adopted in 1986,18 and its purposewas to eventually establish nine years of compul-sory education nationwide.19 The Education Lawindicated the PRC would also implement a progres-sive series of programs with the ultimate aim of pro-viding full tuition for all students. In 2006, theEducation Law was revised and amended to add therequirement that rural schools be brought to thesame educational standard as urban schools.20

The PRC takes great pride in publicizing the amountof education funding it claims to invest in educa-tion for Tibetans, and claims that the funding hasmeant “[t]he rate of population receiving six-yearcompulsory education was 100 percent and that fornine-year compulsory education, 96 percent [sic].”21 The United Nation Development Programmedoes indicate in its 2007/2008 Human DevelopmentReport that the PRC’s education spending in Tibetis among the highest in the entire country, report-ing that the PRC provides between 300 to 400 Yuanper student.22 In terms of substantive results for Ti-betans, however, this spending appears to have hadlittle effect on the quality and accessibility of educa-tion, particularly for rural students. Despite thePRC’s spending, interviews with recent refugeesfrom Tibet conducted by the Tibetan Centre forHuman Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) uncov-ered near-universal reports of an educational systemthat persistently fails to deliver adequate educationto Tibetan students. School education continues tobe both prohibitively expensive and sub-par in in-struction, which either results in many students drop-ping out or prevents children from attending schoolat all. While the PRC claims that compulsoryeducation has led to an astronomical school enroll-ment of 98.5% of all school age children in Tibet,23

the United Nations Development Programme pro-vides a more sobering estimate. According to the

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UNDP report, Tibet’s combined school enrollmentratio is a mere 57.41%, the lowest enrollment ratein the entire country.24 This lowest of enrollmentrates indicates the PRC has failed to live up to itsobligation of compulsory education for all, a fail-ure with serious consequences for Tibetans.

The harm resulting from this lack of access to edu-cation is reflected most strikingly in Tibet’s overallliteracy rate. In the recently released White Paper,Fifty Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet, the PRCclaims that it now provides free six-year compul-sory education throughout Tibet, and that thisachievement has “basically wiped out illiteracy.”25 Iftrue, this would truly be an impressive feat; sadly,numerous sources and statistics (including newsoutlets based in the PRC)26 maintain that fully halfof the Tibetan population in fact remains illiterate.Given the amount of money the PRC says it pro-vides for Tibetan education, it might be possiblethat the educational system could be moving to-wards a compulsory model in the urban centers, andthat this might be having some effect on literacyrates in the larger cities. For Tibet’s rural majority,however, there is no consistency in the availabilityof education, resulting in Tibet’s persistently alarm-ing rate of illiteracy. In stark contradiction to thePRC’s claim, both the United Nation DevelopmentProgramme’s 2007/2008 Human DevelopmentReport for the PRC and the U.S. Department ofState 2008 Human Rights Report: China show un-acceptable literacy rates in Tibet. The U.S. State De-partment estimates illiteracy levels in Tibet are “morethan five times higher . . . than the national aver-age”27 and the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme report clearly shows the adult literacyrate in Tibet remains at 54.35% of the population(as compared to 90.69% nationally).28

International observers have noted the incongruityof Tibet’s low school enrollment and high illiteracyrates in the face of the PRC’s claims of massive capi-tal investment in education.29 These statistics sug-

gest Tibetan students are not receiving the qualityinstruction they need to acquire invaluable literacyskills or to make the financial burden a worthwhileinvestment for the students. At the very least, suchsignificant government spending would be expectedto translate into the free and universal education thePRC boasts of providing to all students in Tibet. Itis unclear what all of the PRC’s education spendingis actually paying for, as it certainly does not seemto be helping Tibetan students to acquire an adequateeducation. The lack of literacy and overall educa-tion is resulting in the further marginalization ofTibetans who enter the job market unable to com-pete with Chinese migrants who have had access toa more substantial education.

Cost of Attendance

The Convention on the Rights of the Child requiresthat primary education be made “compulsory andavailable free to all.”30 In accordance with this man-date, the PRC claims that the “”Tibet AutonomousRegion”” was the first province in China to enjoyfree compulsory education for both rural and urbanstudents.31 The PRC has also recently stated thatfree education is now offered in neighboring Tibetanprovinces,32 yet these claims were completely un-substantiated in interviews conducted by theTCHRD. Contrary to Chinese reports that“[t]uition and accommodation for Tibetan studentsup to high schools [sic] are fully paid for by thegovernment” and that “families do not have to paya penny until their children graduate from highschool,”33 not one person interviewed for this re-port indicated that he or she had experienced freeeducation.34

Tsering Dolma, a 17-year-old Tibetan female fromLhasa, spoke with the TCHRD on 20 June 2009 atthe Reception Centre in McLeod Ganj, India. Shesays she left Tibet to pursue a better education inIndia, and further reports:

74


I had to pay 500 Yuan per semester, 1,000Yuan per year. This tuition fee did not coverany costs for room and board, as I lived athome while attending school. In some cases,the cost of this tuition prevented families withmany daughters from sending them all toschool. I have heard that the government didissue “ration” cards for poor people, and thatstudents with these ration cards did not haveto pay tuition fee, but I did not have thisration card so I had to pay the full tuition.35

The ration card reported by Ms. Dolma would beconsistent with the Education Law of the People’sRepublic of China’s stipulation that “education re-ceivers” have the right to “[obtain] scholarship, loanfor education and stipend [sic],”36 yet further testi-mony casts doubt upon the accessibility or even theexistence of the “ration” card program. TenzinSangmo, a 23-year-old female from Lhoka Prefec-ture, “”TAR””, spoke with the TCHRD at theTibetan Transit School in Dharamsala, India on 22June 2009. She reports:

The Chinese claims of financial assistance foreducation are all fake – the Chinese offer a“ration” card, but the procedure for obtainingthis card is so difficult that the ration card isnever implemented. The Chinese say thisprogram existed, but it was never a reality.37

A financial aid program that in actuality operates toprevent intended beneficiaries from accessing neededassistance does not constitute a meaningful efforton the part of the administrative government, andshould not be claimed as such. Furthermore, evenif the program did exist, a ration card that elimi-nates tuition for only a select number of studentscannot be celebrated as universal and free educationfor both rural and urban students. Additionalinterviewees voiced their doubts surrounding thePRC’s claims of financial assistance for students.Palden, a 17-year-old male from Ngocha Village,

Chentsa County, Malho “TAP” Qinghai Provincewas interviewed at the Tibetan Childrens VillageSchool in Suja, India on 23 June 2009. He toldTCHRD that to the best of his knowledge, “[u]nderthe Chinese government, there was no special assis-tance for poor families and poor students. Therewere some Western NGOs that assist Tibetans, butthat was all.”38

Condition of Facilities, Rural/UrbanDisparity

It is difficult to find current reports from interna-tional observers and outside sources on the condi-tion of school facilities in Tibet, which suggests thisis an area the international community should re-turn its attention to in the future.39 According tothose who have recently arrived from Tibet, how-ever, there continues to be a significant developmentgap between urban and rural schools despite thePRC’s claims to the contrary. As described previ-ously, the PRC has invested enormous sums ofmoney in Tibet’s educational system, and boasts thatmuch of this money has been used to improve edu-cational facilities in both the urban centers and ruralareas. An article in China Tibet News recently madethe following claim:

Since 1985, free food, clothing andaccommodation have been provided for ruralTibetan students in Tibetan primary andmiddle schools, and the standard is keepingincreasing. Conditions of primary and middleschools also represent a great improvementfrom experimental equipment, librarycapacity to desks and chairs.40

More personal testimony from recent arrivals fromTibet absolutely refutes the claims made in thatarticle. Tenzin Sangmo, a 23-year-old female fromLhoka Prefecture, “TAR”, spoke with TCHRD atthe Tibetan Transit School in Dharamsala, India on22 June 2009. She reports: “The main difference is

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the rural schools are cheaper, but the facilities aremuch worse. They are much smaller, with worsefurniture.” 41 Sonam Tenzin, a 27 year-old male fromKardze, Sichuan Province, spoke with the TCHRDat the Tibetan Reception Center on 20 June 2009,and echoed this description: “My primary schoolwas in a rural setting, and it was very underdevel-oped. There was also not enough space for the stu-dents.”42 Tsering Dolma, a 17-year-old female whoattended school in Lhasa spoke with TCHRD atthe Tibetan Reception Center in McLeod Ganj on22 June 2009. She suggested a possible explanationfor this urban/rural development disparity when shetold TCHRD: “I am from an urban area, thereforemy school facilities were nice. Tourists and outsid-ers often visited my school, so China had a reasonto make sure the school was nice.”43

These first-hand accounts expose the lingeringdisparity between urban and rural education in Ti-bet and reveal the PRC’s lack of commitment andfollow-through on the promise offered by the 2006Amendment to the Education Law. The statedpurpose of the Amendment was to “offer equal edu-cation to children no matter whether they live inthe city or in the countryside.”44 This promise wasparticularly significant for Tibet since most of itspopulation is still considered nomadic or rural,45 andas a result the majority of Tibetans suffer the wide-spread consequences of this unfulfilled promise.

Chinese/TChinese/TChinese/TChinese/TChinese/Tibetan Dibetan Dibetan Dibetan Dibetan Disparityisparityisparityisparityisparity

Tibetans continue to report that Tibetan and Chi-nese students remain largely segregated, either in sepa-rate classrooms or in different schools altogether.46

Sonam Tenzin told TCHRD that “[t]here were noChinese students in my school, only Tibetan,”47 andTenzin Sangmo reported “My school had a bad repu-tation, so the Chinese didn’t send their childrenthere.”48 Gonpo Tsephel described a similar situa-tion when he told TCHRD: “In my high school

there were many more Tibetans than Chinesestudents. This is because special schools have beenbuilt to separate Chinese and Tibetan students.”49

These statements suggest that in Tibet, Chinese im-migrants refuse to send their children to Tibetanschools due to the poor quality of education pro-vided there. Instead, the Chinese choose to buildseparate schools where their children can receivesuperior education, Palden explained, significant con-sequence of segregated education is that it perpetu-ates the divide between Tibetans and the Chinese,maintaining both a physical and linguistic differ-ence between the two groups. As explained byPalden: “My middle school was 99% Tibetan. Therewere Chinese Muslims in my area, but they go totheir own school. My school had a Tibetan languageclass, but the Chinese never attended this class sothey never learn Tibetan.”50

Even when Tibetan students attend the same schoolsas Chinese students, they are segregated andsubjected to different treatment and curricula.Tsering Dolma experienced this at her school inLhasa. She relayed the following to TCHRD:

Classes in my school were kept in differentcategories: Chinese and Tibetan. Chinese andTibetan students are kept separate, and aretaught in separate languages. Starting inmiddle school, Tibetan students take a specialTibetan language class; all other classes aretaught in Chinese.51

When permitted to attend integrated schools,Tibetans are placed at an additional disadvantage dueto the controlling influence of the Chinese “guanxi”system. The term “guanxi” describes the Chinesesystem of interpersonal relationships, often predi-cated on favors and bribes, that an individual mustcultivate in order to advance herself or himself withinthe social order.52 A person’s accumulation of“guanxi” can provide a tremendous advantage whensitting for school entrance exams or when submit-

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ting applications to Universities. Tibetans, however,often lack the connections within Chinese societyas well as the Chinese language proficiency neces-sary to compete in this nepotistic system.

Instruction/Administration

There is further evidence that the quality of instruc-tion in Tibetan schools is inferior and damaging tothe Tibetans. The main complaints voiced by re-cent refugees are that the Chinese educational ad-ministrators tightly control and restrict both the lan-guage used and the subject matter taught in theschools. TCHRD has received reports that contraryto the PRC’s claims,53 the Tibetan language is notmainstreamed into the general curriculum, and sub-jects concerning Tibetan history and culture arestrictly prohibited and supplanted by the PRC’s re-visionist version of the region’s history.

i. Language

Protecting and maintaining the Tibetan language isvital to the perpetuation of Tibetan culture, and theuse and instruction of the Tibetan language in schoolsis a key component to its preservation. The impor-tance of protecting traditions and cultures throughpreservation of native languages is a concept wellrecognized by the international community. TheConvention on the Rights of the Child containsprotections ensuring that children belonging to aminority population or speaking a minority language“shall not be denied the right . . . to enjoy his or herown culture . . . or to use his or her own language.”54

The PRC’s Constitution contains similar provisionsprotecting minority languages,55 and the EducationLaw expressly states that “schools or other educa-tional institutions which mainly consist of studentsfrom minority nationalities may use in educationthe language of the respective nationality or the na-tive language commonly adopted in the region.”56

Cognizance of its legal obligations regarding bilin-

gual education has prompted the PRC to release re-cent articles and reports claiming its educationalpolicies in Tibet honor and employ extensive Ti-betan language instruction. In a recent article, ChinaTibet News claimed

Tibetan language is a major component ofprimary school education . . . Tibetanlanguage education is widespread in primaryand secondary school throughout theautonomous region . . . Lobsang Tumei,Deprtry Director of Office of TibetanLanguage Committee [sic], said, “Tibetanlanguage education is thriving. Tibetaneducation was never so widespread in oldTibet.” 57

Similar assertions are presented in the report releasedby the China Tibetology Research Center located inBeijing. Citing deceptive statistics, they claim that

By the end of 2006, a total of 880 primaryschools and 1,351 teaching institutionsoffered bilingual courses in Chinese andTibetan, with 310,000 students, accountingfor 95.60% of the total number of studentsin Tibet’s primary schools. Moreover, 117secondary schools offered bilingual courses,with over 110,000 junior high school and28,000 senior high school students,accounting for 94.62% and 85.96% of thetotal number of junior and senior high schoolstudents, respectively. In the local teachingforce, 15,523 teachers are bilingual.58

Closer examination reveals the misleading nature ofthis report. The description implies an equal num-ber of Tibetan and Chinese students are taught to-gether in the classroom, and that both Tibetan andChinese are used equally in educational instruction.First-hand testimony, however, paints a very differ-ent picture of the “bilingual” nature of education inTibet. Contrary to the PRC’s assertion that it pro-

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vides textbooks written in the Tibetan language,59

Gonpo Tsephel, a 20-year-old male from NgabaCounty, Ngaba “TAP” Sichuan Province, toldTCHRD:

Back home, I was not free to learn the Tibetanlanguage. There were many restrictions onits use. I wanted to be able to learn freely, soI left Tibet. I speak Chinese, because that iswhat I’m used to now. All of my textbookswere in Chinese. The teachers and staffignored the Tibetan language and only spokeChinese.60

Sonam Lhamo, a 17-year-old female from Lhasa,confirmed this description of the exclusive use ofChinese language textbooks in Tibet when she toldTCHRD that “[i]n my primary school, teachersspoke Chinese except for our special class in Tibetan.Also, all of our textbooks were in Chinese.”61 Tashi,a 19-year-old male from Shigatse Prefecture ex-plained

Only one class was taught in Tibetan languageat my school. All other classes were taught inChinese. The teachers only taught aboutChinese subjects, Chinese history. They aretrying to brainwash Tibetans.62

The PRC has attempted to present a very differentimage of the language instruction in Tibetan schools,boasting that “[t]he Tibetan language is a major com-ponent of . . . education,”63 with “school teaching .. . mainly conducted in the Tibetan language and[that] the majority of teachers at schools and col-leges in Tibet are ethnically Tibetan.”64 Sonam Tenzinrevealed the disingenuous nature of the PRC’s claimwhen she reported: “[It is true that] I had only Ti-betan teachers, but they taught only in Chinese.”65

There are systemic and long-term consequences ofthe near-exclusive use of the Chinese language in

Tibetan school. The exclusionary practicemarginalizes native Tibetan speakers and underminesthe legitimacy of the Tibetan language and culture.The practice also has serious repercussions for theeducational goals of Tibetan students. The ChinaTibetology Research Center maintains that “[i]n thecollege entrance exam, the two languages [Chineseand Tibetan] are also subjects of examination, whosescores are taken 50% respectively into the finalscore,”66 yet numerous interviews with recent refu-gees contradict that claim. Tenzin Sangmo, a 23-year-old female from Lhokha Prefecture, “TAR”,reports “[t]he Chinese administer tests in the Chi-nese language. If you don’t do well on these examsyou automatically fail the class. If you don’t do well,then you don’t go on to further study.”67 Com-pounding the difficulty for Tibetan students inachieving their full academic potential is the fact thatmany Chinese teachers in Tibet indiscriminatelyemploy regional forms of Chinese. Continuing hertestimony, Tenzin Sangmo went on to report that

Different teachers speak different dialects.When teachers would speak in standardChinese I had no problem understandingthem, but some teachers didn’t care if theirstudents could understand them or not; sothey just spoke in their own dialect. Teacherswho did not perform well in their homeprovince are sent to Tibet. Tibet is like a“dustbin” for these low-quality teachers.68

There is also a social stigma attached to the use ofthe Tibetan language. Palden, a 17-year-old malefrom Ngocha village, Chentsa County, Malho“TAP” Qinghai Province, recounted the followingstory:

One of my best friends used to study inTsongul. In that school, there are about 1,000students, but only 40 Tibetans. The 40 arenot allowed to speak in Tibetan. If Chinesestudents catch them speaking in Tibetan, they

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scold them – “Why are you here if you wantto speak Tibetan?” The Tibetan students feelhumiliated.69

The preference for and near exclusive use ofthe Chinese language in schools has serious conse-quences for the advancement of human develop-ment in Tibet. Otherwise qualified students are be-ing kept from advancing their studies, which haslife-long ramifications for the nature of work avail-able to Tibetans already underserved by the educa-tional system. Dawa Sangmo, a 21-year-old femalefrom Meldrogonkar County, told TCHRD abouther personal experience of being disadvantaged bythe current educational system in Tibet:

I studied until the 6th grade, and then I tookthe big exam. Students who do well on theexam are sent for further study in China,but I failed because I don’t speak Chinese.Instead, I had to work in a restaurant formany years washing dishes, and I also workedcleaning laundry. I wanted a chance tocontinue my education, so I left Tibet andcame here.70

ii. Sii. Sii. Sii. Sii. Subjects ubjects ubjects ubjects ubjects TTTTTaughtaughtaughtaughtaught

In addition to prohibiting native language instruc-tion, Chinese educational authorities also tightlycontrol the subject matter disseminated in theschools. Such restrictive policies operate in contra-vention of both international norms and the PRC’sdomestic law. The Universal Declaration of HumanRights expressly protects the rights of parents andfamilies “to choose the kind of education that shallbe given to their children,”71 and the Conventionon the Rights of the Child provides “the educationof the child shall be directed to . . . the develop-ment of respect for the child’s parents, his or herown cultural identity, [and] language and values.”72

Of particular significance to the “Tibet AutonomousRegion”, the PRC’s Constitution plainly states “The

organs of self-government of the national autono-mous areas independently administer educational[and] cultural . . . affairs . . . and protect the culturallegacy of the nationalities and work for the devel-opment and prosperity of their cultures [sic].”73 Itis clear that the PRC has the legal responsibility topromote educational policies and curriculum thatsupport the Tibetan language and culture. Numer-ous accounts, however, indicate that Tibetan stu-dents are being taught a fabricated version of theirhistory, a version that undermines their cultural heri-tage and autonomy by celebrating the PRC as the“great liberator” of a feudal Tibet.74

The PRC is aware of its international and domesticobligations to provide culturally sensitive educationin Tibet, and has expressly addressed criticisms andaccusations that it is attempting to “brainwash” Ti-betans by releasing reports emphasizing Tibetan cul-tural instruction in the schools.75 Yet, in someschools the teaching of Tibetan history and cultureis reportedly banned outright, while at other schoolsa revisionist version of Tibetan history is dissemi-nated instead. Palden reports that in his experience,“[i]n Tibet, people don’t have an opportunity to learnTibetan history and culture.”76 Tashi gave consis-tent testimony, explaining that in his school, “Teach-ers are not allowed to teach Tibetan history, onlyChinese. In Chinese history, they teach their ownversion of “Tibetan” history. They change the his-tory of Tibet.”77 Gonpo Tsephel described the ver-sion of Tibetan history he was provided with at hisschool:

In my school, the Chinese would lectureabout early Tibetans, how we had a serfdom,a feudal system, and they would show videosof the Dalai Lama that said he treatedpeople badly.

Rather than attend schools that profane their his-tory and religion, many students choose instead todrop out of school. Tsultrim Gyaltso shared hisfamily’s story with TCHRD:

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In my township, the Chinese have forcedfamilies to send students to Chinese schools.If families refuse, the Chinese punish andfine them. In these schools, students are justtaught Communist ideology, songs praisingMao. My brother dropped out of this school,and my parents told the authorities that hewent to Lhasa, but instead he was hiding athome. My parents heard of schoolopportunities in India provided by the graceof His Holiness the Dalai Lama, so they sentme here.78

PPPPPatriotic Eatriotic Eatriotic Eatriotic Eatriotic Educationducationducationducationducation

There are clear indications that Chinese authoritiesin Tibet are now implementing patriotic educationprograms in the primary and secondary schools. Theprograms were previously concentrated in the mon-asteries and nunneries,79 but even prior to the pro-tests of March 2008 the U.S. State Department hadnoted that “[a]uthorities in Tibetan areas requiredprofessors and students at institutions of higher edu-cation to attend political education sessions in aneffort to prevent separatist political and religiousactivities on campus.”80 In response to the March2008 protests, the PRC has “re-launched” its patri-otic education campaign and appears to have ex-panded the reach of the program into the lower gradelevels.81

Patriotic education programs had long been usedby the PRC to promote “stability” within Tibet,82

with a particular emphasis on undermining the in-fluence of His Holiness the Dalai Lama.83 The pro-gram often includes instruction on “opposingsplittism,” propaganda films that misrepresentTibet’s history, and frequently requires that Tibetanattendees denounce the Dalai Lama.84

The International Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights demands that “State Parties to the presentCovenant undertake to have respect for the libertyof parents . . . to ensure the religious and moral

education of their children in conformity with theirown convictions.”85 While the PRC has signed butnot ratified this Covenant, it is a significant indica-tor of the importance of the rights enshrined thereinthat the majority of UN member states have rati-fied it.86 Political education programs such as thePRC’s do not allow Tibetan students or parents tofully exercise their right to a “religious and moraleducation . . . in conformity with their own convic-tions,”87 constituting what is internationally recog-nized as a violation of Tibetan’s civil and politicalrights.Many of those interviewed by TCHRD shared theirpersonal experiences of patriotic education, and whencombined with the variety of regions these reportsoriginated from there appears to be a widespreadinfringement of Tibetan student’s civil and politicalrights. Recent arrivals from Tibet provided the fol-lowing accounts of their experiences with politicaleducation policies and programs. Sonam Tenzin,originally from Kardze, described his experience witha facet of patriotic education “TAR”geting the uni-fying power of traditional Tibetan dress:

In my school, every Friday we would wearthe Tibetan dress, the chupa, instead of ourschool uniform. The Chinese authoritiesimplemented a political re-education programand we had to stop wearing our traditionaldress. Any teachers that expressed patrioticor nationalistic views for Tibet were sentaway. They were sent away to other schools.88

Sonam Lhamo, originally from Lhasa, described theprogram implemented at her school that requiredstudents to denounce the Dalai Lama. It is impor-tant to note that when asked why she made the dif-ficult decision to leave Tibet, her first response was“to audience the Dalai Lama.” Her deep respect forHis Holiness indicates the level of coercive tacticsemployed at her school in the course of administer-ing its patriotic education program. She relayed thefollowing:

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In my school, the Chinese authorities try todivide Buddhists into two groups: those thatfollow the Dalai Lama, and those thatfollow Chinese Buddhism. The schoolauthorities ask students which Buddhismthey believe in, and students are required tosign a paper saying which one. Tibetanstudents don’t have the guts to say they followthe Dalai Lama, most of then say they followChinese Buddhism. If students say theyfollow the Dalai Lama, I think thesestudents might be in danger of dismissal, ortheir families might be in trouble. I wasafraid, so I signed the paper saying I followChinese Buddhism even though I follow theDalai Lama.89

Gonpo Tsephel from Amdo, described the effortby Chinese authorities to censor and restrict stu-dents’ freedom of expression when interacting withthe media:

People from the media would visit my school,and the teachers would warn students abouthow they should answer questions about theDalai Lama. This happens a lot – before themedia arrives the people are prepared on howto answer. In my school, we were not allowedto hang rosaries or portraits of His Holiness.90

Jamyang Nyima from Lithang told TCHRD aboutthe PRC’s increased restrictions following the March2008 protests, as well as the fear tactics employedby Chinese authorities to ensure compliance andconformity to Chinese rule:

After the uprising on 14 March 2008 theChinese regularly held meetings in myschool. They threatened the students: Anystudents trying to work with politics wouldbe arrested, and their families would be indanger.91

In addition to the gross infringement of civil andpolitical rights, the PRC’s obsessive need to main-tain “stability” in Tibet through these patriotic edu-cation programs comes at a serious educational costto Tibetan students. There are reports that studentsaccused of participating in political activities havebeen forced to drop out of school, and that schoolswith a reputation for breeding political activism havebeen forced to close. Lhektso Dolma, a 16-year-oldgirl from Sichuan province provided this accountof Chinese retribution resulting in the denial of edu-cation to hundreds of students. During an interviewwith TCHRD on 23 June 2009, she reported:

In Kardze, there are separate Tibetan andChinese schools. One day local authoritiesaccused Tibetan students of breakinggovernment rules. They dismissed thestudent, and as a result there was a clashbetween Tibetan and Chinese teachers. TheTibetan teachers were all transferred. Beforethis incident, there were 500 students in theschool, and the Chinese offered financialassistance to poor students. They stopped this[financial assistance] after the incident, andthe poor students had to stop going to school.There were other schools they could attend,but they were very expensive; so many of thepoor students didn’t go to school at all. Theyalso stopped allowing new students to enroll.Now there are only 200 students at the school.I think the authorities were trying to closethe school. I think this was because of thepolitics – the Chinese authorities believestudents are too involved in politics, and theyare afraid of that.92

Children with Disabilities

Tibetan children that experience mental or physicaldisabilities are not receiving the full educational sup-port they are entitled to from the Chinese authori-

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ties. The Convention on the Rights of the Childrequires that signatories “recognize that a mentallyor physically disabled child should enjoy a full anddecent life, in conditions which ensure dignity, pro-mote self-reliance and facilitate the child’s activeparticipation in the community.”93 This right to afull and decent life necessarily includes “effectiveaccess to . . . education, training . . . [and] prepara-tion for employment.”94 The Convention on theRights of Persons with Disabilities, ratified by Chinain 2008,95 articulates the requirement that “Personswith disabilities [must not be] excluded from thegeneral education system on the basis of disability,and that children with disabilities [must not be]excluded from free and compulsory primary educa-tion, or from secondary education, on the basis ofdisability.”96 Domestically, the PRC in its Consti-tution provides “[t]he state and society [must] helpmake arrangements for the work, livelihood andeducation of the blind, deaf-mute and other handi-capped citizens.”97 The Education Law states thegovernment “shall support the development of edu-cational undertakings for disabled people,”98 and thatin doing so the government “shall organize educa-tion in consideration of the physical and mentalcharacteristics and requirements of the disabledpeople and offer them with assistance and conve-nience.”99 Furthermore, the amendment to theEducation Law passed in 2006 supposedly securedadditional educational rights for children with dis-abilities.100 The PRC’s responsibility to provide afull array of educational opportunities and accom-modations is inescapable in the light of so manysources of law protecting the educational rights ofpeople with disabilities.

Unfortunately, there are numerous reports that thePRC is not living up to its obligation to provideeducation and employment training for children thatexperience disabilities. Tashi lived in Shigatse Pre-fecture and also reported that “No, there were nospecial education or training programs for children

with disabilities. They were just kept at home withtheir families.”101 Sonam Tenzin, a 27-year-old malefrom Kardze, Sichuan Province, told the TCHRDthat

There were no special education programs forchildren with disabilities. The Chineseauthorities recently started giving a littlemoney to families with disabled childrenevery month, but there were no training oreducational opportunities for such people.102

Tsering Dolma attended Lhasa Municipality PublicSchool of Tsanri, and provided singularly uniquetestimony that at her school, there actually was aprogram for students that experience disabilities andthat these students were integrated into regularclasses. She stated, “In my class, there was a girl withonly one leg and she could not write. Those stu-dents that cannot write, or who were blind, wereoffered special training.”103 The discrepancy in edu-cational opportunities for children experiencing dis-abilities appears to be due in part to the rural/urbandisparity discussed previously, and many Tibetansbelieve the PRC has only provided disability-sup-port programs in the cities to appease and impressforeign visitors. Tenzin Sangmo expressed this sus-picion, stating:

I heard there was a program implementedto assist people with disabilities, but thisprogram only existed near large cities. In myvillage, there were no [education, training,or public assistance] programs for people withdisabilities. There are many people withdisabilities, with no programs. People withdisabilities simply stay home.104

Gender Disparity

It is important to examine the difference in literacylevels between men and women in Tibet, as the dis-parity is both shocking and unacceptable. Women

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comprise more than 50% of the population,105 yetthe Asian Development Bank reports that “in Ti-bet, the illiteracy rate is 60.47% for females and34.38% for males.”106 Recalling Tsering Dolma’sstatement that financial constraints persist in pre-venting some females from poor families from ob-taining an education107 provides a troubling expla-nation for this disparity, and reveals China’s failureto comply with both an international treaty and itsown domestic law. The Convention on the Elimi-nation of All Forms of Discrimination againstWomen, ratified by China in 1980,108 requires thatstate parties to the Convention “ensure to [women]equal rights with men in the field of education,”including providing “[t]he same opportunities tobenefit from scholarships.”109 Furthermore, theConvention prescribes “[t]he reduction of femalestudent drop-out rates”110 and contains specific pro-tections for the education of rural women.111 Dualprovisions of the Education Law state that “[s]choolsand relevant administrative departments shall guar-antee that the female enjoy equal rights with malein going to school [sic],”112 and that the govern-ment “shall provide with different forms of finan-cial aids to children, juveniles and youths who areeligible for schooling but in poor families [sic].”113

TCHRD received reports that due to the signifi-cant tuition burden placed on families in Tibet, manyfemale students are either precluded from attendingschool114 or are forced to drop out before they havefinished their studies. Tenzin Sangmo stated that“Girls from poor backgrounds don’t finish school,they drop out,”115 an occurrence echoed in inter-views with other refugees. An educational systemthat forces females to drop out due to the financialburden of tuition cannot be permitted to persist,and the PRC is perpetrating a serious injustice againstTibetan women by avoiding its legal obligation ofensuring educational equality.

A lack of education has life-long consequences forwomen as individuals, but also has serious ramifica-

tions for the entire Tibetan community. An obvi-ous consequence of a gender imbalance in educa-tion is that “women with low levels of education . .. are the lowest paid” of all members of theworkforce. Tibetans already face a significant disad-vantage in employment opportunities,116 andwomen who have been forced to leave school dueto the financial burden of tuition placed on theirfamilies are in an even worse position economically.Women who are provided with educational oppor-tunities, however, can play a vital role in improvingthe overall condition of the Tibetan community sincethey “are more likely to send their own children –boys and girls – to school.”117

Conclusion

Disparities in education caused by the conditions ofschool facilities, the quality of instruction, and cul-tural discrimination have created an ever-wideninggulf between Chinese and Tibetan students. Thisongoing inequality has resulted in further economicmarginalization of Tibetans with every successivegeneration, as Tibetans are precluded from employ-ment opportunities on account of the inferior edu-cation forced upon them.118 Many Tibetans find theyare unable to compete against Chinese migrants whoare hired over Tibetans because of their advancededucational opportunities and Chinese languageabilities. Unless and until the PRC fulfills its obli-gation of providing Tibetan children with their fun-damental right to an education, more and morechildren from Tibet will continue to risk their livesattempting the journey into exile for education.

Endnotes

1 Article 26, The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/(Lastaccessed 18 June 2009)

2 In 2009, 691 Tibetans arrived at the Tibetan RefugeeReception Centre in Dharamsala. In the wake of uprising in

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Tibet in spring 2008, this figure is consecutively the lowest inseveral years.

3 Interview with Tashi Topgyal, Headmaster at the TibetanChildren’s Village School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

4 Article 18, Universal Declaration of Human Rights5 Article 19, Universal Declaration of Human Rights6 Article 21, Universal Declaration of Human Rights7 Article 23, Universal Declaration of Human Rights8 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was proclaimed

by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10December 1948. The rights to education are addressedexpressly in Article 26. More information available athttp://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/(Last accessed 18June 2009)

9 Article 13(1), International Covenant on Economic, Socialand Cultural Rights: “The States Parties to the presentCovenant recognize the right of everyone to an education.”Available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm(Last accessed 18 June 2009)

1 0 Article 28, Convention on the Rights of the Child, availableathttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm(Lastaccessed 18 June 2009)

1 1 Article 30, Convention on the Rights of the Child1 2 For a history of China’s illegal invasion and occupation of

Tibet, please see The Tibetan Government in Exiles piece,Invasion and illegal annexation of Tibet: 1949 – 1951, availableat http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=146&rmenuid=11(Last accessed 24 December 2009)

1 3 Please see the United Nations Yearbook Summary for 1948,available at http://www.udhr.org/history/yearbook.htm(Last accessed 18 June 2009)

1 4 Please see “status of ratifications” provided by the UN Officeof the High Commissioner on Human Rights, http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm(Last accessed 18June 2009)

1 5 Please see the United Nation’s Treaty Collection, available ath t t p : / / t r e a t i e s . u n . o r g / P a g e s /Vi e wDeta i l s . a spx ? s r c=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en(Last accessed 09 July 2009)

1 6 Article 46, Constitution of the People’s Republic of ChinaFor a translation in English, please seeht tp : / /eng l i sh .peopleda i ly. com.cn/cons t i tu t ion/constitution.html(Last accessed 16 June 2009)

1 7 Article 9, Education Law of the Peoples Republic of China,available at http://www.moe.edu.cn/english/laws_e.htm(Last accessed 16 June 2009)

1 8 Xinhua News Agency, China Adopts Amendment toCompulsory Education Law, released 30 June 2006, http://china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/173281.htm, (Lastaccessed 17 June 2009)

1 9 Article 18, Education Law of the People’s Republic of China2 0 Xinhua News Agency, China Adopts Amendment to Compulsory

Education Law, released 30 June 2006, http://china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/173281.htm, (Last accessed 17 June2009)

2 1 Xinhua, Tibet to spend 3.4 billion yuan on education in 2009,released 13 April 2009, available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 4 / 1 3 /content_11179113.htm(Last accessed 14 June 2009)

2 2 The statistics provided include both primary and junior middleschool funding. The report by the United NationsDevelopment Programme uses data from 2005 and 2006 inits analysis; it is assumed to be the most current data availableat this time. United Nations Development Programme,Human Development Report: China 2007/08, page 85, released17 November 2008, available at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/resources/30/877/content.html(Last accessed 10 June 2009)

2 3 China Tibet Online, Tibet reports 98.5% enrollment rate ofschool-age children, released 1 June 2009, available at http://chinatibet.people.com.cn/6668805.html(Last accessed 14June 2009)

2 4 United Nations Development Programme, HumanDevelopment Report: China 2007/08, page 140, released 17November 2008, available at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/resources/30/877/content.html(Last accessed 10 June 2009)

2 5 White Paper, Fifty Years of Democratic Reform in Tibet, released2 March 2009, available in English at http://www.china.org.cn/government/news/2009-03/02/content_17359029.htm(Last accessed 19 June 2009)

2 6 As recently as 3 November 2008, China Tibet News reportedthat 44 percent of the Tibetan population remains illiterate.China Tibet News, Education changes Tibet, released 3November 2008, available at http://engl ish.chinatibetnews.com/Culture/2008-11/03/content_169089.htm(Last accessed 30 June 2009)

2 7 The illiteracy rate for Tibetans is calculated at 47.6%,compared to only 9.1% nationally. These literacy statisticsprovided in the report are derived from data contained in the2000 census, but it is the most current measurement availableat this time. Quote taken from the U.S. Department of State,2008 Human Rights Report: China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong,and Macau), released 25 February 2009, available athttp://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eap/119037.htm(Last accessed 16 June 2009)

2 8 United Nations Development Programme, HumanDevelopment Report: China 2007/08, page 140

2 9 As noted by the International Campaign for Tibet: “Despiteyears of investment under the Western Development Strategy,the vast majority of Tibetans in Tibet are severely disadvantagedboth socially and economically by the inadequate provision ofeducation.” Tracking the Steel Dragon, page 62, released 20February 2008, available at http://www.savetibet.org/documents/reports/tracking-steel-dragon (Last accessed 8 July2009)

3 0 Article 28(a), Convention on the Rights of the Child3 1 People’s Daily Online, Tibet is China’s first place to enjoy free

compulsory education, released 13 March 2009, available athttp://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6613314.html(Last accessed 16 June 2009)

3 2 People’s Daily Online, Free compulsory education universal inTibetan areas in Qinghai, released 31 March 2009, available at

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http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90782/90872/6626154.html(Last accessed 24 June 2009)

3 3 Beijing Review, A Tibetan Education, released 30 August 2007,available at http://www.bjreview.com.cn/special/txt/2007-08/27/content_73973.htm(Last accessed 2 July 2009)

3 4 Reports of the amount required for tuition varied amongstrespondents, but everyone interviewed stated they had had topay at least some tuition. For example, in interviews conductedat the Tibetan Children’s Village in Suja/Bir India on 23 June2009, Tenzin Woeden reported his primary school tuition inLhasa was 460 Y per semester, Palden stated his middle schooltuition in Morcha/Ngocha village (Amdo) was 450 Y persemester, and Sonam Lhamo stated her high school in Lhasarequired an initial enrollment fee of 2,000 Y, in addition toregular tuition of 1,200 Y per semester. Each student reportedthese tuition fees did not cover room and board.

3 5 Interview with Tsering Dolma at the Tibetan ReceptionCenter, McLeod Ganj, 20 June 2009

3 6 Article 42(2), Education Law of the People’s Republic of China,available in English at http://www.moe.edu.cn/english/laws_e.htm(Last accessed 18 June 2009)

3 7 Interview with Tenzin Sangno at the Tibetan Transit School,Dharamsala, India, 22 June 2009

3 8 Interview with Palden at the Tibetan Children’s Village School,Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

3 9 For an excellent yet out-dated report providing a comparisonof the rural/urban disparity of school facilities in Tibet, pleasesee the Tibet Justice Center’s 1997 report, A Generation inPeril: The Lives of Tibetan Children Under Chinese Rule.The Education section of the report can be found athttp://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/children/education/d.html(Last accessed 25 June 2009)

4 0 China Tibet News, Tibet’s education investment reaches 22billion since China’s reform, released 29 December 2008,available at http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Education/2008-12/29/content_188322.htm (Last accessed29 June 2009)

4 1 Interview with Tenzin Sangmo at the Tibetan Transit Schoolin Dharamsala, India, 22 June 2009

4 2 Interview with Sonam Tenzin at the Tibetan Reception Centerin McLeod Ganj, India, 20 June 2009

4 3 Interview with Tsering Dolma at the Tibetan Reception Centerin McLeod Ganj, India, 20 June 2009

4 4 Xinhua News Agency, China Adopts Amendment to CompulsoryEducation Law, released 30 June 2006, available at http://china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/173281.htm(Last accessed25 June 2009)

4 5 Phayul, Overview of the Tibetan population in the PRC from the2000 census, released 4 October 2003, available at http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=5158&t=1(Lastaccessed 1 July 2009)

4 6 The Tibet Justice Center’s report, A Generation in Peril: TheLives of Tibetan Children Under Chinese Rule, stated that “[w]ithrespect to school facilities, a number of Tibetan children inmixed schools reported that school administrators segregatedTibetan from Chinese students. In a few cases, accounts suggest

that the classrooms were, in effect, ‘separate but equal.’” Thisreport was released in 1997, but over 10 years later Tibetanstudents are reporting no improvement in this kind oftreatment. The Education section of the report can be foundat http://www.tibetjustice.org/reports/children/education/d.html (Last accessed 25 June 2009)


4 8 Interview with Tenzin Sangmo at the Tibetan Transit Schoolin Dharamsala, India, 22 June 2009

4 9 Interview with Gonpo Tsephel at the Tibetan Children’s VillageSchool, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009


5 1 Interview with Tsering Dolma at the Tibetan Reception Centerin McLeod Ganj, India, 20 June 2009

5 2 For a rudimentary explanation of how “guanxi” (or the lackthereof ) can affect a person’s educational and careeropportunities in Chinese-dominated cultures, please see GCiSChina Services, China Characteristics – Regarding Guanxi,available in English at http://www.gcis.com.cn/China/CharacterGuanxi.htm (Last accessed 9 July 2009)

5 3 This article claims that the Tibetan language is widely used inthe schools in Tibet, and that there is a particular focus on“Tibetan folk songs, and playing traditional Tibetan musicalinstruments.” China Tibet New, Tibetan education thriving inTibet, released 17 April 2008, available at http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Education/2008-04/17/content_105838.htm(last accessed 29 June 2009)

5 4 Article 30, Convention on the Rights of the Child5 5 Article 121, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China,

states: In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas, in accordancewith the autonomy regulations of the respective areas, employthe spoken and written language or languages in common use inthe locality. (Emphasis added)

5 6 Article 12, Education Law of the People’s Republic of China5 7 China Tibet News, Tibetan education thriving in Tibet, released

17 April 2008, available at http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Education/2008-04/17/content_105838.htm(lastaccessed 29 June 2009)

5 8 China Tibetology Research Center, Report on the Economicand Social Development of Tibet, released 30 March 2009, fulltext available from People’s Daily Online at http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6625577.html(Last accessed 25 June 2009)

5 9 China Tibet News, Tibetan education thriving in Tibet, released17 April 2008, available at http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Education/2008-04/17/content_105838.htm(lastaccessed 29 June 2009)

6 0 Interview with Gonpo Tsephel at the Tibetan Children’s VillageSchool, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009.

6 1 Interview with Sonam Lhamo at the Tibetan Children’s VillageSchool, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

6 2 Interview with Tashi at the Tibetan Children’s Village School,Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

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6 3 China Tibet News, Tibetan education thriving in Tibet, released17 April 2008, available at http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Education/2008-04/17/content_105838.htm(lastaccessed 29 June 2009)

6 4 Beijing Review, A Tibetan Education, released 30 August 2007,available at http://www.bjreview.com.cn/special/txt/2007-08/27/content_73973.htm (Last accessed 2 July 2009)


6 6 China Tibetology Research Center, Report on the Economicand Social Development of Tibet, released 30 March 2009, fulltext available from People’s Daily Online athttp://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6625577.html (Last accessed 25 June 2009)

6 7 Interview with Tenzin Sangmo, at the Tibetan Transit Schoolin Dharamsala, India, 22 June 2009

6 8 Interview with Tenzin Sangmo, at the Tibetan Transit Schoolin Dharamsala, India, 22 June 2009


7 0 Interview with Dawa Sangmo at the Tibetan Transit School,Dharamsala, India, 22 June 2009

7 1 Article 23(3), Universal Declaration of Human Rights7 2 Article 29, Convention on the Rights of the Child7 3 Article 119, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China7 4 In addition to propagating this version of a pre invasion Tibet

in school curricula, the PRC systematically promotes thisportrayal the invasion of Tibet through media and state-sponsored events. It recently established “Serfs EmancipationDay” in response to the March 2008 protests. Thecommemorative day was intended to promote stability in theregion, and date chosen to mark the day was set to coincidewith the 50th Anniversary of the Dalai Lama’s flight into exile.China maintains that prior to its invasion, Tibet operatedunder a repressive feudal society. The Tibetan exile communityhas roundly criticized this political move by the PRC. Fordiametrically opposed reports of the response to “SerfsEmancipation Day” in Tibet, please see Xinhua, Tibetans hail“Serfs Emancipation Day”released on 21 January 2009, availableat http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-01/21/content_10692785.htm(Last accessed 9 July 2009) andThaindian News, Tibetan exiles criticize China for ‘SerfLiberation Day,’ released 27 March 2009 and available athttp://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/politics/tibetan-exiles-criticise-china-for-serf-liberation-day_100172179.html (Lastaccessed 9 July 2009)

7 5 As reported by China Tibet News: Student of Number OnePrimary School, Lhasa, said, “I like Tibetan classes becausethere are a lot of poems and stories in our Tibetan textbooks.”. . . They also learn [sic] Tibetan folk songs, and playingtraditional Tibetan musical instruments. China Tibet News,Tibetan education thriving in Tibet, released 17 April 2008,available at http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Education/2008-04/17/content_105838.htm (last accessed29 June 2009)

7 6 Interview with Palden at the Tibetan Children’s Village School,

Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 20097 7 Interview with Tashi at the Tibetan Children’s Village School,

Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 20097 8 Interview with Tsultrim Gyaltso at the Tibetan Children’s

Village School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 20097 9 Phayul, China launches renewed “Patriotic Education” Campaign

across all sections in Tibet, released 24 April 2008, available athttp://www.phayul.com/news, (Last accessed 29 June 2009)

8 0 U.S. Department of State, 2008 Human Rights Report: China(includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau), released 25 February2009, available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eap/119037.htm(Last accessed 16 June 2009)

8 1 Phayul, China launches renewed “Patriotic Education” Campaignacross all sections in Tibet, released 24 April 2008, available athttp://www.phayul.com/news (Last accessed 29 June 2009)

8 2 There are, however, indications that these coercive programshave had the opposite effect of increasing resistance to Chineserule, and have instead led to a rise in Tibetan nationalism.Phayul, China’s “patriotic education” campaign strengtheningTibetan Nationalism, released 15 April 2008, available athttp://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=20666 (lastaccessed 8 July 2009)

8 3 The oft-quoted remarks of Party Secretary Chen Kuiyuanduring the Fifth Tibetan Conference on Education 1994 areindicative of China’s attitude towards education in Tibet:The success of our education does not lie in the number ofdiplomas issued. It lies, in the final analysis, in whether ourgraduating students are opposed to or turn their hearts to theDalai clique and in whether they are loyal to or do not careabout our great motherland and the great socialist cause. Thisis the most salient and most important criterion for assessingright and wrong and the contribution and mistakes of oureducational work in Tibet. To successfully solve the problem,we must improve political and ideological work at schoolsand have political and ideological work run through all theteaching, study and work at schools. - Party Secretary ChenKuiyuan Please see the Department of Information andInternational Relations’ 2007 report, Tibet: A HumanDevelopment and Environment Report, page 52, for an extensiveexplanation of the history of patriotic education programs inTibet.

8 4 Id.8 5 Article 18(4), International Covenant on Civil and Political

Rights, available at http://www2.ohchr.org/English/law/ccpr.htm (Last accessed 21 June 2009)

8 6 Please see the “status of ratifications” provided by the UNOffice of the High Commissioner on Human Rights http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm (last accessed 29June 2009)

8 7 Article 18(4), International Covenant on Civil and PoliticalRights



9 0 Interview with Gonpo Tsephel at the Tibetan Children’s Village

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116 For a more extensive explanation of this situation, please seethe “Labor and Employment” section of the Developmentchapter contained in this report.

117 Asian Development Bank, Country Gender Assessment: People’sRepublic of China, page 15, released December 2006, availableat http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Country-Gender-Assessments/prc.asp (last accessed 9 July 2009)

118 The relationship between inferior education and the cycle ofpoverty is succinctly explained by the United Nation’sDevelopment Program: Poor education limits capacities andpushes offspring into the vicious circle of low income leadingto low investment in education, leading to the poor capacityto make a livelihood, and leading back to low income.Human Development Report: China 2007/08, page 49

School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 20099 1 Interview with Jamyang Nyima at the Tibetan Children’s

Village School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 20099 2 Interview with Lhektso Dolma at the Tibetan Children’s

Village School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 20099 3 Article 23(1), Convention on the Rights of the Child9 4 Article 23(2), Convention on the Rights of the Child9 5 China ratified this Convention on 1 August 2008, according

to the UN Treaty Collection, available at http://t r e a t i e s . u n . o r g / P a g e s /Vi e wDeta i l s . a spx ? s r c=TREAT Y&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en (Last accessed 9 July 2009)

9 6 Article 24, Convention on the Rights of Persons withDisabilities, available at http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml (Last accessed 09 July 2009).China ratified this Convention on 1 August 2008, accordingto the UN Treaty Collection, available at http://t r e a t i e s . u n . o r g / P a g e sVi e wDeta i l s . a spx ? s r c=TREAT Y&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en (Last accessed 09 July 2009)

9 7 Article 45, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China9 8 Article 10, Education Law of the People’s Republic of China9 9 Article 38, Education Law of the People’s Republic of China100 Xinhua, China Adopts Amendment to Compulsory Education

Law, released 30 June 2006, available athttp://china.org.cn/english/MATERIAL/173281.htm (Lastaccessed 2 July 2009)

101 Interview with Tashi at the Tibetan Children’s Village School,Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

102 Interview with Sonam Tenzin, at the Tibetan Reception Centerin McLeod Ganj, 20 June 2009

103 Interview with Tsering Dolma, at the Tibetan ReceptionCenter in McLeod Ganj, 20 June 2009

104 Interview with Tenzin Sangmo, at the Tibetan Transit Schoolin Dharamsala, India, 22 June 2009

105 According to the United Nations Development Programme,for every 100 female Tibetan births there are only 95.76 malebirths. This gender distribution is uncommon in most of Chinawhere the gender ratio overwhelmingly favors male births.United Nations Development Programme, HumanDevelopment Report: China 2007/08, page 143, released 17November 2008, available at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/resources/30/877/content.html (Last accessed 10 June 2009)

106 Asian Development Bank, Country Gender Assessment: People’sRepublic of China, page 26, released December 2006, availableat http://www.adb.org/Documents/Reports/Country-Gender-Assessments/prc.asp (last accessed 9 July 2009)

107 Id. at note 33108 China ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms

of Discrimination against Women on 4 November 1980. Pleasesee the United Nations Treaty Collection, available at http://t r e a t i e s . u n . o r g / P a g e s /Vi e wDeta i l s . a spx ? s r c=TREAT Y&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&lang=en (Last accessed 9 July 2009)

109 Article 10, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women, available

\

at http://www2.ohchr.org/English/law/cedaw.htm (Last accessed9 July 2009)

110 Article 10(f ), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women

111 Article 14(d), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination against Women: (d) To obtain all types oftraining and education, formal and non-formal, including thatrelating to functional literacy, as well as, inter alia, the benefitof all community and extension services, in order to increasetheir technical proficiency.

112 Article 36, The Education Law of the People’s Republic ofChina

113 Article 37, The Education Law of the People’s Republic ofChina

114 Tsering Dolma provided the following statement in herinterview with TCHRD: “In some cases, the cost of this tuitionprevented families with many daughters from sending them allto school.” Id. at 33

115 Interview with Tenzin Sangmo, at the Tibetan Transit Schoolin Dharamsala, India,

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DEVELOPMENT

The right to development is aninalienable human right by virtue of whichevery human person and all peoples areentitled to participate in, contribute to,and enjoy economic, social, cultural andpolitical development, in which all humanrights and fundamental freedoms can befully realized.

The human right to developmentalso implies the full realization of the rightof peoples to self-determination, whichincludes, subject to the relevant provisions ofboth International Covenants on HumanRights, the exercise of their inalienable rightto full sovereignty over all their naturalwealth and resources.

- UN Declaration on the Right to Development, Article 11

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction:

As proclaimed by the United Nations in 1986,“development” is a basic human right. It encom-passes the development of a country’s personnel andinfrastructure, and requires steady progress in bothareas to maintain an acceptable standard of livingfor a country’s inhabitants. The international com-munity has long recognized the importance of pro-moting development, as evidenced by the protec-tions contained in various U.N. treaties and decla-rations, 2 and the PRC has likewise indicated recog-nition of the importance of development in its Con-stitution.33

When it comes to the development and adminis-tration of Tibet, however, the PRC unfortunatelyfalls far short of its international and domesticobligations. Numerous expert studies, international

reports, and first-hand accounts describe living con-ditions in Tibet as being well below acceptable lev-els. This disparity, ever growing between Tibet andthe PRC’s other provinces, occurs despite the largesums of development money the PRC allocates tothe region year after year. This anomaly has resultedin hardship and devastation for hundreds of thou-sands of Tibetans, and has led many to wonder aboutthe true motives behind the PRC’s developmentplans for Tibet.

EEEEEmphasis on Hmphasis on Hmphasis on Hmphasis on Hmphasis on Human Duman Duman Duman Duman Devevevevevelopment andelopment andelopment andelopment andelopment andthe Hthe Hthe Hthe Hthe Human Duman Duman Duman Duman Devevevevevelopment Ielopment Ielopment Ielopment Ielopment Indexndexndexndexndex

The broad concept of “development” includes thevital areas encompassed by both economic andhuman development, such as education, labor andemployment, healthcare, housing, and infrastructureprojects. The Declaration on the Right to Develop-ment clearly provides “the human person” must beof central importance in any development plan,4

which should facilitate “the creation of an environ-ment in which all members of society can fully takeadvantage of their potentials, live lives they wish tolive and have more choices.”5 To achieve this, gov-ernments must take measures to ensure that pro-grams operating in areas central to human develop-ment are adequately funded and supported. Theseareas include, but are certainly not limited to, “[b]asicpublic services, [such as] compulsory education,public health and basic medical care, basic socialsecurity and public employment services.”6

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To track international development levels, the Hu-man Development Index (HDI) was created as ameans of comprehensively measuring individualcountries’ achievements in these areas of “health,knowledge and income.”7 Through the use of theindex, a country’s progress in key development ar-eas can be monitored over time, making it is pos-sible to analyze whether or not development effortsare succeeding. The index is determined by com-bining measures of life expectancy, adult literacy andgross school enrolment ratios, and the country’s percapita GDP.88

Regarding Tibet, the United Nations DevelopmentProgramme indicated in its Human DevelopmentReport: China 2007/08 that Tibet’s HDI contin-ues to rank at the bottom of all of the PRC’s prov-inces. According to the calculations contained in thatreport, Tibet’s life expectancy index is 0.656, its edu-cation index is 0.554, and its GDP index is 0.652.These low statistics combine to factor into Tibet’soverall HDI of 0.621, far below any other provincein China.9

Paradox of Development

Tibet’s low level of development persists despite theenormous amount of development money the PRCreportedly spends in the region.10 Compared toTibet’s per capita GDP of 13,861 Yuan in 2008,11

the PRC’s alleged investment of over 60 billion Yuanper year in Tibet is rightfully regarded as “astronomi-cal.”12 The China Tibetology Research Center re-leased a recent report suggesting that 90 percent ofTibet’s yearly spending comes from the Chinese cen-tral government,13 which claims this spending isbeing used for hundreds of development projectswithin Tibet.14 Unfortunately, along with statisticsof how much money is being spent in the regionthere are substantial indicators that these develop-ment projects are not conferring any benefit on theTibetan people.

Development money is ordinarily beneficial for thehuman and economic well being of any region, butit is the manner in which this money is being ad-ministered that works a detriment to the Tibetanpeople. Rather than conferring benefits on the Ti-betans, this development money mostly aids ethnicChinese migrants and laborers through a calculatedand deliberate allocation of resources. Dubbed “eth-nically exclusionary growth,”15 the Chinese admin-istrators in Tibet award most contracts to “out-of-province state-owned enterprises” rather than locallyowned and operated businesses.16 Instead of re-in-vesting their profits in the local Tibetan economy,these outside contractors frequently “repatriate” thismoney by applying it to further developmentprojects back in Mainland China.17 There are alsoreports that Chinese contractors on these projectsare more likely to employ Han Chinese migrantsover local Tibetan laborers. In the rare cases whereTibetans are granted employment, it is often formenial tasks or for positions fetching a lower wagethan that paid to Chinese employees for identicalwork.18

Not only are Tibetans precluded from the benefitsof the PRC’s development spending, there are nu-merous indications that the influx of this moneymay actually be harming them. In providing largesums of development money, the PRC has enactedpolicies and projects that work against the best in-terests of the local Tibetan population. The PRChas focused the majority of its attention on urbancenters, and has prioritized programs inconsistentwith Tibet’s primarily agrarian society. The extentof the PRC’s attention to the rural areas appears tobe limited to the development of the exploitivemining operations and the construction of environ-mentally tenuous hydroelectric dams. These large-scale projects in rural areas of Tibet have led to therampant displacement of nomads and farmers dueto poorly conceived and executed “resettlement pro-grams.”

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The PRC asserts the “urbanization” of Tibet is be-ing promoted to facilitate delivery of social servicesand raise income levels, but this is inconsistent withthe actual needs of the Tibetan people. It is true thatsome Tibetans have benefited from improved in-frastructure and increased revenue stemming fromthe numerous on-going development projects in theregion, but these minority benefactors exist in starkcontrast to “the majority of Tibetans, who [due inpart to an inadequate educational system] are poorlyequipped to access new economic opportunities [andas a result] have been marginalized.”19

One of the many instances of this marginalizationis seen in the recent development efforts to “revital-ize” Lhasa. The PRC has directed large sums towardsa “modern redesign” of the city with the alleged aimthat it will become an “economically prosperous,socially harmonious, and eco-friendly modern citywith vivid cultural characteristics and deep ethnictraditions.”20 Reports indicate, however, that thisrevitalization effort has further marginalized anddisadvantaged Tibetan residents. Gonpo Tsephel, a20-year-old-male from Amdo, reported the follow-ing observations from his numerous visits to Lhasa:

Lhasa is divided into two parts: Chinese andTibetan. The Chinese area has bigsupermarkets, shops, showrooms and hotels,but not the Tibetan part. There is a big gapin development between the Chinese partand the Tibetan part.21

Development efforts with such disparate effects arewidespread throughout Tibet as the PRC launchesmore and more projects, and the motives behindthe PRC’s aggressive approach to development arenot difficult to discern. Tibet is a land rich in natu-ral resources, resources that the central governmentis eager to acquire for the benefit of Mainland China.The investment percentages indicating these goalsare telling, with most of the PRC’s developmentdollars paying for roadways and infrastructure

projects aimed at facilitating extraction of resourcesfrom Tibet. As reported by Tibet Watch,

[T]he largest sector of investment in the TARwas, logically, that of ‘transport, storage andpost’, which received 35% of total investmentin 2005 . . . More worrisome is the fact thatagriculture only accounted for less than 7%of total investment [and] most worrisome ofall is the same issue over and over again;public management (i.e. government andparty administration) accounted for 13% oftotal investment in the TAR in 2005 (secondafter transport), versus only 6% in educationand 1% in ‘health, social security and socialwelfare’. Again, this was the exact inverse ofevery other province in China; for instance,in Sichuan investment in education wasdouble investment in governmentadministration.22

Through excessive state funding of key developmentprojects (such as roadwork, the Qinghai-Tibet Rail-way, and various mining and hydroelectric damprojects), the PRC has made it easy to exploit Tibet’sresources while maintaining tight control of the re-gion. The PRC has taken pains to insulate itself fromexternal criticisms under the guise of undertaking ahumanitarian campaign to improve the standard ofliving in Tibet, yet cracks in this façade are readilyapparent. President Hu forthrightly stated that pro-moting stability in the region is the centralgovernment’s main goal; yet he made clear this “sta-bility” was to be distinctly premised on the PRC’shegemony in the region. In a statement released tocoincide with the 50th Anniversary of the DalaiLama’s flight into exile, President Hu stated “Tibetmust stick to the development road with Chinesecharacteristics and Tibetan features,”23 plainly reveal-ing the PRC’s underlying efforts towards increased“sinicization”24 of the region and the steady erosionof Tibetan autonomy.

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The PRC plainly values development projects thatextract resources from Tibet, rather than projectsthat support the development of human capacity.These priorities run counter to the importance ofhuman-centered development and capacity build-ing, and have wide-ranging consequences for thefuture of Tibet.

Elements of Human Development

EducationEducationEducationEducationEducation:

Education, or the lack thereof, has had a profoundeffect on the level of human development in Tibet.The opportunity to acquire an adequate educationconfers enormous benefits, as it “expands the choicesavailable to [an] individual by creating necessary skillsto function productively in social and economic set-tings, [and also increases] one’s awareness and ca-pacities to take advantage of choices.”25 Conversely,insufficient educational preparation can result in alower lifetime earning capacity, making it more dif-ficult for people to invest in education for their chil-dren. In this way, an inadequate educational systemoften carries long-term consequences by perpetuat-ing a society’s cycle of poverty.

Illiteracy rates in Tibet are the highest of all prov-inces in the PRC, with the United Nations Devel-opment Programme reporting a 45% illiteracy ratefor adult males and a 62% illiteracy rate for adultfemales.26 This lack of literacy has profound eco-nomic consequences, as “Tibetan producers, farm-ers and pastoralists currently have neither the literacy,real-time market information nor the capital to befully informed . . . placing Tibetans at a significantdisadvantage [in economic matters].”27 The PRCclaims to have invested billions of Yuan in Tibetaneducation every year,28 yet this investment, if true,has not resulted in the kind of successful educationalsystem Tibetans need to thrive as a people and tocompete in a modern economy dominated byChinese migrants.

For a more thorough analysis of the current state ofeducation in Tibet, including the numerous andvaried root causes of the inadequate condition ofTibet’s educational system, please see the Educationchapter of this report.

Labor and Employment

The labor and employment situation in Tibet con-tinues to lack a fundamental fairness that results ina significant economic advantage for ethnic Chinesemigrants and laborers over Tibetans. This inequityoperates in defiance of both international and do-mestic provisions safeguarding against such injus-tice. The Universal Declaration of Human Rightsexpressly provides that “[e]veryone has the right towork [in] just and favourable conditions . . . [with]protection against unemployment,” and mandatesthat all laborers receive “equal pay for equal work.”29

Both the Declaration on the Right to Developmentand the International Covenant on Economic, So-cial and Cultural Rights reaffirm the importance ofequality in employment and compensation, and theConstitution of the People’s Republic of China like-wise contains provisions claiming great respect forthe equal rights of all workers.31 Despite these pro-tections, however, there are numerous reports ofunfair labor practices and employment discrimina-tion occurring against the local Tibetan workforce,suggesting a widespread failure by the PRC’s admin-istrators to uphold these legal obligations.

There are numerous factors contributing to theseemployment problems, such as the previously de-scribed educational disparities and basic ethnic ten-sions between the predominantly Chinese manag-ers and the Tibetan labor force. Tibetans are system-atically excluded from the local economy by thenepotistic hiring practices of Chinese business own-ers as well as by discriminatory compensation poli-cies that provide higher wages for ethnic Chineselaborers over similarly situated Tibetans. The recentmassive influx of ethnic Han Chinese migrant work-

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ers into the region has facilitated and aggravated thisalready serious discrimination against the local Ti-betan work force.

The Effects of Chinese ImmigrationThe Effects of Chinese ImmigrationThe Effects of Chinese ImmigrationThe Effects of Chinese ImmigrationThe Effects of Chinese Immigration

It is difficult to obtain reliable information frominside Tibet, making it impossible to accurately gaugethe ethnic ratio between the Tibetans and Chinese.Many Tibetans living in exile report Tibetans arenow outnumbered in their own land. The PRC,meanwhile, continues to vigorously insist Tibetanscontinue to make up 90 percent of the region’s popu-lation.32 The PRC’s 2000 Census indicated Tibet-ans made up the majority of the population, butoutside analysts have exposed the flawed method-ology used to derive conclusion. The U.S. StateDepartment revealed the under-inclusive nature ofthe census in its 2008 Annual Report:

Although TAR census figures show thatTibetans made up 92 percent of the TAR’spermanently registered population, officialfigures did not include a large number of long-, medium-, and short-term Han residents,such as cadres, skilled workers, unskilledlaborers, military and paramilitary troops,and their dependents. Chinese social scientistsestimated the number of this floatingpopulation, including tourists and visitors onshort-term business trips, for Lhasa alone wasmore than 200,000 (nearly half thepopulation of Lhasa and more than 10 percentof the TAR’s population) during the May toNovember high season for tourism andmigrant workers.1 (Emphasis added)

Even if the numbers reported in the 2000 censuswere accurate, the bare statistics do not reflect the“circular” nature of the Chinese migrants’ presencein the Tibetan economy.34 These migrant workersmay be temporary, but they are arriving in Tibet insteady and consistent numbers, thereby “[assuring]

a continual replacement” for those migrants that maybe returning to Mainland China.35 Furthermore, themigrants present in Tibet at any given time can beassumed to be employed,36 and likely in positionsthat might otherwise have been filled by Tibetanemployees.

The U.S. State Department has further noted that“ethnic Han continued to hold the top CCP posi-tions in nearly all counties and prefectures,”37 mak-ing it difficult for ethnic Tibetans to voice griev-ances and participate in policy decisions affectingtheir rights as workers. The grievances facing Tibetanworkers are substantial, and largely without recourse.Refugees recently arriving from Tibet testify that thepredominantly Chinese employers frequently dis-criminate against Tibetans through unfair hiringpractices and through compensation schemes thatfavor ethnic Chinese migrant workers. A 50-year-old woman from Lhasa currently residing at theTibetan Reception Center in McLeod Ganj, India,spoke with TCHRD about this situation on condi-tion of anonymity. She stated frankly: “When Ti-betans apply for positions, they are offered lessmoney than the Chinese.”38 The TCHRD docu-mented this practice several years ago,39 and this re-cent testimony suggests this unfair and illegal laborpractice persists in Tibet. Ngawang, a 30-year-oldmale from Phenpo Lhundup County, spoke withTCHRD about his experience during an interviewat the Tibetan Transit School in Dharamsala, India.He reports:

I have a lot of experience with discriminationbecause of Chinese immigration. The headofficials of all construction projects in Tibetare Chinese – no Tibetans. The Chineseauthorities assist Chinese businessmen, butnot Tibetans. If there is a dispute between aTibetan and a Chinese person, the Chineseauthorities favor the Chinese. They can tellby the way people speak. If you speak Chinesewith an accent, you are not treated well. If

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you’re discriminated against, you can’t hire alawyer to fight for your rights.40

Compounding the effects of this racial discrimina-tion is the detrimental effect the substandard edu-cational system has had on Tibetans. Inadequateeducation generally leads to decreased employmentopportunities, as it is difficult for many Tibetans toacquire the skills necessary to compete in a job mar-ket predisposed to favoring the Han Chinese. Ti-betans who have only had access to an inadequateeducation are less likely to be fluent in Chinese, andare most certainly without the knowledge and un-derstanding of the ever important “Chinese workcultures and connections to government or businessnetworks in China.”41 In an economic environmentdominated by the Chinese, Tibetans lacking an un-derstanding or accumulation of “guanxi” (the Chi-nese system of interpersonal relationships)42 are fre-quently precluded from full engagement in eco-nomic endeavors.

Regarding unemployment, the PRC boasts that itsefforts have achieved a remarkably low unemploy-ment rate, with claims that the Chinese administra-tion in Tibet has “taken actions to help unemployed[sic] find jobs in different areas, providing financialsupport, encouraging the self-employed, indepen-dent entrepreneurs, to avoid zero-employment[sic].”43 The testimony of a fifty-year-old woman,who requested to remain anonymous, cast seriousdoubts on the widespread existence of these employ-ment services in her statement to TCHRD at theTibetan Reception Center on 20 June 2009:There are unemployment programs that providejobs in cleaning roads, also, the government doesprovide a little bit of money to poor people whoare out of work, but it’s mainly propaganda.44

Tourism

A surge in tourism in recent years has further con-tributed to the numbers of ethnic Chinese in Tibet.

The PRC announced its “15-Year Tibet TourismMaster Plan” in 200545 and claims that the result-ant rise in tourists has “play[ed] an increasingly sig-nificant role in increasing employment and tax rev-enues, and raising the living standards of both ur-ban and rural residents.”46 There is evidence that theseclaims are simply not true, however, as Tibetansrarely enjoy any tangible benefits of the tourist dol-lars being spent there.

The employment discrimination Tibetans face whenapplying for jobs in other sectors of the economyalso occurs within the tourist industry, and as a re-sult Tibetans are often precluded from any benefitsof increased tourist revenue. In its 2008 report, theU.S. State Department revealed the “TAR tourismbureau continued its policy of refusing to hire Ti-betan tour guides,” a policy the government admin-istrators employ in the hope that it will “ensure thatall tour guides provide visitors with the government’sposition opposing Tibetan independence and theactivities of the Dalai Lama.”47 Even if Tibetans arenot discriminated against outright, an overridingproblem with the Tibetan tourism industry is that“much of [it] is controlled by out-of-province busi-nesses,” meaning “[a] large share of tourism revenuetherefore simply leaves the region after a short cir-culation.”48

To combat inequity stemming from tourism, out-side visitors are urged to make reasonable efforts toensure their tourist dollars are spent at Tibetan-owned businesses and operations. The anonymous50-year-old woman from Lhasa discussed her viewsregarding the tourism situation with TCHRD. Sheexplained how tourist dollars can be of benefit toTibetans, and how outsiders can ensure their moneyis spent responsibly:

I think the increase in tourists could be reallygood, really helpful for Tibet, but I requestthat tourists that go to Tibet seek out hotelsowned by Tibetans, and use Tibetan guides.

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When Tibetans earn money from tourism,they donate a lot to the poor people.Otherwise all the money goes straight to theChinese. I request that the tourists buy goodsfrom Tibetan shops. It’s difficult to tell whichare the right shops, because some Chineseowners hire Tibetans to work in their shopsfor them. Tourists need to ask local peoplewhere to go. Most Western tourists arrive ongovernment tours, and the governmentrequires them to stay in government-ownedhotels. It is best to ask the local people whichbusinesses they think are best.49

In addition to spending their money responsibly,visitors can further serve the Tibetan cause by bear-ing witness to the human rights situation in Tibet.The PRC is eager for the international communityto perceive its occupation of Tibet as something thathas benefited the Tibetan people, yet travel outsidethe urban centers can provide a vital opportunity toexpose this fallacy. Tsewang Dhondup, a 39 year-old male from Adu Ganru, Drango County, KardzePrefecture, addressed this possibility, and he madethe following request to foreign visitors:

I want to request outsiders to go to the ruralareas [of Tibet] to see how rural people reallylive. The Chinese have mainly developed thecities to show to the tourists, to show themthat the buildings are well built anddesigned. The Chinese want to show to theworld that they have developed Tibet well.Tibetans in urban areas need to say goodthings about China or they will be punished.In tourist centers the Chinese have built nicebuildings for the Tibetans, but it’s allpropaganda. [Urban] Tibetans cannot lettheir tongues slip or they will be punished.50

It is important to note, however, that visitors shouldnot interact with locals in ways that could put Ti-betans in danger of reprisal from Chinese authori-

ties. There are still many reports of Chinese spies inthe region, and outsiders must be aware that theiractions could potentially carry serious consequencesfor locals once the visitors have gone. For more de-tailed information, and for recommendations onhow to visit Tibet responsibly, please see the TibetanCentre for Human Rights and Democracy’s publi-cation, Briefing Paper for Travelers to Tibet.51

Military Purposes

Adding to the numbers of Han Chinese is the bur-geoning presence of the Chinese military in Tibet.The PRC responded to the protests of March 2008by further increasing military personnel and road-blocks in the area,52 but the PRC’s efforts toward amilitary buildup in the region began long beforethe recent protests extends far beyond matters ofinternal security. Sharing borders with India, Nepal,Myanmar, and Bhutan, Tibet is seen by the PRC asa vital component of its national security campaign,and there are reports of military training camps andarmaments being surreptitiously manufacturedthroughout Tibet. The recent opening of theQinghai-Tibet Railway has facilitated the latest in-crease in military personnel. Gonpo Tsephel describedwhat he saw when he stumbled upon a military basein Labrang:

I visited Labrang in Amdo, and came acrossa place where the Chinese had set up amilitary training ground. I saw tanks andheavy artillery weapons. I saw the Chinesewere practicing military exercises.53

Ngawang reiterated these allegations in his interviewwith TCHRD on 22 June 2009, when he reported:

The Chinese have sent a lot of people, takingour resources. They’ve set up military camps.They’re trying to set Tibet up as a militarybase to defend China against military/foreignaggression.54

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Regardless of the government’s justification for thismilitary presence in Tibet, a build-up of securityforces in the region is a great cause for concern. Theviolent suppression of the 2008 uprising demon-strated the PRC’s willingness to use lethal forceagainst the Tibetans. The Chinese army may offi-cially be in Tibet to secure the PRC from outsideaggression, but this military presence certainly in-creases the danger that the PRC’s military forces maybe turned on the Tibetans in the event of any futureunrest.

Resettlement And Displacement

The influx of ethnic Chinese laborers, tourists, andmilitary personnel has added to the numbers of Ti-betans currently being displaced. Resettlement pro-grams are programs that amount to little more thandeliberately crafted policies aimed at uprooting anddisrupting traditional Tibetan ways of life under theguise of securing “stability” in the region. The PRCis notorious for inflicting serious injury on its popu-lace by displacing large numbers of people in thename of “progress,”55 and the resettlement programslaunched in Tibet have had equally disastrous con-sequences for Tibetans.

In violation of international norms, this displace-ment occurs without compensation and without theconsent of those affected. The right to housing isprotected by both the Universal Declaration ofHuman Rights56 and the Declaration on the Rightto Development,57 and the International Covenanton Economic, Social and Cultural Rights expresslyprotects the right of people to self-determination.58

Forced relocation is an obvious violation of thesefundamental human rights. Frequently, those forcedout of their homes by relocation programs mustbear the expense themselves,59 despite the PRC’scontrary claims of providing a stipend to those dis-placed. Ngawang explained the effects of displace-ment in the urban centers of Tibet:

The Chinese have built a lot of buildings andfactories, and displaced villagers to build thesethings. Chinese workers came to build, andthen they stayed. The Chinese say they gavebig compensation [to the displaced people],but in reality they were only given small,temporary houses. The displaced villagers arein debt, they have had to take many loans.60

Tibet’s problems with involuntary relocation weremade worse in 2006 when the PRC launched amassive 5-year resettlement campaign61 designed tomaintain tight control over Tibet’s population inthe run-up to the 2008 Summer Olympic Games.Disingenuously dubbed the “Comfortable Hous-ing Program,”62 nearly one million Tibetans havebeen up-rooted and relocated without being com-pensated in the past couple of years. Those affectedby the programs have very little recourse to disputetheir fate, and face accusations that they pose a threatto national security if they resist. As stated byNgawang:

The village people have no right to say theydon’t want to move, or say they wantcompensation. If they resist, they are accused ofworking against national safety and security.They are accused of being “splittists.” Once theauthorities order you to move, you haveabsolutely no rights. You have to do it.63

The consequences of these policies in human termsare very real. Tibetans subject to relocation face adisrupted ability to earn a livelihood,6464 as formerlynomadic herding families are forced to give up theirlivestock and settle into permanent homes. Duringa recent interview with TCHRD, Tsultrim Gyaltso,a 17 year-old male from Gonjo County, ChamdoPrefecture “TAR” described the impact of and offi-cial justification for these programs:

The Chinese have announced resettlementplans, also the authorities say the number of

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animals [belonging to the nomads] shouldbe reduced. The authorities want to fence inthe nomads. The explanation [from theChinese authorities] is that in early timesthere were wars amongst nomads, because oflimited space, but there’s no war betweennomads these days. There is no need at allfor these resettlement programs.65

Palden, a 17 year-old male from Ngocha village,Chentsa County, Malho “TAP” Qinghai Province,offered his perspective, shared by many in the inter-national arena and the community-in-exile, regard-ing the purpose of these resettlement programs:

The Chinese have implemented resettlementin my area in Tibet (Qinghai Province,Chentsa County). The nomads are the onesthat really continue to practice Tibetantraditions. The nomads really practice ourreligion, prayers, festivals, clothing, marriage,and lifestyle; they are very indigenous.Through their forced resettlement, theChinese are trying to eliminate pure Tibetantraditions.66

Ngawang went on to voice concerns about whatmany believe to be a deliberate campaign of “cul-tural genocide”67 intended to further marginalizeTibetans in their native land. He reports:

The more Chinese are coming, the moreTibetans are becoming a minority. TheChinese are not coming to help the Tibetanpeople, they are only coming to helpthemselves. They’re just coming to eradicateTibetan people. They’re trying to diluteTibetan culture, they’re trying to eradicateour cultural differences, language differences,and make us all Chinese. 68

Resettlement programs aimed at eradicating Tibetanculture pose a clear violation of human rights. Yet

even if the ultimate aim of these relocation programsis not the eradication of Tibetan culture, the factremains that these programs are being conductedwithout consent or compensation. As such, thePRC’s resettlement programs constitute a serious andon-going violation of Tibetans’ basic human rightto housing69 and self-determination.

Health Care

Tibetans, particularly rural residents and those liv-ing in poverty, are not receiving the medical theyare entitled to under both international conventionsand domestic law. The International Covenant onEconomic, Social and Cultural Rights recognizes“the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the high-est attainable standard of physical health,” a rightrequiring “[t]he creation of conditions which wouldassure to all medical service and medical attentionin the event of sickness.”70 Implicit in achieving suchconditions is the requirement that “State Parties . . .recognize the right of everyone to social security,including social insurance.”71 Within its Constitu-tion, the PRC asserts that “[t]he state develops medi-cal and health services,”72 made available through“material assistance from the state and society whenthey [the citizens of the PRC] are old, ill or dis-abled.”73

Despite these mandates, the reality for most Tibet-ans is that affordable medical care simply does notexist. The PRC boasts of subsidized medical care inthe cities and free medical care for rural residents,74

but numerous testimonials refute these claimsabsolutely. Sonam Tenzin, a 27-year-old male fromKardze described the ineffectiveness of the existingmedical system in delivering services to impover-ished Tibetans:

There is a public hospital, a governmenthospital, but no special services for poor people.People need a special card to go to the hospitaland it costs 10 Yuan per year. The card is

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used for in-patient services, and people canpay 60% less if they have this card. The cardonly applies to local services. There is no freehealthcare for anyone, even if they have thiscard, and the card does not apply towardsdiscounts on medication.75

This lack of affordable health care is particularlyproblematic outside of Tibet’s main cities. Prohibi-tively high costs discourage many rural people fromseeking medical care in existing hospitals and clin-ics, and most people turn first to traditional Tibetandoctors before resorting to the financial burden as-sociated with established hospitals.76 Rural residentsare further disadvantaged by the lack of adequatemedical services outside of the urban centers.Tenzin Choetso a 16-year-old female from Sog County inNagchu Prefecture described this problem during herinterview with TCHRD on 22 June 2009:

There is a hospital in my area (Sog County),but if the patient is very sick and needs anoperation, such facilities are not available.Patients need to go to Lhasa. Most countiesdon’t have facilities for these problems.77

Tsewang Dhondup described both the fallacy of“free” health care as well as deliberate actions by thePRC to deny Tibetans their basic right to medicaltreatment:

There were no health facilities in my village.The Chinese have never set up healthfacilities for poor people in my village; thesun will rise in the south before this willhappen. Health facilities are mainlydeveloped in urban areas, not in rural areas.There was no facility for injections in myvillage. If my family got sick, we had to travelto a hospital and pay. When we could notafford to go to the hospital, we would go tothe monastery instead, to pray.The Chinese medical factories produce a lotof medicine, but they bring out-dated

medicine to Tibet. Then they hold a pressconference to say that they are providing freemedicine to the Tibetan people.

Disability ServicesDisability ServicesDisability ServicesDisability ServicesDisability Services

Notwithstanding numerous international and do-mestic protections, people that experience disabili-ties continue to live in unacceptable conditions inTibet. The Convention on the Rights of People withDisabilities promotes empowerment, dignity, andindependence for people that experience disabilitiesthrough provisions addressing matters of accessibil-ity,78 community life,79 education,80 health,81 andemployment.82 The PRC recently ratified this Con-vention,83 and had previously addressed its respon-sibility to provide assistance to people with disabili-ties in its Constitution,84 yet it has thus far failed toadequately meet its domestic responsibilities or treatyobligations. Many first-hand accounts testify to thelack of adequate government services and programsfor people experiencing disabilities in Tibet.

The PRC ostensibly claims that it does in fact pro-vide disability assistance, such as “rehabilitation ser-vices . . . prosthetic limbs and sign language train-ing,”85 and further brags of providing this assistancewith “astonishing speed.”86 It claims that upwardsof 60,000 people receive services presently, often forfree or very little cost, and that plans are in place “tohelp all the disabled [people] in the region with ac-cess to rehabilitation services by 2015.”87 As de-scribed by recent refugees, however, the true pictureof life for people with disabilities in Tibet is bleak.Many people that experience disabilities are left tofend for themselves, without any kind of govern-ment assistance. Tenzin Choetso, a 16-year-old fe-male from Sog Country in Nagchu Prefecture toldTCHRD that in her area, “[t]here are no special pro-grams to assist people with disabilities. Those thatcan afford it try to go to school; otherwise they juststay home.”88 Additional testimony suggests that in

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areas where some assistance programs do exist theyare only selectively and inconsistently administered.Tenzin Sangmo shared this story with TCHRD:

I’m aware of one girl with disabilities thatreceived rice rations from the government oncea year, but only on special occasions like theNew Year. She had no parents, so thegovernment gave her this small subsidy.People with disabilities who did have parentsreceived nothing from the government.89

As with all other matters of human development,the situation for people with disabilities outside ofthe urban centers is far worse than for those wholive in the cities. The PRC, ever mindful of present-ing a positive image of its occupation of Tibet tooutside visitors, focuses its resources and attentionon the cities that attract the most tourists. Tibet’spredominantly rural population is therefore excludedfrom the majority of the PRC’s social service ef-forts. Sonam Lhamo, a 17 year-old girl from Lhasa,reported:

In Lhasa, there is a special school for peoplewith disabilities. Many western tourists cometo see it, but it is just propaganda. Otherwisethey [people with disabilities] have noassistance, receive no money. Outside ofLhasa, there is nothing, no governmentassistance. The people with disabilities aretaken care of by their families.90

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENTPROJECTS

Clean Water

Clean water is of vital importance to any society,and the PRC consistently emphasizes the amountof development money it has allegedly spent onclean water systems throughout Tibet. Reports origi-nating from within Mainland China claim the PRC

has spent 953 million Yuan on safe water projectsin the region,91 allegedly benefiting hundreds ofthousands of Tibetans.92

Conflicting reports from those recently in Tibetthrow suspicion on the necessity or even the exist-ence of such projects. Sonam Tenzin told TCHRDthat “[t]here was no problem with the water in myarea. There was no need for these ‘clean water sta-tions’ in Kardze.”93 Tsewang Dhondup provided thefollowing explanation for the PRC’s claims of pro-viding clean water facilities in Tibet:

In main markets in the center of town, thereis a charge for water. I am unaware of anyclean water facilities. I have traveled all overTibet; I have never seen any such facilities.The Chinese authorities [claiming there arethousands of clean water stations] areexaggerating, it’s just exaggeratedpropaganda.94

Qinghai RailwayQinghai RailwayQinghai RailwayQinghai RailwayQinghai Railway

Much has been written by international observersregarding the new Qinghai-Tibet Railway’s largelynegative environmental, economic, and culturalimpact. The PRC claims the railway was built topromote economic growth in Tibet, and that theproject was undertaken with strict ecological over-sight ensuring “plateau vegetation . . . protection ofwild animals, and three wastes (waste gas, waste waterand industrial residue) control fully into consider-ation [sic].”95 These claims, however, have been calledinto question by numerous outside groups. Aspointed out by the Central Tibetan Administration,the environmental consequences of the railway canbe seen in areas such as grassland degradation, en-dangerment of wildlife, and in the negative effectsvisible on the Tibetan plateau’s permafrost.96

There are also accusations that the railway was builtsolely to facilitate resource extraction from Tibet.

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Previously, Tibet was sufficiently isolated to avoidsuch exploitation, but the railway’s “long-haul, bulkfreight capacity” has “dramatically reduced the costsof [resource] extraction”97 from Tibet to MainlandChina. Ngawang, a 30 year-old male, and Topjor, a36 year-old male, both from Phenpo LhundupCounty spoke with TCHRD at the Tibetan TransitSchool on 22 June 2009, and related their experi-ence of witnessing Tibet’s resources being loaded onto trains bound for Mainland China:

We used to work as truck drivers, and on theroad we would see trucks go from the minesto Lhasa. There the material from the mineswould be loaded onto trains. If China wasusing the resources from Tibet to help theTibetans, we would all be richer. As the late10th Panchen Lama said; “China says they’respending billions in Tibet, but where is it? Ithink they’re dumping it in the water, inyellow rivers where it can’t be seen.”98

The advent of the railway has also contributed sig-nificantly to social and cultural marginalization ofTibetans. The railway provides a much more effi-cient and convenient means of reaching Tibet thanprevious methods of overland travel, and the result-ant increased arrival of ethnic Chinese migrants con-tinues to dilute the composition of Tibet’s popula-tion. The effects of growing numbers of ethnicChinese in Tibet have been detailed in the “ChineseImmigration” and “Tourism” sections of this chap-ter, and a manifold increase in these effects is feareddue to the railway’s facilitation of increased num-bers of visitors and migrant workers to Tibet.99

The development and construction of the railwayline could never have been intended as a benefit toTibetans, as Tibetans were not consulted in the plan-ning stages of its conception. As pointed out by theInternational Campaign for Tibet, “Tibetans neitherinitiated nor directed the planning of the railroad,and generation of wealth as a result of the railroad is

likely to be concentrated in urban areas and resourceextraction centers whose main beneficiaries will beChinese.”100 It is no wonder then that most Tibet-ans fear the future affects the railway line will haveon both the economy and on the natural environ-ment.

Mining

The resources most readily exploited and extractedby the PRC are Tibet’s vast mineral and metal de-posits. Tibet is a land rich in natural resources, suchas copper,101 gold, asbestos, coal, potash, zinc, andoil,102 yet the PRC’s proprietary treatment of theseresources has led many to view Tibet’s vast endow-ment as a “resource curse.”103 The contentious es-tablishment and operation of large mines through-out Tibet has served as the flashpoint for recent pro-tests, as Tibetans struggle to resist displacement andthe appropriation of their natural resources.

Tibetans are well aware that the PRC’s developmentof large mining projects does not serve their bestinterests; as stated by Dawa Sangmo, “the Chinesestart mining projects, and they say it is to help theTibetan people, but really it is only to help theirown people.”104 Tibetans fearful of the economicand environmental ramifications of these mines havespoken out against such mines, but their efforts toprevent exploitation and environmental degradationare very often met with persecution and repression.Ngawang described this experience of Tibetans liv-ing in Phenpo Lhundup County:

In 2007, the Chinese started a miningproject in the near mountains to my village.There was nearly a clash between theChinese and the local people. There was acrackdown by the Chinese authorities, andevery family had to pay a 2000 Yuan fine.

Tibetan people are not allowed to go on the landnear the mines. They are not allowed to graze their

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animals on their former lands. Also, the rivers arebecoming polluted [from the mines] and the ani-mals are dying. The Chinese completely own thearea and no one knows how they are conductingthe extractions.105

Tibetans have not simply acquiesced to the PRC’sexploitation. People living near the gold mine lo-cated at the sacred site of Ser Ngul Lo have coura-geously resisted religious persecution and the Chi-nese appropriation of their resources by engaging inactive protests against the project. Several hundredTibetans protested for months against the mine topreserve the sacred site, to prevent attendant envi-ronmental pollution, and to demand that local resi-dents receive just compensation from the project.106

After months of unrest, in May 2009 a settlementagreement between local residents and the control-ling business interests resulted in a cease of miningoperations, and a pledge by the Chinese businessauthorities that concrete barriers would be build “toblock the poisonous residue of earlier mining in thearea so that [the residue] would not filter down intothe drinking water.”107

It is impossible to savor victories such as that occur-ring at Ser Ngul Lo for long. Despite obvious pub-lic opposition, the PRC persists in developing fur-ther mining projects in Tibetan areas that threatento deliver the same consequences. Largely untappeddeposits of gold, silver, and copper still exist through-out much of Tibet,108 and numerous mining projects,particularly those with foreign investment capital,are continuously being proposed and imple-mented.109

Hydroelectric Dams

The PRC has invested 2.9 billion Yuan in hydro-electric dams in the past decade, and has recentlyindicated a desire to increase the pace of construc-tion.110 This acceleration has been proposed despiteinternational criticism of the well-acknowledged

human and environmental consequences of largedams, such as human displacement, water pollution,and landslides.111 Tibetans are generally afforded nosay in the matter of where large dams are located,and likewise rarely receive any economic benefit fromthe construction of a dam in their area. JamyangNyima described the impact of a large dam con-structed near his village, detailing the displacementand the discrimination experienced by local Tibet-ans:

In 2006, the Chinese started construction oftunnels and bridges in the Nagchu area.They were preparing to build a dam. Mostvillagers were farmers, and the Chineseauthorities ordered families to move. TheChinese provided just a little bit of money ascompensation. The main problem is that allof the villagers were uneducated. TheChinese authorities came and told thevillagers the project would have manybenefits for them. Sometimes villagers wouldprotest, but there was no way for them towin. The head of the construction programswere all Chinese. Sometimes there were afew Tibetans hired for 1-2 days, but they onlyworked in low-level positions doing manuallabor.112

There are reports that the PRC relies mainly onChinese military personnel for labor and to ensurethe steady pace of construction continues uninter-rupted by complaints from Tibetan officials or pro-tests by local villagers. Ngawang described the envi-ronment in which a dam was constructed inDrekung village:

The Chinese have built a lot of hydropowerdams. In Drekung village, they built a dam.I went to visit my friend there, and I saw alot of Chinese Army laborers. It looked like amilitary camp. Even if the high official ofTAR wanted to interfere and stop the

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construction of the dam, he could not.113

Desperate to avoid the forced relocation of thou-sands of people prior to a proposed dam project inYajiang, Kardze, Tawu County, Tibetans staged aprotest in May 2009. It is reported that the Chineseauthorities coerced the residents into signing a relo-cation agreement, and that Chinese security forcessubsequently shot six Tibetan women in the courseof suppressing the unrest.114 Information regardingthe incident was tightly controlled, with only thenames of the women leaking into alternative newssources, and details of the present condition of theinjured women have been suppressed.

The situation is not entirely without hope. Therehave been a number of reports that Chinese offi-cials have suspended the construction of hydropowerdams due to environmental concerns and fears thatby inundating historical sites the dams are irrepara-bly damaging local cultures. It was reported that in2004, the PRC “unexpectedly suspended plans for13 dams” in Mainland China that “[passed] througha UNESCO World Heritage site,”115 and that re-cently “China’s environment ministry . . . suspendedconstruction of two ambitious hydropower damsin the upper Yangtze River region [of Tibet], sayingthe projects were illegal because they were startedwithout necessary environmental assessments.”116

While PRC’s willingness to resort to violence dur-ing the protests in Tawu County is intensely trou-bling and deserves international scrutiny, these con-struction suspensions by PRC officials suggest thatpeaceful victories might be possible in the future.

Agricultural Policies

Agricultural policies factor significantly into thePRC’s development plans for Tibet, but there is evi-dence that these policies have been devised with de-cidedly mixed motives. According to the 2008 U.S.State Department Report, TAR Party SecretaryZhang Qingli frankly admitted that “the restructur-

ing of Tibetan farming and grazing communitieswas not only to promote economic developmentbut also to counteract the Dalai Lama’s influence.”117

This deliberate restructuring has frequently takenthe form of resettlement programs and campaignsto limit and reduce the number of livestock nomadicfamilies are allowed to raise, with the PRC’s officialexplanation for these policy changes being environ-mental preservation. Outside experts have exposedthe harm these drastic policy changes are inflictingon Tibetans, however, pointing out that the “toughnew environmental laws restricting traditional prac-tices such as grazing [and] hunting” have all “[cut]sharply into Tibetan incomes.”118 TsewangDhondup, a 39-year-old male from Adu Ganru vil-lage, Drango County, Kardze Prefecture in Sichuanprovince described the impact these policies havehad on traditional nomads, and also voiced his opin-ion regarding the reason for these disruptive poli-cies:

Resettlement programs have beenimplemented in many places in Tibet.Nomads are forced to become farmers. TheChinese have put fences around the greenpastures and the animals are very limited.The authorities want to eradicate thenomads, want to change their history. Thenomads have done nothing wrong to theChinese, but the Chinese don’t like Tibetantraditions.119

There are various reports of Chinese officials im-posing arbitrary agricultural restrictions on rural Ti-betan farmers. Tsewang Dhondup went on to re-port the following :

I was a farmer, growing various kinds of grainssuch as wheat, peas, and tsampa. Back in 2007the Chinese authorities started causing bigproblems for the farmers, and forced us to changeour crops. They forced us to grow something withthorns instead of our usual grains. I don’t know

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why they did this. I think China was trying toturn the ground into a desert, so that therainwater would not absorb in Tibet andinstead would flow directly to China. If there’sno vegetation, if the soil is not fertile, the waterwill flow directly to China. This made thefarmers in my village angry for many years. In2009, farmers in my village staged a boycott toshow solidarity with the protesters and thepeople that had been imprisoned following thelarge protests of 10 March 2008. At that time,there were 60 farming families in my village.The Chinese authorities held a meeting for threedays, where they decided they would force thefamilies to farm or they would confiscate ourfarms. They held a lottery to determine whichfifteen families would have to break the boycottfirst. The fifteen families refused; so the Chineseauthorities called in the army and the armytook over the farms. At first the army men triedto farm the land themselves but they did notknow how so they forced the families to farmthe land. The families could not express theirdisagreement with the authorities; you haveno way to justify your rights in China. Nowthat I have left Tibet I can speak freely aboutthese things. I could never speak this freely backhome.120

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

The development projects does not have directbenefit to the Tibetans as the economic growth isethnically exclusionary. In calculated and deliberateallocation of resources, the Chinese administratorsin Tibet award most contracts to out-of-provincestate-owned enterprises rather than locally ownedand operated businesses. The state gives high valueto development projects involving resource extrac-tions rather than the development of human capac-ity. The United Nations Human Development Re-port list Tibet’s human development index at thebottom of all of the PRC’s provinces. Illiteracy rate

is very high in Tibet compared to the other prov-inces of PRC resulting in placing Tibetans at a sig-nificant disadvantage. Moreover, ethnic Han con-tinues to hold top CCP positions in nearly all coun-ties and prefectures making it difficult for Tibetansto voice grievances and participate in policy deci-sion makings.

Resettlement programs are taking place at fast pacethus uprooting and disrupting traditional Tibetanways of life in the name of “progress”. The displace-ments occur without compensation and without theconsent of those affected. Affordable medical caresimply does not exist. This lack of affordable healthcare is particularly problematic outside of Tibet’smain cities. As with all other matters of human de-velopment, the situation for people with disabili-ties outside of the urban centers is far worse thanfor those who live in the cities. The PRC, ever mind-ful of presenting a positive image of its occupationof Tibet to outside visitors, focuses its resources andattention on the cities that attract the most tourists.Tibet’s predominantly rural population is thereforeexcluded from the majority of the PRC’s social ser-vice efforts.

Endnotes

1 UN Declaration on the Right to Development, adopted bythe UN General Assembly on 4 December 1996, text availableat http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/74.htm(Lastaccessed on June 16, 2009).

2 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and CulturalRights was ratified by the PRC in 2001. Amongst the manysafeguards contained within the Covenant, there are provisionsrelating specifically to development. For example, Article 6protects the right to work, and Article 11 protects “[t]he rightof everyone to an adequate standard of living . . . includingadequate food, clothing and housing, and to the continuousimprovement of living conditions.” Text available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm (Last accessed18 June 2009) All nationalities in the People’s Republic ofChina are equal. The state protects the lawful rights and

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interests of the minority nationalities and upholds and developsthe relationship of equality, unity and mutual assistance amongall of China’s nationalities. Discrimination against andoppression of any nationality are prohibited; any acts thatundermine the unity of the nationalities or instigate theirsecession are prohibited. The state helps the areas inhabitedby minority nationalities speed up their economic and culturaldevelopment in accordance with the peculiarities and needsof the different minority nationalities. Regional autonomy ispractised in areas where people of minority nationalities livein compact communities; in these areas organs of self-government are established for the exercise of the right ofautonomy. All the national autonomous areas are inalienableparts of the People’s Republic of China. The people of allnationalities have the freedom to use and develop their ownspoken and written languages, and to preserve or reform theirown ways and customs. (emphasis added) For a translation inEnglish, please see http://english.peopledaily.com.cnconstitutionconstitution.html(Last accessed 16 June 2009)

4 Article 2(1), UN Declaration on the Right to Development,states: “The human person is the central subject ofdevelopment and should be the active participant andbeneficiary of the right to development.” Available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/74.htm (Last accessed on June16, 2009)

5 United Nations Development Programme, HumanDevelopment Report: China 2007/08 , page 2, released 17November 2008, available at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/resources/30/877/content.html (Last accessed 10 June 2009).

6 Id.7 United Nations Development Programme, Human

Development Report: China 2007/08 , page 3, released 17November 2008, available at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/resources/30/877/content.html (Last accessed 10 June 2009)The life expectancy index, education index, and the GDPindex are all calculated using separate formulae. Please see theUN Development Project’s “Human Development Reports”website for examples and an explanation of the calculationsused to determine each component of a country’s HDI.Website: http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/data/calculator/(Last accessed on June 18, 2009)

9 United Nations Development Programme, HumanDevelopment Report: China 2007/08 , page 139, released 17November 2008, available at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/resources/30/877/content.html (Last accessed 10 June 2009)Note: The analysis in this section is based largely upon this2007 2008 report. The Human Development Report: China2009 is scheduled for release later this year, and any change instatistical measures will necessarily affect the analysis andconclusions contained within this report.

1 0 There are conflicting reports regarding the exact amount thePRC allocates for development in Tibet, but sources indicatesuch spending reached a minimum of 60 billion Yuan last yearand is estimated to be increasing 12 percent annually. ChinaTibet News, Central government’s investment in Tibet grows

year after year, released 24 March 2009, available at http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Acheivements/2009-03/24/content_219312.htm (Last accessed 24 June 2009) 11 ChinaDaily, China publishes report on Tibet Development , released30 March 2009, available at http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/30/content_7629540.htm (Last accessed 29June 2009)

1 2 Ben Hillman, Rethinking China’s Tibet Policy, featured inThe Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, released following theprotests of March 2008, available at http://www.japanfocus.org/-Ben-Hillman/2773 (Last accessed 15June 2009)

1 3 China Tibetology Research Center, Report on the Economicand Social Development of Tibet, released 30 March 2009,full text available from People’s Daily Online at http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90785/6625577.html(Last accessed 25 June 2009)

1 4 The China National People’s Congress recently released astatement specifying that as of 2007, “[t]he region planned180 projects with a total investment of 77 billion Yuan.” TheNational People’s Congress of the People’s Republic of China,Facts and Figures of Tibetan Development, released 18 March2009, available at http://www.npc.gov.cnenglishnpcSpecial_NPC_Delegation2009-03/18/content_1493953_2.htm (Last accessed 12 July 2009)

1 5 Andrew Martin Fischer, Perversities of Extreme Dependenceand Unequal Growth in the TAR, page 3, released 25 August2007 as Tibet Watch Special Report August 2007, availablea t h t t p : / / w w w . t i b e t . c a / e n / n e w s r o o m / w t n /archiveold?y=2007&m=8&p=25_2 or in Portable DocumentFormat at ir.iss.nl/eserv.php?pid=iss:90&dsID=TibetWatch.pdf (Last accessed15 June 2009)

1 6 Id.1 7 Andrew Martin Fischer, Urban Fault Lines in Shangri-La:

Population and Economic Foundations of Inter-EthnicConflict in the Tibetan Areas of Western China, released inJune 2004 by Crisis States Programme, available athttp://www.crisisstates.comPublicationspublications.htmor in Portable Document Format at ir.iss.nl/view.php?pid=iss:93 (Last accessed 15 June 2009)

1 8 Please see the photographic evidence contained in the TibetanCentre for Human Rights’ Briefing Paper for Travelers to Tibet– 2009, available at http://www.tchrd.org/publications/topical_reports/ (Last accessed 8 July 2009).

1 9 Ben Hillman, Rethinking China’s Tibet Policy , featured in TheAsia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, released following theprotests of March 2008, available at http://www.japanfocus.org/-Ben-Hillman/2773 (Last accessed 15June 2009)

2 0 Tibet News Digest, China approves “modern redesign” of Lhasa,released 17 March 2009, available at http://www.tibetinfonet.net/content/news/10973 (Last accessed 30June 2009)

2 1 Interview with Gonpo Tsephel at the Tibetan Children’s VillageSchool, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

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2 2 Andrew Martin Fischer, Perversities of Extreme Dependence andUnequal Growth in the TAR, page 10, released 25 August 2007as Tibet Watch Special Report August 2007, available at http://www.tibet.caennewsroomwtnarchiveold? or in Portable

Document Format at ir.iss.nl/eserv.php?pid=iss:90&dsID=TibetWatch.pdf (Last accessed 15 June 2009). While this report is from 2005, further researchrevealed no indication that the allocation of developmentdollars has shifted substantially.

2 3 Chinese Government’s Official Web Portal, President Hu stressesstability in Tibet, released 9 March 2009, available at http://english.gov.cn/2009-03/09/content_1255162.htm , (Lastaccessed 18 June 2009)

2 4 The Free Dictionary provides the following on-line definitionof “sinicize”: “To make Chinese in character or to change ormodify by Chinese influence.” Available at http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Sinicization (Last accessed 15July 2009)

2 5 United Nations Development Programme, HumanDevelopment Report: China 2007/08, page 30, released 17November 2008, available at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/resources/30/877content.html (Last accessed 10 June 2009)

2 6 United Nations Development Programme, HumanDevelopment Report: China 2007/08 , page 140, released 17November 2008, available at http://www.un.org.cn/cms/p/resources/30/877/content.html (Last accessed 10 June 2009)

2 7 International Campaign for Tibet, Tracking the Steel Dragon,page 28, released 20 February 2008, available at http://www.savetibet.org/documents/reports/tracking-steel-dragon(Last accessed 8 July 2009)

2 8 China Tibet News, Tibet’s education investment reaches 22 billionsince China’s reform, released 29 December 2008, available athttp://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/Education/2008-12/29/content_188322.htm (last accessed 30 June 2009)

2 9 Article 23, Universal Declaration of Human Rights The StatesParties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyoneto the enjoyment of just and favourable conditions of workwhich ensure, in particular: (a) Remuneration which providesall workers, as a minimum, with: (i) Fair wages and equalremuneration for work of equal value without distinction ofany kind, in particular women being guaranteed conditions ofwork not inferior to those enjoyed by men, with equal pay forequal work; Available at http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm (Last accessed 10 June 2009)

3 1 As a nation founded on the principles of socialism, theConstitution of the People’s Republic of China is infused withlanguage celebrating the importance of the working class.

3 2 Xinhua, Report: Tibetan population grows fast, language educationstressed, released 1 April 2009, available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 4 / 0 1 /content_11112488.htm (Last accessed 12 June 2009)

3 3 U.S. Department of State, 2008 Human Rights Report: China(includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau), released 25 February2009, available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eap/119037.htm (Last accessed 16 June 2009)

3 4 Andrew Martin Fischer, Urban Fault Lines in Shangri-La:

Population and Economic Foundations of Inter-Ethnic Conflictin the Tibetan Areas of Western China, page 21, released in June2004 by Crisis States Programme, available at http://www.crisisstates.com/Publications/publications.htm or inPortable Document Format at ir.iss.nl view.php?pid=iss:93(Last accessed 15 June 2009)

3 5 Andrew Martin Fischer, Urban Fault Lines in Shangri-La:Population and Economic Foundations of Inter-Ethnic Conflictin the Tibetan Areas of Western China, page 22, released in June2004 by Crisis States Programme, available at http://www.crisisstates.comPublicationspublications.htm or inPortable Document Format at ir.iss.nl view.php?pid=iss:93(Last accessed 15 June 2009)

3 6 As pointed out by Andrew Martin Fisher, logically, Chinesemigrant workers would return home were they in gainfulemployment in Tibet. Urban Fault Lines in Shangri-La:Population and Economic Foundations of Inter-EthnicConflict in the Tibetan Areas of Western China, page 22,released in June 2004 by Crisis States Programme, availableat http://www.crisisstates.comPublicationspublications.htmor in Portable Document Format at ir.iss.nl/view.php?pid=iss:93 (Last accessed 15 June 2009)


3 8 Interview with “Anonymous” at the Tibetan Reception Centerin McLeod Ganj, India, 20 June 2009

3 9 Please see the photographic evidence contained in the TibetanCentre for Human Rights’ Briefing Paper for Travelers to Tibet– 2009, available at http://www.tchrd.org/publications/topical_reports/ (Last accessed 8 July 2009).

4 0 Interview with Ngawang at the Transit School in Dharamsala,India, 22 June 2009

4 1 International Campaign for Tibet, Tracking the Steel Dragon,page 60, released 20 February 2008, available at http://www.savetibet.org/documents/reports/tracking-steel-dragon(Last accessed 8 July 2009)

4 2 The following explanation of “guanxi” is provided by“Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias,” available on-lineat http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/31370 (Last accessed1 July 2009) Definition of “Guanxi”: “Guânxi” describes thebasic dynamic in the complex nature of personalized networksof influence and social relationships, and is a central conceptin Chinese society . . . At its most basic, “guânxi” describes apersonal connection between two people in which one is ableto prevail upon another to perform a favor or service, or beprevailed upon. The two people need not to be of equal socialstatus. “Guânxi” can also be used to describe a network ofcontacts, which an individual can call upon when somethingneeds to be done, and through which he or she can exertinfluence on behalf of another. In addition, “guânxi” candescribe a state of general understanding between two people:“he/she is aware of my wants/needs and will take them intoaccount when deciding her/his course of future actions whichconcern or could concern me without any specific discussion

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or request”.4 3 China Tibet Information Center, Tibet registers 4.3% for

unemployment rate in past five years, released 9 April 2008,available at http://eng.tibet.cnnewstoday20080t20080409_375704.htm (Lastaccessed 22 July 2009)

4 4 Interview with Anonymous at the Tibetan Reception Centerin McLeod Ganj, India, 20 June 2009

4 5 United Nations Development Programme, Tibet Developmentand Poverty Alleviation Programme, page 5, released 2006,Project Document available at http://www.undp.org.cn/map.php?province=Tibet (Last accessed 12 June 2009)

4 6 The China Tibetology Research Center, Report on theEconomic and Social Development of Tibet, page 6, released30 March 2009, full text available from Xinhua Net at http:// n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 3 / 3 0 /content_11098770.htm (Last accessed 25 June 2009)


4 8 Andrew Martin Fischer, Perversities of Extreme Dependenceand Unequal Growth in the TAR, page 13, released 25 August2007 as Tibet Watch Special Report August 2007, available ath t t p : / /www.tibet.caennewsroomwtnarchiveold?y=2007&m=8&p=25_2or in Portable Document Format at ir.iss.nl/eserv.php?pid=iss:90&dsID=TibetWatch.pdf (Last accessed15 June 2009)

4 9 Interview with “Anonymous” at the Tibetan Reception Centerin McLeod Ganj, India, 20 June 2009

5 0 Interview with Tsewang Dhondup at the Tibetan ReceptionCenter in McLeod Ganj, India, 20 June 2009.

5 1 Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy’spublication, Briefing Paper for Travelers to Tibet – 2009 , availableat http://www.tchrd.org/publications/topical_reports/(Last accessed 8 July 2009).

5 2 Freedom House, The Worst of the Worst 2009 - Tibet[China], released 3 June 2009, available at http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4a38a665c.html (Lastaccessed 13 July 2009)

5 3 Interview with Gonpo Tsephel at the Tibetan Children’sVillage School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

5 4 Interview with Ngawang at the Transit School in Dharamsala,India, 22 June 2009

5 5 For a particularly compelling story describing the “Nail House”phenomenon and one Han Chinese family’s battle againstresettlement, please see the BBC article, Woman Defies ChineseDevelopers, released 23 March 2007, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6483997.stm (Last accessed20 July 2009)

5 6 Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rightsprovides “Everyone has the right to . . . housing.” The PRCvoted in favor of adopting the Declaration in 1948. Please seethe United Nations Yearbook Summary for 1948, available athttp://www.udhr.org/history/yearbook.htm (Last accessed 18

June 2009). The full text of the Declaration is available athttp://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/ (Last accessed 18June 2009)

5 7 Article 8 of the Declaration on the Right to Developmentprovides “ States should undertake, at the national level, allnecessary measures for the realization of the right todevelopment and shall ensure, inter alia, equality of opportunityfor all in their access to basic resources, [such as] housing.”

5 8 Article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Socialand Cultural Rights provides “All peoples have the right ofself-determination.”

5 9 A report released by Human Rights Watch and cited in6 0 Interview with Ngawamg at the Transit School in Dharamsala,

India, 22 June 20096 1 Phayul, China relocates over 300,000 Tibetans in 2008: Report,

released 27 December 2009, available at http://www.phayul.com/news/ (Last accessed 15 July 2009)

6 2 Tim Johnson, McClatchy Newspapers, China orders resettlementof thousands of Tibetans, released 3 May 2007, available athttp://www.mcclatchydc.com/117/story/16232.html (Lastaccessed 15 July 2009)

6 3 Interview with Ngawang at the Transit School in Dharamsala,India, 22 June 2009 Observers say the massive mass relocationis linked to Beijing’s effort, launched in 1999, to developChina’s poor, restive west and bind it to the bustling east.Since then, human rights groups say, China has also beenforcing nomadic Tibetan herders to settle in towns to clearland for development, while leaving many unable to earn living. . . In doing so, these Tibetan nomads have been forced toabandon their traditional lifestyles with many driven tofrustration and despair, unable to cope up with the pressuresof earning their livelihood through means alien to theirtraditions and upbringing. Also resettlement often involvethe slaughter of animals belonging to the mostly nomadicherders, relocation to poorly built accommodation andinability to find work due to lack of skills, US-based HumanRights Watch (HRW) saidinits June 2007 report. Othersare forcibly evicted to make room for public works projects,like dams and roads, the group said in the report.Phayul, China relocates over 300,000 Tibetans in 2008: Report,released 27 December 2009

6 5 Interview with Tsultrim Gyaltso at the Tibetan Children’sVillage School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

6 6 Interview with Palden at the Tibetan Children’s VillageSchool, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

6 7 His Holiness the Dalai Lama described his fear of a “culturalgenocide” occurring in Tibet during a press conferenceaddressing the PRC’s violent crackdown following the March2008 protests: Whether the (Chinese) government thereadmits or not, there is a problem. There is an ancient culturalheritage that is facing serious danger. Whether intentionallyor unintentionally, some kind of cultural genocide is takingplace.The Telegraph, Dalai Lama condemns China’s ‘culturalgenocide’ of Tibet, released 16 March 2008, available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1581875/Dalai-Lama-condemns-Chinas-cultural-genocide-of-Tibet.html

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(Last accessed 15 July 2009)6 8 Interview with Ngawang at the Transit School in Dharamsala,

India, 22 June 20096 9 The right to housing is protected in Article 25 of the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights, as well as Article 8 of theDeclaration on the Right to Development

7 0 Article 12, International Covenant on Economic, Social andCultural Rights

7 1 Article 9, International Covenant on Economic, Social andCultural Rights

7 2 Article 21, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China7 3 Article 45, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China7 4 The China Tibetology Research Center recently published its

Report on the Economic and Social Development of Tibet,claiming: In cities and towns residents have personal medicalinsurance accounts with the individual contributing a certainpercentage of his/her monthly salary to the account and his/her employer contributing some more depending on theindividual’s share. In farming and pastoral areas people enjoyfree medical care. Report released 30 March 2009, full textavailable from Xinhua Net at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-03/30 content_11098770.htm (Last accessed25 June 2009)

7 5 Interview with Sonam Tenzin at the Tibetan Reception Centerin McLeod Ganj, India, 20 June 2009.

7 6 Tsultrim Gyaltso made the following statement toTCHRDduring his interview at the Tibetan Children’s VillageSchool, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009: “When the nomads getsick they go to traditional Tibetan doctors. If they don’t recover,they have to go to the hospital in larger cities, but it’s notfree.”

7 7 Interview with Tenzin Choetso at the Tibetan Children’sVillage School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009 To enable personswith disabilities to live independently and participate fully inall aspects of life, States Parties shall take appropriate measuresto ensure to persons with disabilities access, on an equal basiswith others, to the physical environment, to transportation,to information and communications, including informationand communications technologies and systems, and to otherfacilities and services open or provided to the public, both inurban and in rural areas. Full text available at http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml(Last accessed 14 July 2009)

7 9 Article 19, Convention on the Rights of People withDisabilities, provides: States Parties to this Conventionrecognize the equal right of all persons with disabilities to livein the community, with choices equal to others, and shall takeeffective and appropriate measures to facilitate full enjoymentby persons with disabilities of this right and their full inclusionand participation in the community, including by ensuringthat: a. Persons with disabilities have the opportunity to choosetheir place of residence and where and with whom they live onan equal basis with others and are not obliged to live in aparticular living arrangement;b. Persons with disabilities have access to a range of in-home,residential and other community support services, including

personal assistance necessary to support living and inclusionin the community, and to prevent isolation or segregationfrom the community;c. Community services and facilities for the general populationare available on an equal basis to persons with disabilities andare responsive to their needs. Full text available ath t t p : / / w w w. u n . o r g / d i s a b i l i t i e s / c o n v e n t i o n /conventionfull.shtml (Last accessed 14 July 2009)

8 0 Article 24, Convention on the Rights of Persons withDisabilities Please see the Education chapter of this report forfurther discussion of issues pertaining specifically to theeducation of children with disabilities in Tibet.

8 1 Article 25, Convention on the Rights of People withDisabilities

8 2 Article 27, Convention on the Rights of People withDisabilities

8 3 China ratified this Convention on 1 August 2008, accordingto the UN Treaty Collection, available at http://t r e a t i e s . u n . o r g / P a g e s /Vi e wDeta i l s . a spx ? s r c=TREAT Y&mtdsg_no=IV-3&chapter=4&lang=en (Last accessed 9 July 2009)

8 4 Article 45, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China8 5 Xinhua, 60,000 disabled people in Tibet benefit from rehabilitation

services in past five years, released 9 September 2008, availableat http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/09/content_9877905.htm (Last accessed 14 July 2009)

8 6 China Tibet News, Blessing Tibet: Disabled also Able,released 6July 2009, available at http://english.chinatibetnews.com/news/2009-07/06/content_268049.htm (Last accessed 14July 2009)

8 7 Xinhua, 60,000 disabled people in Tibet benefit fromrehabilitation services in past five years, released 9 September2008, available at http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-09/09/content_9877905.htm (Last accessed 14 July 2009)

8 8 Interview with Tenzin Choetso at the Tibetan Children’sVillage School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

8 9 Interview with Tenzin Sango at the Tibetan Transit School inDharamsala, India, 22 June 2009


9 1 Xinhua, China invests 953 min Yuan for safe drinking water,released 27 January 2009, available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 1 / 2 7 /content_10724605.htm (Last accessed 20 July 2009)

9 2 Xinhua, Tibet’s Xigaze Prefecture provides drinking water to30,000 people, released 16 April 2009, available at http://n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / e n g l i s h / 2 0 0 9 - 0 4 / 1 6 /content_11195226.htm (Last accessed 20 July 2009)

9 3 Interview with Sonam Tenzin at the Tibetan Reception Centerin McLeod Ganj, 20 June 2009

9 4 Interview with Tsewang Dhondup at the Tibetan ReceptionCenter in McLeod Ganj, 20 June 2009

9 5 Xinhua, Full Text: Report on the Economic and Social Developmentof Tibet, page 13, released 30 March 2009, available atht tp : / /news .x inhuanet .com/engl i sh/2009-03/30/content_11098770.htm (Last accessed 25 June 2009)

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9 6 For an in-depth analysis of the environmental consequencesof the railway, please see China’s Train, Tibet’s Tragedy,publishedby The Environment and Development Desk of theDepartment of Information and International Relations,Central Tibetan Authority, released in 2009

9 7 Central Tibetan Administration, Environmental andDevelopment Desk, DIIR, TIBET: A Human Developmentand Environment Report, page 159, Dharamsala, India, 2007

9 8 Interview with Ngawang and Topjor at the Transit School inDharamsala, India, 22 June 2009

9 9 For an analogous case study detailing the plight of the Uyghurpopulation in East Turkistan following the construction of theLanzhou-Urumqi railway line, please see Railways as ImperialTools of Control, contained in China’s Train, Tibet’s Tragedy,published by The Environment and Development Desk of theDepartment of Information and International Relations,Central Tibetan Authority, released in 2009.

100 International Campaign for Tibet, Tracking the Steel Dragon,page 26, released 20 February 2008, available at http://www.savetibet.org/documents/reports/tracking-steel-dragon(Last accessed 8 July 2009)

101 For example, the Yulong Copper Mine, located in JomdaCounty, Chamdo Prefecture, is said to be largest mines in allof China. Dorothy Kosich, Mineweb, China’s largest coppermine Yulong begins production next month, released 18 August2008, available at http://www.mineweb.com/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page36?oid=59990&sn=Detail (Last accessed8 July 2009). It reportedly went into operation in September2008, despite deep concerns expressed by the Central TibetanAdministration, regarding “the environmental and socialimplications of the project on the Tibetan plateau and itspeople.” Tibet Environmental Watch, Yulong Copper Minein Tibet to be operational, released 22 August 2008, availableat http://www.tew.org/archived/yulong.mine.html (Lastaccessed 8 July 2009)

102 For a comprehensive list of known mineral deposits in Tibet,please see the Central Tibetan Administration’ publication,TIBET: A Human Development and Environment Report, Table6.2, page 158, Environmental and Development Desk, DIIR,Dharamsala, India, 2007

103 The “resource curse” concept and its application to Tibet hasbeen described thusly: Around the world, “resource curse” hasbecome a concept that identifies the paradox of wealth inresources translating into poverty of the people. The moreresources are extracted, the poorer the people get, usuallybecause the national elite is corrupted by all the wealthgenerated in one concentrated place, and manages to capturethe stream of wealth produced by the mines, for their privateconsumption. The elite, in distant national capitals far fromthe mines, are no longer accountable to the poor of the miningdistricts, and instead are beholden only to the miningcompanies that produce the gold to be split between them,excluding the populace.In Tibet, the resource curse hascertain Chinese characteristics. The outcome is familiar: theimpoverishment of local communities and the enrichment ofa distant elite. In China this is achieved through legalmonopolies and centralized ownership of resources and of

mining companies, in a planned economy designed to keepraw materials prices low and profitability of smelters andmanufacturers far from Tibet high. Gabriel Lafitte, SpecialEdition on Mining in Tibet – Part II,Tibet Environmental Watch,Editorial and Op Ed Articles, available at http://www.tew.org/editorial-oped/trin-gyi-pho-nya/1007.html#4-2 (Lastaccessed 24 July 2009)

104 Interview with Dawa Sangmo at the Transit School inDharamsala, India, 22 June 2009

105 Interview with Ngawang at the Transit School in Dharamsala,India, 22 June 2009

106 Radio Free Asia, Mine Standoff Said Resolved, released 27May 2009, available at http://www.rfa.org/english/news/tibet/standoffresolved-05272009175822.html (Last accessed12 June 2009)

107 Tibet Info Digest, Mine Standoff Resolved, released 8 June2009, available at http://www.tibetinfonet.net/content/news/11045 (Last accessed 29 June 2009)

108 Central Tibetan Administration, Environmental andDevelopment Desk, DIIR, TIBET: A Human Developmentand Environment Report, page 158, Dharamsala, India, 2007

109 Recently, the Canadian company “Continental Minerals” wasreportedly awaiting final approval to open the Shetongmoncopper mine in the Shigaste area of Tibet. Tibet News Digest,Shetongmon copper mine awaiting final go-ahead, released 12November 2008, available at http://www.tibetinfonet.net/content/news/10874 (Last accessed 29 June 2009) TheCanada Tibet Committee has expressed severe concernregarding the environmental and human impact of this mine.Canada Tibet Committee slams Continental Minerals over Tibetmine , released 23 June 2009, available at http://www.tibet.ca/en/newsroom/news_releases/171 (Last accessed 29 June2009)

110 There are reports that the PRC has plans to build more than750 dams across Tibet. Malcolm Moore, The Telegraph UK,China plans dams across Tibet, released 14 October 2008,available at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/3193790/China-plans-dams-across-Tibet.html (Lastaccessed 12 June 2009)

111 Jim Yardley, The New York Times, Choking on Growth, PartIV, disseminated by International Rivers, Chinese Dam ProjectsCriticized for Their Human Cost, released 19 November 2007,available at http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/2758(Last accessed 20 June 2009)

112 Interview with Jamyang Nyima at the Tibetan Children’sVillage School, Suja/Bir, India, 23 June 2009

113 Interview with Ngawang at the Transit School in Dharamsala,India, 22 June 2009

114 NVO Bureau, Tibetans wounded in Protests against China’sHydroelectric Dam Project, released 26 May 2009, available athttp://nvonews.com/2009/05/26/tibetans-wounded-protests/(Last accessed 12 June 2009)

115 Jim Yardley, The New York Times, Choking on Growth, PartIV,disseminated by International Rivers, Chinese Dam ProjectsCriticized for Their Human Cost, released 19 November 2007,available at http://internationalrivers.org/en/node/2758

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(Last accessed 20 June 2009)116 Tibetan Review, China suspends two hydropower dams pending

environmental clearance, released 13 June 2009, available ath t t p : / /www.tibetanreview.netnews.php?showfooter=1&id=3545(Last accessed 17 June 2009)

117 U.S. Department of State, 2008 Human Rights Report: China(includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau), released 25 February2009, available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eap/119037.htm (Last accessed 16 June 2009)

118 Ben Hillman, Rethinking China’s Tibet Policy, featured in TheAsia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus, released following the protestsof March 2008, available at http://www.japanfocus.org/-Ben-Hillman/2773 (Last accessed 15 June 2009)

119 Interview with Tsewang Dhondup at the Tibetan ReceptionCenter in McLeod Ganj, 20 June 2009

120 Interview with Tsewang Dhondup at the Tibetan ReceptionCenter in McLeod Ganj, 20 June 2009.

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RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

The year 2009 has been marked by a visible rise ofintense religious repression in Tibet. The year willalso go down as one of the worst years of State in-tervention in the sacred affairs of the Tibetan people,which continue to be legally guaranteed underChina’s domestic and international laws yet remainsgrossly violated.

This annual report is to assist human rights defend-ers, United Nations Human Rights Council(UNHRC) and hosts of vital organs of the UN,civil societies and NGOs in their continuing effortto monitor, press and criticize the Chinese govern-ment in restoring the human rights of the Tibetanpeople, particularly their ‘religious freedom’. It givesa brief overview of how the Tibetan Buddhism haspermeated the socio-politico-religious fabric of theTibetan civilization over the last many centuries. Itinvestigates how Tibetan Buddhism is the identityof Tibetan people, which cannot be altered byexternal forces of law, policies and other artificialhuman constructions. The report argues how defi-nition, re-definition and interpretation of the sacredphilosophy of Buddhist faith is not in the hands ofoutside forces or governments but left entirely inthe hands of practitioners and devotees of the Bud-dhist Doctrine.

The report highlights and deconstructs the so-called“implementing measures”, “rules and regulations”that had been externally created by the Chinese gov-

ernment to legitimize their regulation of religiousinstitutions and their sovereign affairs. In doing so,TCHRD managed to obtain a few confidentialdocuments concerning the Chinese governmentpolicies on religion and how they are currently imple-mented in Tibet, backed up by first hand testimo-nial accounts of refugee escapees who had been thevictims of China’s religious persecution inside Ti-bet.

The report also looks at the genesis of the Commu-nist Party policies towards Tibetan Buddhism since1950 till now and how these policies are respon-sible for the deplorable state of religious violationsin Tibet.

The report also assesses the impact of regulation ofmonastic institutions and its consequences on monksand nuns, particularly the quality of religious edu-cation and the break down of the oral transmissionof religious knowledge from senior monks tojunior monks. In that sense, it looks at the denial ofreligious education or the unavailability of religiouseducation inside Tibet due to decades of stringentcontrol on religious affairs and its spiritual cultureby the Communist Party of China.

The report traces China’s political campaign againstthe Dalai Lama and its reprisals on the ordinaryTibetan monks and nuns, who by virtue of theirfaith are the victims of China’s growing imperialexpansionism and her quest for global super powerstatus.

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Finally, this report is an effort to tell the tale of reli-gious persecution in Tibet from the very words ofvictims, through their poignant testimonies, theirspirit of resilience, and to draw the support of theinternational community to act and end the deplor-able condition of human rights situation in Tibet.Only then the universal rights of the Tibetan peopleand their human dignity will be restored.

China’s Policies on Religion: An Overview

Buddhism, Tibetan Identity and Nationhood

Tibetan Buddhism occupies a unique place in thecivilization of the Tibetan plateau, an area almostthe size of Western Europe. It is not merely a “faith”or “religion” but a driving force of Tibetan thinking,way of life, identity, philosophy, shaper of its historyand identity of its political independence andsovereignty throughout its history. Not only wereits preceptors and religious pontiffs of different sectsat different points of times in history its supremeleaders and helmsman but it continues to be so tothis day. Even the lesser-known religious figures playa highly important role in the traditional structureof Tibetan society. He is the Tibetan people’simmediate teacher, guide, confidant and prophet andalso their legal council in disputes and so on. Tibetanstypically describe their local Tibetan spiritual leaderas “tsa-wai lama” (the root teacher and guru) whooften looks after the well being of entire village orcommunity. The Tibetan religious figuresthroughout centuries with their compassion, spiritualprowess, exemplary spiritual penance, practice andexalted spiritual feats have commanded and won therespect, trust and loyalty of Tibetan people, so muchso that in many regions of Tibet there are placesthat derive their names from the monastery builtaround the charismatic religious figures.

The greatest amongst all are the successive lineagesof the Dalai Lamas, who have earned unprecedentedfaith and loyalty in the religious-political sphere ofthe Tibetan world, believed by the entire Tibetanpeople as the emanation of Buddha of Compassion,

Chenrezig, the patron deity of Tibet, so richlydefined and narrated in the Tibetan Buddhisthagiographies throughout the last one thousand andfive hundred years.

This religious teacher and political head of State towhom Tibetans attribute ‘god’ like qualities is HisHoliness Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama ofTibet, the thorn in China’s dubious imperial expan-sionist rule over Tibet for the last fifty years eversince the entry of People’s Liberation Army (PLA)into Tibet on 7 August 1950.

In the light of this, Tibetan Buddhism is not sim-ply a “religion” of the Tibetan people. For centuries,Tibetan national and cultural identity has mergedinto their religious identity to the extent that Bud-dhism continues influence the life of all Tibetans. Itis estimated that there were over 6,000 monasteriesthroughout the country, accommodating around600,000 monks and nuns before the Chinese inva-sion of Tibet. After the end of the frenzy “CulturalRevolution” in 1978, only 13 monasteries survived,and most monks and nuns had either died, of natu-ral or unnatural causes, or had been forced to dis-robe at some point by the Chinese authorities.

Throughout centuries, Tibet and China had com-plex historical ties of invasions and long periods ofno mutual diplomatic ties. It all began in 7th Cen-tury when Tibet’s 33rd emperor Songtsen Gampoestablished a strong Tibetan empire and his succes-sors annexed and invaded a large chunk of territoryfrom the Chinese kingdom. However, by the endof 10th Century, Tibet’s military power and con-quests waned following the spread of Buddhismfrom India, which turned the militant Tibetan em-pire into a pacifist, dharma-loving country. Tibet’scomplex relationship with China began in 1253when a Tibetan priest and scholar, Phagspa, visitedKublai Khan. Kublai Khan made Phagspa as hisspiritual guide and later appointed him to the rankof priest king of Tibet and made him the ruler of

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entire Tibet. However, unlike Tibet, China fell un-der direct Mongol rule for next several hundred yearsuntil it gained its independence from Mongol Khansin 1386.

After the decline of Mongol Khans, China was ruledby the Ming dynasty for the next three hundredyears. During this period, both Tibet and China hadformal diplomatic ties on equal basis. Both Tibetand China had meaningful “priest-patron” relation-ship. In 1641, the Manchurian king invaded China,which saw the end of the Ming dynasty. The Man-churian dynasty was later to be known as Qing orManchu dynasty of China. After gaining total con-trol over China, it continued with the old “priest-patron” relationship with Tibet.

Manchu or Qing dynasty led several military expe-ditions into Tibet to exert its influence when Tibetsaw many infightings and instability during the sameperiod. In 1727, Manchu emperor stationed the firstimperial resident in Lhasa, with the task of workingas intermediary between the Manchu emperor andTibetan rulers. The representative was known asAmban, which means “high official” and he com-manded 2000 troops. The Manchu emperors usedAmbans to influence and interfere in the internalpolitics of Tibet and were part of a number of po-litical intrigues in Tibet. With the fall of Manchudynasty in 1912, Ambans and its troops were ex-pelled from Tibet.

In 1912, Tibet declared its independence and em-barked on a modernization drive initiated by thecharismatic thirteenth Dalai Lama but was not en-tirely successful. The traditional conservatives andthe powerful ecclesiastical community reversed themodernization drive after the death of the thirteenthDalai Lama. During the period between 1912-1949Tibet was an independent country with no threatsmade to its political sovereignty from its powerfulneighbors, the British colonial India and China.Under the leadership of the thirteenth Dalai Lama,

diplomatic relations were established with manycountries, particularly with Britain and Russia.

During that time, one of the earliest westerners tohave a direct and intimate interaction with Tibetanswas Sir Charles Bell, the British Political Officer ofSikkim. In his book on the Great Thirteenth DalaiLama, he has observed about the indivisible and in-separable bond between Buddhism and Tibetan so-ciety.

“Incredible though it may seem to modernsecularized Westerners, almost one quarter ofTibetan males were celibate monks. In fact,the most significant thing about the Tibetans,that which set them apart from other peoples,was the way the Buddhist religion permeatedtheir entire lives. It is impossible to exaggeratethis factor, impossible to understand theTibetans if its importance is not appreciated,Religion was not something reserved for oneparticular day of the week or for theceremonies of birth, marriage and death; itwas fundamental of their very existence, asnecessary to them as breathing. By somestandards it could be said that the people ofTibet had barely emerged from the MiddleAges, for they were superstitious, set great storeby fortune-telling and horoscopes, andbelieved in a bewildering array of spirits anddemons. They were unable to make even thesmallest decision without consulting omens.As Heinrich Harrier observed:

“The daily life of Tibetans is ordered byreligious belief, pious texts are constantly ontheir lips; prayer-wheels turn without ceasing;prayer-flags wave on the roofs of house andthe summits of the mountain passes; the rain,the wind, all the phenomena of nature, thelonely peaks of the snow-clad mountains, bearwitness to the universal presence of the godswhose anger is manifested by the hailstorm

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and whose benevolence is displayed by thefruitfulness and fertility of the land. The lifeof the people is regulated by the divine will,whose interpreters the lamas are. Beforeanything is undertaken, they must test theomens, the gods must be unceasinglyentreated, placated or thanked”.

What the Tibetans lacked in sophistication,they more than made up for in religiousawareness. Every town or village throughoutTibet had its own religious centre, fromremote caves and hermitages to monasteriesthe size of towns. The average village consistedof a monastery - the focal point of communitylife - with a few peasants’ houses and amarket clustering at its foot. Every house,large or small, had its own domestic altarstacked with devotional pictures and sacredobjects, Even the nomads erected shrines,sometimes just in one corner of their tent,but often setting aside a complete tent forthe purpose. All over the country werecountless small monuments (Tibetans:chorten/Sanskrit: stupa) containing sacredrelics associated with holy men of the past.And from every rooftop fluttered strings ofprayer-flags.

Some monasteries, such as the famous “BigThree” of Lhasa housing several thousandmonks. It was these monks who preservedthe artistic and literary heritage of the land,who absorbed the vast medical knowledge oftheir ancestors and were skilled in theunderstanding and use of herbs. Boysgenerally entered the monastery at the ageof seven, but only these brightest wereadmitted to the higher learning; and onlythese would become teachers. The rest becamebuilders, artists, craftsmen, cooks,housekeepers or servants. Though most weresincerely holy, many were there only because

their parents had sent them”1.

Years after Sir Charles Bell’s departure, Tibetremained a deeply spiritual land on earthwhere it was the clergy who wielded allpowers and ran the affairs of the state. Theperiod after Sir Charles Bell’s departure sawthe death of its charismatic leader, the greatThirteenth Dalai Lama. It was followed bya period of unpopular intra-regent feuds andminor civil war and the discovery of theFourteenth Dalai Lama. Not long after Maoinvaded Tibet in August 7 1950.

Religious Repression in Year 2009

Religion is an institution. And like any institution,it has certain pillars of existence, certain sine qua nonaspects that are required for its smooth function-ing. Beliefs and practices, symbols, ceremonies,teachings, institutes, sites and faiths are such pillars.

Religious freedom encompasses more than just reli-gious belief. Also protected is the right to practiceor manifest one’s religion2, which means, first, thefreedom “to worship or assemble in connection with areligion or beliefs34 and to practice “ritual and cer-emonial acts giving direct expression to belief.”5

The freedom to worship includes the freedom toconduct other religious practices that are integral tosuch worship, meaning the freedom:1. To establish, build and maintain places for the

purposes of worship and religious assembly6;2. To make, acquire, use and display “religious

symbols”7 and “materials related to the rites orcustoms of a religion”8; and,

3. To “observe days of rest and to celebrate holidaysand ceremonies in accordance with the preceptsof one’s religion or belief ”.9

The Commission on Human Rights urged states“[t]o exert the utmost efforts . . . to ensure that reli-

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gious places, sites, shrines and religious expressions arefully respected and protected and to take additionalmeasures in cases where they are vulnerable to des-ecration or destruction.”10

Also included within the freedom to practice one’sreligion is the freedom to perform “acts integral tothe conduct by religious groups of their basic affairs”11

(1) “To train, appoint, elect or designate by successionappropriate leaders”12;

(2) To teach and “establish seminaries or religiousschools”13;

(3) “To teach a religion or belief in places suitable forthese purposes”14; and,

(4) To “write, issue and disseminate [religious textsand] relevant publications in these areas15.

Deconstruting Loop Holes in China’s so-called “Rules and Regulations” and“Normal Religious Practices”

In recent years, the new trend in the persecution ofreligious freedom and regulation of Tibet’s religioustradition has been the amendment of strange andbizarre “rules and regulations” and phrases such as“according to the rule of law”, thereby legitimizingthe blatant violation of religious freedom, as if toindicate that the monks and nuns were arrested ordetained on charges of “criminal” offense. An im-portant agent in this repressive policy has been thegovernment run courts, which conduct ‘kangarootrials’ and force the monks and nuns to make“confessions” under duress or torture.

Outsiders, human rights watchdogs, families andrelatives of the victims are often denied any accessto “trials” and “prosecution” in the government runcourts. It also makes extremely difficult to defendthe victim, those relatives or kin who speak to for-eign media or seek foreign assistance would becharged with crimes of “leaking of state secrets” and“endangering state security”, putting them in a farmore dangerous situation. This is the classic pattern

that has been witnessing in Tibet for sometime now.

In 2008 China enforced specific ImplementingMeasures, first announced on September 19, 2006by the 11th Standing Committee of the “TAR”People’s Government and made effective as of 1January 2007, as well as the Reincarnation Mea-sures.16 These “TAR”-specific religious affairs regu-lations were introduced to implement the Regula-tions on Religious Affairs (“RRA”) earlier promul-gated by the State Council in March 2005 for all ofChina except the autonomous regions.17

The Implementing Measures allow the Chinese stateto have the control over religious practitioners, re-incarnated lamas, religious practice and the placesof religious worship. Despite Chinese claims of thesebeing “reforms”, the measures actually codify andestablish an administrative framework for the re-pressive tools China has used to restrict the practiceof Tibetan Buddhism for over a decade.18 Further,the Implementing Measures include a legal frame-work for the subsequently issued ReincarnationMeasures, and together the two codify a compre-hensive approach to control the selection, installa-tion and education of reincarnate lamas.

International Human Rights law clearly affirms theright to freedom of religious belief and the right tomanifest one’s religion. The United Nations Gen-eral Assembly first put forth the principle in theUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, and sub-sequently the concept was officially codified in theICCPR. Further, China’s Constitution purports toprotect religious belief, and “normal” religious prac-tices.

However, China’s real intentions surface through theImplementing Measures. The Measures directly con-tradict every aspect of religious freedom protectedunder international law and violates China’s publicpromises and statements made in its own Constitu-tion to honor these very freedoms.19

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The predominant theme evidenced by the Imple-menting Measures is the connection drawn by theChinese Communist government between splittism,or threats to the Chinese state’s “national security”,“social stability” and “ethnic unity” from TibetanBuddhists’ religious beliefs and activities. Becauseof the close link between Tibetan Buddhism andTibetan culture and national identity, China associ-ates the practice of Tibetan Buddhism as a threat toChina’s state security and thus, nourishes a deep fearof any expression of religion as a cover for revolt orunpatriotic activity. The Chinese Communist stateexists in a constant state of paranoia over maintain-ing its authority and control over the population ofthe Tibetan territory it has claimed as its own. Lackinglegitimate populist support in Tibet due to the au-tocratic nature of its political authority, the Chinesegovernment requires absolute control over all theactivities of the Tibetan population; hence not asingle act, which it construes as a threat to its fragileposition of power, can be tolerated or sustained andthis includes any act of religious freedom. The Chi-nese Communist Party requires its citizens to “lovethe country” - to respect the authority of the Partyabove all other would-be competing loyalties.“TAR” Party Secretary, Zhang Qingli, claimed thatthe Chinese Communist Party is the “real Buddha”for Tibetans.20

Thus, as seen in the Implementing Measures, Chinaaims to bring a complete halt to all Tibetan nation-alism and “unlawful” religious activities (almost allTibetan Buddhist religious activities being linkedto splittism and therefore deemed “unlawful”), stampout the Dalai Lama from the hearts and minds ofthe Tibetan people, curb his authority, and harnessthe Tibetans’ loyalty to the state instead. Unfortu-nately for China, this type of totalitarian politicalrule, clamping down on all nature of the Tibetancitizens’ protected rights, violates well-establishednorms of international laws enshrined in interna-tional agreements with which China has publiclypromised to abide by.

The Implementing Measures embody fears, beliefsand goals of the Chinese Communist state. By stat-ing its concerns in the form of official governmen-tal measures, in both the former RRA as well as theImplementing Measures, China hopes to legitimizeor normalize the curtailment of religious practice togain better or total control over religious practiceand enforce compliance with already existing gov-ernmental regulations and policies on religious or-ganizations, personnel and citizens. China claimsthat by such normalization, a “paradigm shift” isoccurring of limiting state intervention in citizens’religious practice and in this way its religious legis-lation are “reforms” that will reduce the arbitrari-ness of China’s behavior.21 However, in reality, theImplementing Measures are an official statement ofChina’s existing, comprehensive practices of religiousrepression, which blatantly violate all protected as-pects of religious freedom under international law.As a consequence of the new Implementing Mea-sures, religious repression in Tibet has dramaticallyescalated since 2007. The passing of the measuresempowers the officials with legal backing to inten-sify restrictions and subject Tibetan religious orga-nizations, personnel and citizens to increased statecontrol and repression. The Implementing Measurespresent a stark contrast with China’s membershipof UN Human Rights Council that protects andhonors religious freedom. It exposes China’s doublestandards in dealing with international norms whileratifying convention on one hand and abusing hu-man rights and religious freedoms on the other hand.

For instance, the Implementing Measures use a num-ber of regulatory laws to accomplish its goals. Theseinclude:

1. The use of vague and undefined key terms andconditions for acceptable religious practice. Theuse of undefined terms leaves the discretion overthe exact implementation of such approvalprocesses completely in the hands of the Chinese

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government, without any accountability; they candefine them however they want. An example canbe found in Article 8, which requires that“religious organizations accept supervision andmanagement by the people’s government religiousaffairs department and civil affairs department inaccordance with the law.” Also, Articles 17-18set forth the specific requirement that religiousorganizations establish “managementorganizations” and “accept the supervision,inspection and guidance of the relevantdepartments of the local people’s government.” Themanagement organizations themselves are to beelected through “democratic consultation”.However, the language used in these Articles isentirely vague; there is absolutely no definitionof the type of management or supervisionrequired by the government that will beconducted. Similar to Article 8, in Articles 17-18 there are no definitions at all given for thenature of supervision, inspection and guidanceby the government or for the make-up of themanagement organizations. Thus, although theyare to be elected democratically, it is completelyleft open as to ‘how many government’ versus‘how many religious personnel’ shall comprisethe management organization. This leaves allcontrol in the hands of the people’s governmentto determine in practical application what themanagement organizations will look like.Accordingly, for all one knows, they could berequired to be comprised of Communist Partymembers who are “democratically elected” bypeople in specific area, so the area can only choosefrom among the Party-line people.

2. The assertion of patriotism or ethnic unity as away to curtail Buddhist practices due to China’slinkage of Tibetan Buddhism to Tibetannationalism which (China terms “splittism”).This is specifically played out in the othermethods of Chinese repression: the anti-DalaiLama campaign and the patriotic re-education

campaigns; in the former, any support shown forthe Dalai Lama is deemed unpatriotic eventhough it is religious support in nature; in thelatter, any refusal or inability by Buddhist monksand nuns to show sufficient political patriotismto the Chinese state is interpreted as splittism,even though they are in a religious institution.Provisions of the Implementing Measures thatexemplify this issue are discussed in detail belowin connection with how this aspect of theImplementing Measures violates the internationallaw.

3. The implementation of heightened, or moreclearly delineated, multiple layers of bureaucracy.By placing excessive administrative hurdles onreligious practice to be feasible, religious freedomis inherently repressed. The ImplementingMeasures also utilize these types of hurdles in adiscriminatory fashion, only against the “TAR”

4. Explicit restrictions or direct involvement andcontrol by the government on religious sites,activities and personnel.

5. Discrimination against the “TAR”. There areseveral provisions where the repression of TibetanBuddhism is made quite obvious due to the factthat certain measures were passed only for the“TAR”, but do not exist in the “RRA” for therest of China.

“Patriotic Education” Campaign And ItsPattern

The so-called “patriotic education” was earlier in-troduced in 1996 as political and ideological counterattack on the renaissance of Tibetan nationalism andthe spirit of self-determination in late 1980s spear-headed by a new generation of Tibetan people sincethe fall of Tibet in 1959.

Tibetans popularly call the pro-independence move-ments of 1987, 1988, and 1989 as ‘the birth of Ti-betan conscience’. As a result, the direct or indirect

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contacts between Dharamsala and Beijing collapsedand the Chinese government went back to its oldways of dealing with Tibetan people characterizedby repression and silencing of open opposition toits rule.

The “patriotic education” is the byproduct of therepressive 1990s. Over the years of monitoring andresearch, TCHRD has observed a pattern to “patri-otic education” campaign implemented in Tibet asmentioned below:

Breaking the silence:

Demanding more freedom from the repressive yokeof China’s rule Tibetan, the monks and nuns, askeepers of the Tibetan conscience, have been the firstones to break silence on China’s prolonged periodsof repressive environment in religious institutions,particularly its barrage of negative and venomouscriticism of the Dalai Lama. They staged many pro-tests inside and outside their monasteries. The con-tents of the slogans have been calling for pro-inde-pendence resolutions and a demand for more free-dom. However they were quickly arrested and si-lenced by the Chinese government.

Raids and Arrests:

As a response to protests and demonstrations, theChinese security forces conduct mid night raids onmonasteries and nunneries. The Public Security

Bureau (PSB) is sent to deal with the smaller mon-asteries and People’s Armed Police (PAP) to deal withlarger monasteries. The targeted monks and nunswould be arrested and detained. At the same timemore searches would be conducted in the monas-tery / nunnery compound for incriminating mate-rials such as flags, political leaflets and photos of theDalai Lama.

Instituting Regulation And Control:

The higher Chinese authorities would issue ordersto conduct the “patriotic education” campaign inmonasteries and nunneries to educate them as tohow to be “law abiding”, “good citizens” and “patri-otic people” of the “great motherland China”. Thiswould be followed by the formation of enforce-ment agency of the Communist Party called “Demo-cratic Management Committee (DMC) and its subwing called “work teams”. These two vital organiza-tions are formed both at government law enforce-ment level as well as in monasteries and nunneries.Certain senior monks of the monastery and nun-nery would be made members of these two organi-zations, thus maintaining an absolutely ‘fool proof ’regulation enforcement body. The senior monks inthe monastery and nunnery would have to collabo-rate and become the ‘insiders’, while the local au-thorities and Chinese security forces would becomethe outside agents in dealing with “rogue” monksand nuns. In the case of monk/nun members of the“DMC” and “work teams”, they have no choice otherthan to collaborate and comply with the Chineseauthority. If they refuse they risk imprisonment andexpulsion from the monastery / nunnery.

Rigorous Enforcement of “PatrioticEducation” Campaign

Once the process of conducting thorough investi-gation in a monastery or a nunnery is completed,they would be subjected to rigorous and intense

Chinese securities forces cordon off the Drepung Monastery

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“patriotic education” campaign with far reachingphysical and psychological consequences. In early2000s the first signs of systematic approach to “pa-triotic education” campaign emerged with the pub-lication of books and other numerous manuals on“patriotic education” campaign. The four books on“patriotic education” are: (a) Book on the opposi-tion to separatism (b) Book on Tibetan History (c)Book on the conducts of the citizens (d) Book onthe policies of the government. The monks and nunshad to study these four books and subsequently theDMC would conduct examination on this curricu-lum. The monks and nuns must pass the examina-tion; failing to do so would land them in serioustrouble. The core areas of the campaign are to op-pose two principle targets; (1) the Dalai Lama and(2) Separatism or Tibetan nationalism. Under thesetwo areas, the monks and nuns must write and is-sue verbal denunciation of the Dalai Lama and stamptheir feet on photos of the Dalai Lama. In manycases, this exercise of the campaign left deep scarson the minds of the Tibetan people and the brew-ing of deep-seated hatred and resentment against theChinese government. In the past monks and nunswho refused to oblige were kept in detention cen-ters and some of them even committed suicide toescape immense psychological pain and suffering.Some in later life developed a deep mental state ofdisturbances and illness. This part of the campaignhad two major consequences on the traditionalmonastic education: (1) Breakdown of traditionalmonastic structure and administration (2) Break-down of traditional monastic education

(a)Breakdown of traditional monastic structureand administration:

Once the “DMC” and “work teams” achieve regula-tion over monasteries and nunneries, they controleach and every aspect of monastic life. The tradi-tional hierarchy according to the knowledge of scrip-tures and other spiritual scholarships is broken down.

Every one has to abide by the “patriotic education”.In doing so, the administration of the monasteryand the nunnery breaks down, creating confusion,chaos and disorder.

(b)Breakdown of traditional monastic education:

The traditional Buddhist curriculum has to takebackstage once political and ideological educationassumes the center stage in a monastery or a nun-nery. Under these circumstances the continuationof emphasis on traditional Buddhist learning is lostand, as a result very few monks and nuns only man-age to study privately in their residences. In this waythe two crucial lines of transmission of knowledgeand wisdom i.e. scriptural and oral teachings haveceased. As it has been repeatedly seen in the past,knowledgeable teachers and lamas tend to defect orescape to foreign countries and as for the ordinarymonks and nuns, they gradually escape into exile,carrying with them harrowing tales of escape jour-ney and its ordeals.

Ban Imposed on the Admission of NewMonks and Nuns:

One aspect of the “patriotic education” campaignthat adversely undermines the existence of Buddhistlearning and practice in Tibet is the ban imposed onthe admission of monks and nuns below the age of18. This clever ploy of the Chinese government willhave far reaching consequences, since to become alearned monk or nun in the traditional education,he or she has to start the training right at early age.Buddhism, unlike any other spiritual traditions, hasa vast corpus of texts, commentaries and treatiseson various aspects of inner science. The monks arerequired to study arts, literature, medicine, philoso-phy, metaphysics, precepts and vows, meditationand psychology. To become a full-fledged scholaror have a doctorate in Buddhist philosophy, it takesat least 30 years of rigorous and continuous spiri-tual training and apprenticeship. This time-honored

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tradition has produced thousands of illustrious Bud-dhist scholars and masters in the past and all of thembegan their spiritual pursuits right in their early age.The present Dalai Lama began his religious educa-tion at age of six and so are other religious figuresand pontiffs living in exile. In the light of this, theban will critically affect the religious education andit would be impossible for a monk or nun to un-dergo full training and study of Buddhist doctrine.There is a subtle thinking and strategy behind thisban. When a young man or a woman reaches theage of 18, in a laity society he or she would havealready chosen a secular education or career or otherpursuits. It is also the age at which man and womantake up the filial responsibility of running house-hold affairs as a natural choice. In the light of this,the ban effectively puts a final blow on the continu-ation of monastic tradition and its civilization inTibet. This has a far sinister design and a consequencetoo terrifying to contemplate.

However, the ingenuity of the Tibetan people comesto their rescue, which allows them to still resistChina’s all out sinister designs on Tibetan culturaland intellectual civilization. Many monasteries andnunneries still defy the ban. Young monks and nunsare still being kept and educated in monasteries andnunneries. When DMC and “work teams” come toconduct “patriotic education” campaign and “raids”,the non-registered monks and nuns (monks and nunswithout stay permit) run away and hide in the hillsor return to their hometowns. They would later re-turn to the monastery when DMC and “work team”vacate. Isn’t this a denial of the right to monasticeducation, of freedom to worship and practice freely?What are these legal rules and regulations that givethe mandate to these whimsical laws?

Either Face Repression or Escape:

As it is revealed in many testimonies, the regulationof religious institutions under the “patriotic educa-

tion” campaign effectively sabotages and severs thefountain of religious education and hence it adverselyaffects the morale of monks and nuns who stay in amonastery or a nunnery. In many instances monksand nuns opt to leave the monastery and nunnery.The trends so far have been fleeing Tibet and com-ing into exile to join the monastery of their sect andreceive religious education.

Those of religious teachers who remain behind arereduced to shepherds without sheep and the monksand nuns who stay at the monastery and nunneryare reduced to sheep without shepherds. The mon-asteries or nunneries lose its original image as a learn-ing center and are reduced to mere religious sitesand compounds devoid of religious education. Inmost cases a few monks and nuns remain behind tolook after the monasteries or nunneries and attenddevotees coming to offer their prayers and so forth.

Ghost Monasteries And Nunneries:

As a result, monasteries and nunneries are reducedto empty columns of structures and residential quar-ters with an eerie and desolate silence. All that re-mains of once flourishing centers of learning is noth-ing more than ghost monasteries and nunneries.

Museum Pieces:

However, old and ancient monasteries and nunner-ies that have a long history receive another kind oftreatment from the Chinese government. These arebranded as a Mecca of tourist destinations with asub text that the freedom of religious belief andworship is protected and respected in Tibet. Chi-nese government funds are spent and earmarked fortheir renovation and maintenance. The local Chi-nese authorities collect revenues from tourism andso forth. No one knows where the income fromrevenue goes, but it is very certain from many testi-monies that revenues are not spent on monastic edu-cation. On the other hand monasteries and nunner-

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ies have become exotic museum pieces and relics tothe outside world and the Chinese tourists. Often afew ordinary Tibetans would go for circumbulationaround the monastery or a nunnery and this becomesthe China’s version of religious freedom and beliefs.These images are China’s propaganda to the outsideworld that there is “religious freedom”, freedom of“worship” and of “normal religious belief and nor-mal religious practices”.

End Game for China:

For centuries the religious institutions of Tibet hadbeen the custodian of Tibetan cultural civilization.They were the literati, intellectuals, thinkers andshaper of Tibetan history. In short the religious in-stitutions after the fall of Tibet had been the con-science keeper of Tibetan people. With the futuredemise of Buddhism and its cultural institutionsinside Tibet, it will be the end of the conscience andthe flame that lighted Tibet for centuries, the endof an opposition to China. It may signal the end ofthe Tibetan civilization and its unique identity. Thisis the end game of China’s policy against the Ti-betan people, particularly the monastic communityof Tibet.

NOTE: The testimonies documented by TCHRDin this annual report on religious repression reflectthe aforementioned patterns of the “patriotic edu-cation” campaign.

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The anti-Dalai campaign and the growingsuicides of monks in Tibet

The Chinese government has imposed variousunacceptable restrictions and conditions on Tibetanmonasteries and nunneries in the pursuit of theirreligious beliefs. Freedom of religion is severely

curtailed in Chinese occupied Tibet. The monasticcommunity has been the prime target of theauthority’s crackdown under the pretext to “reform”monks to achieve the so-called “stability” in theregion. The monastic community has come underrepeated attacks through the government’s variouscampaigns to bring them under control and to forge“loyalty to the motherland”. Hundreds andthousands of Tibetan people especially monks andnuns were tortured in prisons and detention centresfor practicing their religion. They were required todenounce their own spiritual guru, to abuse theirhighly respected lamas and to perform all those acts,which are not permitted under monastic vows andcode of conduct, in the name of “patriotic education”initiated by the Chinese authority.

Though suicide is rare among the Tibetan monksand nuns since they consider human life as precious,in order to acquire merits for the next lives andeventually to attain enlightenment. However, underthe ongoing persecution of monks and nuns inTibet’s religious institutions, they are subjected toextreme psychological trauma and imposition ofirreconcilable demands, which eventually force themto commit suicide. The incidences of suicide havebeen on the rise in Tibet’s monastic communitysince the Spring 2008 protests in Tibet.

A Tibetan Buddhist believes that suicide is one ofthe most heinous forms of sins that violate the car-dinal precepts of the doctrine. Buddhist monks andnuns are known for their patience and resilience inthe face of adversity. The cases of suicides point toan indication of Tibetan monks being pushed tothe extreme limits of endurance and helplessness inthe face of oppression and repression by the Chi-nese authorities in Tibet. The monks and nuns areleft with no option but to embrace death since therequisites laid down by the Chinese authority arebeyond sanity.

Sixteen out of the 17 known cases of suicides andtwo cases of attempt to commit suicide, documentedsince March 2008, can be attributed to monks and

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nuns. This pattern is alarming and clearly indicatingto the level of religious repression in Tibet. Some ofthe factors that caused the suicide are 1) psychologi-cal trauma during “patriotic education” campaign2) heavy crackdown upon the monastic commu-nity in the aftermath of pan-Tibet protests begin-ning from March 2008 and 3) Anti-Dalai Lamacampaign.

The campaign has earned notoriety in the past forits lethality and adverse psychological traumas onmonks and nuns. As a direct counter measure to thespring 2008 pan-Tibet protests, the Chinese authori-ties immediately unleashed a reinvigorated “patri-otic reeducation” campaign in the monastic com-munity. The monks were further subjected to hu-miliation and mental agony during the “patrioticeducation” sessions. The extreme humiliation andpsychological trauma led to the suicides of severalmonks and nuns.

Often heavily armed security forces used to stormmonasteries across Tibet to crush the strong voiceof freedom by the monks- a standard practice in-side Tibet. Monks and nuns were brutally beaten atgunpoint in front of fellow monks to “filter” outthe leaders and initiators of the demonstrations. Ithas remained the overwhelming trend inside Tibetfor the last thirty years that it was the monks andnuns who challenged the draconian rule of the com-munist government. Hence, it was the Chinese au-thorities response to launch the “patriotic education”campaigns in religious institutions to quell and sup-press the so-called “separatist views”.Since the days of the Third Tibet Work Forum heldin 1994, the Chinese authorities identified the DalaiLama as a “serpent’s head” and Tibetan nationalismas a snake whose head is the Dalai Lama. The Chi-nese government has been using a propaganda slo-gan that, “to kill a serpent (Tibetan Issue), one mustcut off its head (the Dalai Lama)”.

Anti-Dalai Lama campaigns were initially imple-mented in 1996 with monasteries and nunneries asinitial targets. Monks and nuns in Tibet are sub-jected to political indoctrination wherein they haveto denounce the Dalai Lama. The campaign laterspread into the lay community as well. Of late theChinese government has been denouncing that theDalai Lama as a “separatist” and as the sole instiga-tor behind the spring 2008 protests in Tibet.

Names of the monks who committed suicide

1) Lobsang Jinpa22 committed suicide on 27 March2008. He was a monk at the Ngaba Kirti Monas-tery, Ngaba County, Ngaba “TAP” Sichuan Prov-ince. He hailed from Ngasib Village in Amdo Ngaba.In his signed suicide note, Lobsang stated, “the Chi-nese government has leveled false allegations againstthe monks of Kirti Monastery for leaking State Se-crets to the outside world, leading and organizingthe protests and for keeping the dead bodies of Ti-betan protesters shot dead by the Chinese securityforces. However, all the charges leveled by the Chi-nese government were not committed by anyone inKirti Monastery, but carried out solely by me”. Thenote further stated, “I led the peaceful protest, and Iam solely responsible for the protest”. The suicidenote carried a poignant end line, it reads, “I do notwant to live under the Chinese oppression even fora minute, leave aside living for a day.”

2) Legtsok23, 75 years old, committed suicide on30 March 2008. He was a monk at the NgabaGomang Monastery in Ngaba County, Ngaba“TAP”, Sichuan Province. Legtsok accompanied bytwo other monks while on their way to performprayer rituals at a house of a Tibetan family encoun-tered a large contingent of Chinese security forcesheading towards their monastery, Ngaba GomangMonastery, to quell the protesting monks at themonastery. The forces brutally beat Legtsok anddetained him for a few days. Later he was releasedand sent back to the monastery.

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3) Thoesam24, 29 years old, committed suicide on16 April 2008. He hailed from Mehu-ru-mah Vil-lage and was a monk at the Ngaba Kirti Monastery,Ngaba County, Ngaba “TAP” Sichuan Province. Hecommitted suicide for being unable to bear the pres-sure and repression that was being imposed by theChinese govt.

4) Trangma25 committed suicide on 18 June 2008.He was a monk at Drapa Yangden Monastery,Minyag Township, Nyagchuka County, Kardze“Tibet Autonomous Prefecture” (“TAP”), Sichuan.During the “patriotic reeducation” at the monastery,the authorities made the monks denounce the DalaiLama and perform other sacrileges against Buddhistfaith. Unable to bear the circumstances, he cut shorthis life to escape religious blasphemy and denuncia-tion of his spiritual guru, the Dalai Lama. The de-ceased monk’s aged mother and other monks in themonastery were threatened with consequences if theyspoke to the outside world about his suicide. Aspart of the “patriotic education” campaign the Chi-nese authorities closed down the school under themonastery with around 30 novice monk students.

5) Thokmey a.k.a Tsangpa Thokmey26 (prefixname used of his origin place) committed suicideon 22 March 2008. He was a monk at the RamocheTemple in Lhasa. He committed suicide followingmassive crackdown by the Public Security Bureau(PSB) and People’s Armed Police (PAP) forces inRamoche Temple.

6) Namdrok Khakyab27 committed suicide on 19March 2008. He was a visiting scholar at SamyeMonastery from the Dorjee Drak Monastery. Hehailed from Nyemo County, Lhasa Municipality,“Tibet Autonomous Region” (“TAR”). He left be-hind a suicide note that accused of unbearable sup-pression by the Chinese authorities and cited inno-cence of other monks of the monastery and tookfull responsibility for the demonstrations.

(7) Tashi Sangpo28 committed suicide on 21 March2009. He was severely subjected to harsh beatings,inhuman torture and long interrogation in a localdetention centre since his arrest on 10 March 2009.Extensive torture and interrogation finally took itstoll on Tashi Sangpo’s mental state, which eventu-ally forced him to take his own life by jumping intothe Machu River.

(8) Tusong29 committed suicide on 16 April 2008.He was a 19-year-old blind monk at Kirti Monas-tery and originally hailed from a village nearby NgabaCounty, Sichuan Province. Reportedly he told hisfamily that just as those with eyes cannot endurewhat is happening, “even I, a blind person, cannotendure it”.

(9) An unnamed nun30 in her thirties from Cholungnunnery committed suicide on 12 April 2008. Shewas traumatized by the beatings she received fromthe armed security forces after a demonstration inTashigang Township, Meldrogungkar, Lhasa.

(10) Three unnamed monks31 from DuguMonsatery committed suicide in an act that mayhave been in protest against the crackdown and sub-sequent pressure to denounce the Dalai Lama.

11) Lobsang Tsultrim32 committed suicide on 3July 2008. He was around 16 years old and a monkat the Kirti Dhongri Monastery in Mehu-ru-maVillage, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province. His el-der brother testified that Lobsang Tsultrim camehome from the monastery and said, “the Chineseofficial work-teams have again arrived at the mon-astery. They have ordered the monks to assemblefor the “education”. Again, they will not let us stayin peace”. With these words, he walked out fromthe room. After around 15 minutes, when hisbrother looked for him, he was found strangled witha rope in the nearby storeroom where they kept theirfirewood.

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12) Shedup33 committed suicide on 2 April 2009.He was around 40 years old and was a monk at amonastery in Rebkong (Ch: Tongren) County,Malho “TAP”, Qinghai Province. He was first ar-rested for his alleged role in the protest in Rebkongin March 2008. He was then severely beaten andtortured in custody before being released. However,his name appeared in the wanted list announced bythe Public Security Bureau (PSB) around March2009. Instead of being rearrested, he killed himselfto escape humiliation and torture.

13) An unnamed nun34, 21 years old, fromChoekhor Nunnery committed suicide 12 April2008. Earlier in the day many monks from PangsaMonastery, Tashi Gang township, in Balab sub-dis-trict; nuns from Choekhor (colloquially known asChoekhook) Nunnery, Sibook Township, andmonks from Dhomo Monastery led a peaceful pro-test also joined by laypeople in Meldro GungkarCounty. Numerous monks and laypeople were ar-rested during the protest.

14) Lobsang Tsomo35, a nun at Chokhor Nun-nery, committed suicide on 12 April 2008. Shehailed from Meldrogungkar County, Lhasa Munici-pality.

15) Attempt to Suicide- Two Drepung Monasterymonks, Kelsang and Damchoe36, both originallyfrom Kirti Monastery in Sichuan Province, inDrepung Monastery stabbed themselves in the chest,hands, and wrists in an attempt to commit suicideout of desperation amid protests on 12 and 13 March2008 in the monastery.

16) Attempt to Suicide- Tapey37, a monk at KirtiJepa Monastery, Ngaba County, Sichuan Province,attempted suicide by self-immolation on 27 Febru-ary 2009 as a mark of protest against the ban ofMonlam religious festival and the Chinese repres-sion and rule in Tibet. Apparently when he was onfire, eyewitnesses said Tabey was fired upon threegunshots by the Chinese police.

“P“P“P“P“Patriotic Eatriotic Eatriotic Eatriotic Eatriotic Educationducationducationducationducation” Led to N” Led to N” Led to N” Led to N” Led to NineineineineineArrests and One Suicide DeathArrests and One Suicide DeathArrests and One Suicide DeathArrests and One Suicide DeathArrests and One Suicide Death3838383838

TCHRD reported that the Lhoka IntermediatePeople’s Court sentenced nine monks studying atSamye Monastery in Tibet to varying prison termsbetween 2-15 years’ in jail for their participation inthe last Spring Tibet protest in Lhoka Prefecture“Tibet Autonomous Region” (‘TAR’) between May-June 2008. One monk committed suicide.

The monks protested against the imposition of re-striction on religious freedom at Samye governmentadministrative headquarters in Dranang County (Ch:Zhanang xian), Lhoka (Ch: Shannan) Prefecture,“TAR”. The protest was joined by hundreds of Ti-betans of Dranang County calling for the “swift re-turn of the Dalai Lama to Tibet”, “religious free-dom” and “human rights for Tibetans.”

Later County PSB officials along with the ‘WorkTeam’- (Tibetan: las don ru khag, Chinese: gongzuodui) specially formed units of government person-nel sent to conduct “patriotic re-education” in aninstitution or locality)- arrived at monasteries toquestion each monk regarding the protest demon-stration. During one such intense interrogation on19 March 2008, a visiting scholar from Dorjee DrakMonastery to the Samye Monastery called NamdrolKhakyab from Nyemo County, Lhasa Municipal-ity, “TAR,’ committed suicide leaving a note thatspoke of unbearable suppression by the Chinese re-gime and cited innocence of other monks of themonastery and took full responsibility for the pro-test demonstration.

Out of the nine Tibetans sentenced, four were visit-ing Buddhist scripture masters to the Samye Mon-astery from other monasteries, and other five weremonks of the Samye Monastery. The five monkswere:

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1. Gyaltsen of Tsona (Ch: Cuona) County, LhokaPrefecture was sentenced to 15 years’ in jail;

2. Nyima Tashi, of Gongkar County (Ch: GonggaXian), Lhoka Prefecture was sentenced to 13years’ in jail;

3. Phuntsok (One name only) born in Kongpo,Nyingtri Prefecture ‘TAR’ and his parent wereknown to have shifted their home to Kyiray inLhasa, was sentenced to 13 years’ in jail;

4. Tenzin Dawa, of Tsome County (Ch: Cuomeixian), Lhoka Prefecture, was sentenced to twoyears’ in jail

5. Rigden, of Dranang County, Lhoka Prefecture,was sentenced to 2 years’ in jail.

The visiting Buddhist scripture masters were iden-tified as

1. Tenzin Bhuchung of Phenpo Lhundup County,Lhasa Municipality and monk of LangthangMonastery was sentenced to 15 years’imprisonment term;

2. Tenzin Zoepa, of Tsome County, LhokaPrefecture and monk of Jowo Monastery, wassentenced to 13 years’ imprisonment term;

3. Gelek of Lhodrag County (Ch: Luozha xian),Lhoka Prefecture and monk of Sang NgagChoekor Monastery was sentenced to 2 years’jail term

4. Ngawang Tenzin of Nagartse County (Ch:Lianggarze xian), Lhoka Prefecture and monk ofKhathok Monastery was sentenced to 2 years’ injail.

A Monk Arrested for Opposing “PatrioticEducation” Campaign

In a stark revelation, on 20 July, 2009, TCHRD39

reported the sentencing of Jamyang Tenzin by theKardze Intermediate People’s Court in Sichuan prov-ince to three years in jail for his involvement in aprotest against the implementation of “PatrioticEducation” campaign in Lithang in 2007.

Jamyang Tenzin, a 35-year-old monk of YonruGeyden Rabgayling Monastery was sentenced to threeyears in jail by the Kardze Intermediate People’sCourt around 3 July, 2009. According to source,Jamyang Tenzin was arrested on 3 October 2007for opposing the “work team” from conducting“Patriotic re-education” campaign in the Yonru Mon-astery in Lithang County. The lengthy detention ofJamyang Tenzin since his detention in October 2007until his court sentence in July this year is a matterof great concern and was a clear violation of theChinese constitution and the international laws.Almost nothing is known of the circumstances un-der which Jamyang Tenzin was tried. Moreover, thereis no information on whether he was provided withany due legal process, representative of his choice ashis family members were completely kept in limbofor the past more than 21 months since his deten-tion in 2007.40

Jamyang Tenzin was arrested in connection with hisfamous protest against the imposition of “patrioticeducation” campaign in various religious institutionsof Lithang region. A massive “patriotic education”campaign was launched in all monastic institutionsin Lithang County following a series of protests inLithang led by Ronggye A’drak during the annualhorse race festival on 1 August 2007.

After the protest incident, the Chinese authoritiessummoned leaders of townships and monasteriesin and around Lithang to commence the launch of‘patriotic education’ campaign in the first week ofSeptember 2007 that lasted for three months. Dur-ing one of those “patriotic education” campaigns inYonru Geyden Rabgayling Monastery in Lithang on3 October 2007, Jamyang Tenzin confronted the‘work team’ for carrying out the campaign, whichrequired monks and nuns to write essays denounc-ing the Dalai Lama and demonstrate their allegianceto the Chinese government. Jamyang Tenzin evenraised the question on the arrest of Ronggye A’drakand other Tibetans and expressed his concern on their

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whereabouts. He later concluded by shouting, “Maythe Dalai Lama live for thousands of years.”He was arrested right away by the local PSB offi-cials after the conclusion of the ‘Patriotic education’session at the monastery and his status remainedunknown until the court trial in the beginning thismonth.

Therefore, it’s not only that the eventual punish-ment for non-compliance with the “Patriotic re-edu-cation” is one of extremely harsh nature but moreso, the trial process itself is one plagued with a lotof injustice.

Senior Monk of Amdo Jaqung MonasteryExpelled

In another case on 24 July 2009, TCHRD41 reportedthat the disciplinary head of Amdo Jaqung Monas-tery in Bayen County, Tsoshar Prefecture, QinghaiProvince had been expelled for failing to complywith the officials of “patriotic education” campaign.

On 27 June 2009 a team of officials from ReligiousAffairs Bureau of Bayen (Ch: Hualong) Hui Countyunder Tsoshar (Ch: Haidong) Prefecture, QinghaiProvince and the County Public Security Bureau(“PSB”) officials arrived at Amdo Jaqung Monasteryto carry out “patriotic education” campaign noweuphemistically called by the name of “Legal Edu-cation” session. According to source, the officialsordered the disciplinary head of Amdo Jaqung Mon-astery, Lobsang Tsultrim, to call for monks to as-semble for the “legal education” to be conducted inthe monastery. However, even after him making aformal announcement, not a single monk turnedup for the “legal education” session. Subsequently,the officials put the blame squarely on the disci-plinary head of the monastery for the lack of disci-pline in the monastery and failure to properly ‘edu-cate’ the monks. Lobsang Tsultrim, a 36-year-oldmonk was later sacked from his position as disci-plinary head, stripped of privileges entitled for reli-

gious heads and expelled from Amdo Jaqung Mon-astery and ordered that he cannot join any othermonasteries.42

The Implementing Measures violate both the free-dom from coercion and the right to manifest one’sreligion or belief protected under international law.43

Religious citizens and personnel have the right to befree from coercion that “impair[s] the right tohave…a religion or belief, including the use of threatof physical force or penal sanctions to compelbelievers…to recant their religion or belief….”44 Theterm “coercion” in Article 18(2) is to be broadly in-terpreted.45

The Implementing Measures directly violate thefreedom from coercion in the many articles wherethey define “illegal” or prohibited religious activi-ties of Tibetan Buddhist practitioners by referenceto patriotic principles – claiming that such activi-ties, to be legal, must promote patriotism, “ethnicunity” and “social stability”. For example, Article 3of the Implementing Measures, which sets forth thegeneral principles of the measures, states that reli-gious activities have to be normal to be protected bylaw, legal, and have to safeguard the unification ofcountry, ethnic unity and social stability. Here imme-diately discernible is how Article 3 is directly coer-cive by defining what the religion must promote -patriotism and loyalty to the Chinese state first - inorder to be protected by law. Further, the termsdefining what must be promoted; and what is legal- social stability, ethnic unity, and normal — arethemselves undefined, thus allowing the Chinesegovernment to define the concepts as it chooses. Itis clear that the term normal, which has existed inChina’s Constitution, has not been used to protectthe practice of Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet. Thus,the Implementing Measures violate international lawby directly stating, in Article 3, that Tibetan Bud-dhism must promote the belief system that Chinaor Communist Party of China espouses.

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Persecution of Prominent Religious Figures

Sentencing of Tulku Phurbu Tsering

On 22 April 2009 TCHRD46 condemned in stron-gest terms the framing of Tulku Phurbu TseringRinpoche on weapon charges related to last year’speaceful protests in Kardze (Ch: Ganzi).

The real reason for Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche’sarrest on 18 May 2009, appeared to be linked topeaceful protest staged by more than 80 nuns ofPangri Nunnery voicing their distress at the Chineseauthorities’ crackdown, killing, torture and arrest ofpeaceful Tibetan protesters in many parts of Tibetas well as resentment against the forced implemen-tation of the “patriotic re-education” campaign, forc-ing Tibetans to sign official documents that criti-cize, denounce and attack the Dalai Lama. Follow-ing the protest 55 nuns of the Pangri Nunnery werearrested. Many were severely beaten by the securityforces at the site of the demonstration before beingbundled away in military trucks. The current situa-tion in Kardze is known to be very tense followingcourt trial of Tulku yesterday.

Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche is a highly regardedreincarnated Tulku (Living Buddha) of Tehor KardzeMonastery in Kardze County, Kardze “Tibetan Au-tonomous Prefecture” (‘TAP’), Sichuan Province.He is the chief spiritual preceptor and the head ofPangri and Ya-tseg Nunneries in Kardze. A charis-matic figure that was a source of inspiration andhope had in the past constructed an old age orphan-age and opened two chemist shops for the localTibetans.

Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche, 52, who headedPangri and Ya-tseg Nunneries in Kardze was accusedof ‘illegally possessing weapons’, his Beijing based law-yer Li Fangping was quoted as saying to the Associ-ated Press (AP) in a telephonic interview earlier stat-ing that Rinpoche could face imprisonment for up

to 15 years if found guilty by the Kardze PrefectureIntermediate People’s Court.

The Tulku was reportedly tortured for four days andnights upon detention and forced into making aconfession after a police interrogation. Police eventhreatened his wife and son of detention if he didnot comply.

The arrest of a prominent religious figure was not anew tactic employed by China rather it serves as adark reminder of her persistent vilification and de-monizing campaign against a prominent religiousfigure inside Tibet who have been viewed as a directchallenge to their authority. In addition, Chineseauthorities in order to give a different dimension tothe mostly peaceful protests last year are distortingfacts with fabricated evidence extracted through tor-ture so as to label the prominent religious leader assomeone instigating violence and that is somethingthe authorities had been working so hard over thepast months. Such acts are disparagingly worrisomeas numerous human rights are violated in the pro-cess.

On 23 December 2009 Kardze (Ch: Ganzi) Inter-mediate People’s Court in Dartsedo (Ch: Kangding)sentenced Tulku Phurbu Tsering Rinpoche to 8 yearsand six months in prison.

According to source, more than five members at-tended the trial. The two Beijing based defense law-yers who previously represented Tulku were notpresent at the time of court sentencing. Accordingto AFP a new defense lawyer believed to be a lawyername Jiang Tianyong represented Tulku during courtsentencing.

BBC website47 said Tulku Phurbu Tsering was sen-tenced for “illegal possession of ammunition andembezzlement”. However, Tulku Phurbu Tseringdenied all the charges.

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In the past, many of prominent Tibetan religiousfigures such as Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok of famedSertha Buddhist Institute, Geshe Sonam Phuntsokof Dargay Monastery in Kardze, Tulku Tenzin DelekRinpoche, the founder of Kham Nalanda Monas-tery, who championed the welfare of Tibetan peopleand Bangri Rinpoche, the founder of Gyatso orphan-age in Lhasa were all arrested under false and fabri-cated charges. Many of them are serving lengthyprison sentences whereas a few have passed away af-ter their release.

China has a long and reprehensive history of grosshuman rights violations abetted by a political cul-ture of impunity towards perpetrators of human

rights violations. The torture and ill treatment areendemic in the wide network of prisons and deten-tion centers across the Tibetan plateau. Torture, cruel,inhuman or degrading treatment appears to havebecome a central element of state agents’ treatmentof Tibetans perceived as being in opposition to theCommunist regime and those attempting to exer-cise their rights to freedom of association, peacefulassembly and expression and the case of Tulku hereclearly highlights such heinous practice being em-ployed by the Chinese authorities despite PRC sign-ing and ratification of UN Convention Against

Torture (“CAT”). TCHRD notes that, ChinesePublic Security Bureau (“PSB”) and People’s ArmedPolice (“PAP”) are repeatedly using torture as a meansof intimidating, investigating and extracting infor-mation or confessions from real or perceived offend-ers and detainees.48

Political Campaign Against the Dalai Lama

One of the longest standing issues in the violationof religious freedom inside Tibet has been the imple-mentation of the notorious and infamous politicalcampaign against the Dalai Lama known as “anti-Dalai” campaign. The Chinese government had al-ready established Articles 3, 10 and 34, a legal frame-work to justify the coercive systems already in placeby the Chinese government in the anti-Dalai Lamaand ‘patriotic re-education’ campaigns, regularlyharming Tibetan Buddhist religious citizens andpersonnel and their right to hold the beliefs of theirchoice. The patriotic re-education campaign uses thetype of ideology of conversion system, because themonk’s position in the monastery is conditioned onhis acceptance of the political beliefs mandated bythe Chinese government in the campaign.

If legitimate threats were to exist to the nationalsecurity of the government as a result of the practiceand belief system of Tibetan Buddhism, then inter-national law would support appropriate restrictions.But no such threat has been established and simi-larly no such international law has supported theChinese government’s argument on the regulationof religious institutions inside Tibet till date. In fact,the Dalai Lama, to whom allegiance is prohibited,supports Tibet’s autonomous status within the stateof China, not independence or splittism, and a non-violent path to resolve the political differences be-tween Tibet and China. China has an uphill battleto establish that Tibetans’ loyalty to the Dalai Lamaposes a real threat to the national security of China.

Trukul Tezin Delek Rinpoche

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Nonetheless, the “patriotic education” campaignsinside Tibet is forcing monks and nuns to studypolitical books dealing with Mao’s thoughts, poli-cies of the Communist Party of China, distortedversion of Tibetan history, legal penal codes and theconstitution of China, the so-called ‘rules and regu-lations’ for monks and nuns, the ideals of socialismand the most ridiculous of all ‘learning how to de-nounce the Dalai Lama’ as “a devil”, “a separatist”,“a wolf in a sheep skin” and so forth. Not onlymonks and nuns study these books, but also by theend of every term they are required to undergo ex-amination and test on these syllabuses of “politicaleducation” to ascertain whether they have learnt thepolitical education properly. In other words it is tomeasure whether or not the Party political indoctri-nation has succeeded in winning the hearts andminds of the Tibetan people.

This year one of the survivors of the last year’sTongkor massacre fled Tibet and reached Indiasafely. Dorjee Rinchen, 18, was a monk survivorfrom Tongkor Monastery (Ch: Donggu) in ZithangTownship, Kardze County, Kardze “Tibetan Au-tonomous Prefecture” (“TAP”), Sichuan Province,whose monks protested against the enforcement ofthe “patriotic education” in the monastery when theofficial “work team” entered the monastery to con-duct “patriotic education” campaign. Under the “pa-triotic education” campaign, it requires monks todenounce the Dalai Lama, to oppose “hostile sepa-ratist forces”, signing documents displaying theirallegiance to the Communist Party and its policiesinside Tibet.Ordinary Tibetans later joined the protest where ascuffle arose between the Chinese armed securityforces and Tibetan protesters, following which Chi-nese soldiers fired live ammunition into the pro-testing Tibetans leading to the death of dozens ofTibetan protesters on the spot. One of the protest-ers during the massacre was Tongkor DorjeeRinchen. The following is his testimony49 given toTCHRD on 27 November 2009.

Testimony of Tongkor Dorjee Rinchen50

My name is Dorjee Rinchen. I am 18 years old, bornin Tsera Village, to a father Dhondup Palden andmother Jamyang Lhamo, in Tongkor Township,Kardze County, Kardze “TAP”, Sichuan Province.Last year on 2nd April 2008, a protest flared up inTongkor Monastery (Ch: Donggu) in ZithangTownship, Kardze County, Kardze “Tibetan Au-tonomous Prefecture” (“TAP”), Sichuan Province,with the arrival of official work team to conduct“patriotic education” campaign in the monastery.

On 3rd April 2008, the “work team” along with ahuge contingent of People’s Armed Police (“PAP”)and Public Security Buearu (“PSB”) officials arrivedin Tongkor Monastery and raided our residences,stamping on and vandalizing the photos of the DalaiLama, Tongkor Shabdrung Rinpoche and PanchenLama in our Tongkor Monastery. The actions byChinese patriotic education “work team” triggereda protest by our monks who refused to undergo“patriotic education” campaign session. Under the“patriotic education” campaign, it required us todenounce the Dalai Lama, to oppose “hostile sepa-ratist forces”, signing documents by displaying ourallegiance to the Communist Party and its policiesinside Tibet. In ensuing moments, the protest brokeout when two Tibetans, one a senior monk and an-other a lay man were detained for their refusal toadhere and undergo “patriotic education” campaign.

Subsequently in the same evening, hundreds of ourmonks from our community, also joined by localTibetans marched towards County governmentheadquarters to and demanded the immediate re-lease of Geshe Tsultrim Tenzin and layman TsultrimPhuntsok. Thereafter we left the scene after beingassured by Chinese officials that the two detainedTibetans would soon be released by 8 PM of 3 April2008. However, when Chinese authorities failed tohonour our promise, we returned but on the waywe were confronted by a heavy presence of PAP and

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PSB officials, which later broke into a scuffle.

We were calling for the release of two monks whowere earlier arrested by Chinese security forces forobjecting the Chinese government’s enforced “pa-triotic education” campaign in Tongkor Monasterywhich brought much misery and discomfort for us.We chanted slogans such as “Long Live the DalaiLama”, “Independence for Tibet”, “Tibet belongsto Tibetans”, “Swift Return of the Dalai Lama toTibet”, and the “Release of all the Tibetan PoliticalPrisoners”.

Shortly after in the heat of protest, the PAP forcesfired live ammunition rounds on the protesting Ti-betans, resulted in the death of about 14 knownTibetans, and at least 83 Tibetan peaceful protesterssustained severe gun injuries. Later, the Chinese se-curity forces arrested around 12 Tibetans brandedas ring leaders of the Tongkor protest. We were ar-bitrarily arrested, detained, tortured for almost a year.

Every household was ordered to provide 100Gyama, (1 Gyama = 500 grams) of fire wood, how-ever only few households complied the order. Lateron 1 and 2nd April 2008, Chinese DemocraticManagement Committee (DMC) “work team” ar-rived at Tongkor Monastery to enforce “patrioticeducation” campaign, which involved the monks todenounce the Dalai Lama, to conform to Chinesegovernment political indoctrination, signing docu-ments containing the denunciation of the DalaiLama as a splittist leader, and hostile separatist force.However, we refused to sign and comply with theindoctrination session enforced by DMC workteams. Lobsang Jamyang, the chief monk of TongkorMonastery defied the authorities’ writ to undergo“patriotic education” session. The DMC work teammembers demanded assurance from Tongkor DMCmembers that no such kinds of demonstrationswould ever take place in future and with that DMCreturned to their offices. Moreover on that veryevening, the Chinese authorities cut down telephone

and mobile lines and all other communication chan-nels in order to ensure that no information leak tothe outside world regarding the implementation of“patriotic education” campaign in Tongkor Monas-tery.

On 3 April 2008, around dawn 4 am in morning, alarge contingent of PAP, and PSB of around 4000Chinese soldiers in around 98 armor vehicles sur-rounded Tongkor Monastery from all directions.The order to shoot at sight was also announced inand around Tongkor Monastery. At around 8 o clockin the morning of 3 April 2008, separate groups,consisting of five to six Public Security Bureau “PSB”ransacked and raided residences of the monks search-ing for the photos of the Dalai Lama, TongkorShabdrung Rinpoche, the chief patron of TobgkorMonastery, and other incriminating materials. Thesecurity forces stamped on the photos of the DalaiLama and Shabdrung Rinpoche and some monkswere even beaten by Chinese security forces for com-plaining. An elderly monk, a 75-year-old GesheTsultrim Tenzin and lay person Tsultrim Phuntsokwere arrested in the raid. Later they ransacked thePrayer Hall of Tongkor Monastery, and seized allthe scroll paintings of the lineages of successiveShabdrung Rinpoches, the Dalai Lamas and PanchenLamas of the past.

During the raid the Chinese authorities burnt con-fiscated 22 sacks of the copies of scroll paintings ofsuccessive lineages of Tongkor ShabdrungRinpoches, the Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamasseized from all the residences of Tongkor monks.Some school teachers who lived near by TongkorMonastery were made to carry the 22 sacks of con-fiscated scroll paintings to Buthok Ground, locatednear Tongkor Monastery, where they were burnt.Making mockery of the sacred scroll paintings,Chinese soldiers gathered around burning sacredscroll paintings to draw comfort from the coldweather.

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Scenes of the stamping of the photos of TongkorShabdrung Rinpoche, the Dalai Lama and PanchenLamas by the feet of the Chinese forces were cap-tured on video and still camera by Chinese securityforces. Helpless local Tibetans were reduced to merespectators and then around 4 o clock in the evening,the monastery’s gongs were sounded to call monksfor a meeting.

During the meeting, the head of the monastery spokeat length about incidents surrounding 1st and 2ndApril 2008. He suggested monks to contemplateover the next course of actions. During the meet-ing, few monks rose up and shouted, “if we werenot allowed to remain in our own place, we willnot have any regrets if we lose our lives, then sud-denly in fits of emotions, the monks forego theirdaily prayers, and marched towards the Chinesegovernment office at Buthok Ground, where theychanted numerous slogans such as “Long Live theDalai Lama”, “Release all political prisoners includ-ing Geshe Tsultrim Tenzin”.The monks halted their protest demonstration at abridge making slew of slogans and chants whichcontinued till 8 ‘o’ clock in the night. Still then GesheTsultrim Tenzin had not been released by the Chi-nese authorities. Once again the monks pitched uptheir protest slogans at which numerous PAP andPSB surrounded the protesting monks and firedmachine guns at the peaceful protesters.

In horrifying moments, few monks standing in rearfell down after sustaining bullets injuries. I was notable to recognize and identify those fallen monks inthe darkness, the peaceful protesters fled in all di-rections, Chinese security forces continued to poundbullets on fleeing protesters. At that point of time,I was shot by a bullet on the back of my right arm,which slashed a big chunk of flesh from my rearshoulder arm as bullet pierced through. I gatheredmy energy and then hid myself behind a tree trunkand remained there for a while. I even saw a womanbeing hit by bullets and her sister wailing on a ground

out of helplessness. Although I wished to help thewounded lady but I couldn’t do so because of mysevere injuries. A horrifying scene still haunted mewhen a monk name Lobsang Rinchen out of angerburst and charged into Chinese security forces fir-ing hails of bullets at protesters and shouted, “hitme! Hit me! And then a single shot found it markon his temple and fell down on the ground withthud.” Also in another incident, Tsering Kyi was shotdown and his brother tried to carry her on his backand after taking several steps she died on the spot.The situation was fast becoming too terrible to bearand witness. Hence I immediately made my movesto leave the killing field.

Later I learnt that at least 14 Tibetan protesters wereshot dead by Chinese security forces. The dead Ti-betan protesters were:1. Tsewang Rinzin from Juruda Village, (Tongkor

Monastery)2. Kunchok Sherab (monk Tongkor), 30, from

Khasung Village3. Lhungo, 35 (earlier spelled as Lhego from

Walanda Village)4. Tsering Kalden from Walanda Village5. Thupten Sangden, 27, from Tsera Village6. Lobsang Rinchen, 25, from Nyatri Village7. Choezin (monk) from Sothok Da Village8. Bhu Bhu Delek, 30 (lay man) from Sothok Da

Village9. Tsering Dhondup, (monk) from Khasung Village10. Tsering Dhondup (lay man) Dru-yak Village11. Druklo Tso, 34 (female) Kugra Village12. Tseyang Kyi, 23, (female) from Tsang Ngoe

Village13. Sonam Tsultrim, 22, (lay man) from Nyatri

Village14. Kunsang Choedon, 35, from Mokrin Village

Kunsang Choedon’s father Tsang-gon later becamementally insane after the death of her dotted daugh-ter. Little afterwards he died in misery and sorrow. I

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heard from many people that around 83 protesterssustained serious gun injuries. Out of which I wasable to identify 14 protesters. I was denied of accessto medical care in the government run hospital, dueto which I underwent intolerable suffering and hard-ships for the past more than a year.

Reasons for My Coming Into Exile

Since massive protests that swept Tibetan plateau,mostly led by monastic community, the Chinesegovernment reinforced the implementation of “pa-triotic education” campaign, leading to large scalearrests, demonstrations and detentions of Tibetanpeople. For instance, in Tongkor Monastery Chi-nese authorities announced numerous rules and regu-lations, thereby enforcing expulsions of monks whoengaged in anti-Chinese government activities. Forthose who wanted to remain in monastery mustfulfill Chinese government demand to oppose “hos-tile separatist forces” outside Tibet as a prerequisite.The ceiling on the strength of the monks was im-posed on monasteries. Such harsh measures forcedus to speak our minds. Unlike my friends who werearrested during the protest, it was pure luck that Iwas not arrested. I felt that I was on a borrowedtime waiting for an eventual arrest by Chinese au-thorities, and hence I immediately made my mindto escape Tibet. On the one hand I have had a strongwish to have an audience with His Holiness theDalai Lama and on the other hand I wish to pursuemy monastic studies on Buddhist canonical texts.With clear conviction, I departed my homeland withheavy heart towards Lhasa where I found a guidewho helped me to escape into Nepal. I paid 15,000Yuan for the guide to take me to Nepal. On 7 No-vember 2009, I reached the Tibetan Reception inDharamsala.

A Tibtean Nun Gave Her Life for ReligiousFreedom

The Chinese authorities arrested on 3 April, 2009,two nuns, Yangkyi Dolma and Sonam Yangchen,of Dragkar Nunnery in Kardze County, Kardze (Ch:Ganzi) “Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture” (“TAP”),Sichuan Province. They had staged a peaceful pro-test at the Kardze County main market square on24 March, 2009. The protest was staged at around3 PM (Beijing Standard time) at Kardze Countyshouting slogans calling for “swift return of the DalaiLama to Tibet”, “human rights for Tibetans in Tibet”and “religious freedom in Tibet.”

Yangkyi Dolma distributed a handful of handwrit-ten pamphlets during the short protest. The Chi-nese People’s Armed Police (PAP) immediately de-tained both the Tibetan nuns from the site of pro-test and beat them indiscriminately with rods andelectric batons before being thrown into and drivenaway in a security vehicle. Following the incident,at around 7 PM in the evening, a group of securityforces stormed into Yangkyi’s family home ransack-ing the portrait of the Dalai Lama and rebuked thefamily members for being the supporter of separat-ist forces. Early next morning (on 25 March), twoChinese security forces arrived at Yangkyi’s homeand told his brother Tsangyang Gyatso to report atthe Kardze County government headquarters. Therehas been no information on what ensued after thatincident.51

She was earlier arrested on 24 March 2009 and laterdied in the early morning of 6th December atChengdu hospital52. On 24 August 2009, exactlysix months after her arrest the Kardze County Secu-rity forces handed over Yangkyi Dolma (33-year-old) to Kardze Intermediate People’s Court, how-ever, there is no information on whether she wasformally tried by the court or not.

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Incidentally, the other nun Sonam Yangchen, arrestedalong with Yangkyi was also handed over to the sameCourt but there is no information on her status,physical and mental wellbeing.

Yangkyi Dolma’s death body has not been handedover to her family members and there is no infor-mation on whether a post mortem was carried outto ascertain the cause of her death or not. On 3rdDecember, Kardze County Public Security Bureau(PSB) officials informed her family members abouther dire health condition at Chengdu Governmenthospital. The family members on reaching Dartsedo,which is a night long journey to Chengdu-the pro-vincial capital, came to know about her death.

There are many other Yangkyi Dolma’s who pay ahuge price for speaking their consciences demand-ing fundamental human rights and religious free-doms.

The following testimonial account given by monkLobsang Tengay, 36 from Namdrol Kugon Mon-astery revealing the systematic repression and de-struction of Buddhist cultural education in Tibet inthe name of “patriotism and love for one’s Mother-land China”.

Testimony

Anti Dalai Campaign in Nagchu County53

Lobsang Tengay (lay name: Buthang), 36, was bornin Padong village, Amdo County, Nagchu Prefec-ture, Tibet Autonomous Region (“TAR”).

Lobsang Tengay entered Namdrol Kugon Monas-tery when he was 14 years old, and spent 22 yearsstudying Buddhist scripture at the monastery. Hetestified to the Tibetan Centre for Human Rightsand Democracy (TCHRD) about the religious re-pression in his monastery. Lobsang Tengay testified:

“Since the imposition of ceiling by the Chinese gov-

ernment, our Namdrol Kugon Monastery witnesseda steady decline in the number of monks. Not in asingle year did the strength of monks surpass thatof its preceding year. Moreover, the Chinese gov-ernment issued a regulation that no one was allowedto enter or join monastery before the age of 18. Sincethe continuing enforcement of the ban, the num-ber of monks at monastery rapidly dwindled yearby year and in a course of time once a bustling mon-astery, a hub of learning haven was turned into adeserted monastery.

Much to the dismay of local Tibetans, the Chinesegovernment has a plan of converting the monasteryinto a museum piece that attracts thousands of for-eign and Chinese tourists from Mainland China.The aim was to churn out revenue from tourismindustry, increasingly becoming the most lucrativebusiness in Tibet. Every month the Religious Af-fairs Bureau (RAF) of Nagchu County and Town-ship authorities regularly visited our monastery andstayed there at least three to four days on stretch toconduct “patriotic education” under a slogan “LoveYour Religion Love Your Country”.

The entire “patriotic education” campaign dealt onthree principle topics. The monks in the monasterywere made to undergo three-hour “patriotic educa-tion” session in the morning and later three-hoursession in the afternoon. In total the monks receivedsix hours of lectures and speeches of how to being apatriotic monk in a day.

The three principle topics of “patriotic education”were:

1. Patriotic education session on fighting andopposing ‘separatism’

2. Patriotic education session on studying of Tibetanhistory

3. Patriotic education session on the Constitutionof China

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Opposing ‘separatism’ focused on about writingcritical and self analytical essay on rejecting and de-nouncing ‘blind faith Tibetans (monks) have hadtowards the Dalai Lama-arguing that he does notpossess any qualities to regard him as a spiritual guideand a teacher. Opposing ‘separatism’ also includedwriting a denunciation article on the Tibetan gov-ernment in Exile headed by the Dalai Lama.

Similarly under the topic of ‘patriotic education’session on the Constitution of China the focus wason individual monk to transform themselves into apatriotic monk, one who love the Motherland Chinaand the Communist Party of China. The monkswere also made to write article extolling the virtuesand greatness of ‘socialist system’.

Regarding patriotic education on studying the his-tory of China, the monks were taught with China’sversion of Tibetan history stating that Tibet has beenpart of China since the Tang dynasty in 7th CenturyA.D.

Moreover, the Chinese authorities at their own willdistribute books and pamphlets concerning the lawsand constitution of China to the monks. Underduress and compulsion, the monks study them with-out interest and seriousness. The Chinese authori-ties repeatedly told us not to study the Buddhistscriptures alone, but also must study the rule of lawand the constitution of China.

In the end, after the completion of each “patrioticeducation” session the monks must confess and writeabout their souls being cleansed, transformed – thatthey had received a truly patriotic education fromthe Chinese authorities.

All that the monks of Namdrol Kugon Monasterywanted was a monastic learning center in the mon-astery, where young monks can study scripture tobecome a learned monk. The Chinese governmentdid not grant permission to the monks and devoutlocal Tibetans to build a monastic learning center in

Namdrol Kugon Monastery although monks andthe local Tibetan had raised enough funds to buildit.

The Constitution of China provides the freedomof religious beliefs, but it is not case in Tibet. I givethis testimony to prove that the Chinese govern-ment has violated the freedom of religious beliefsof the Tibetan people inside Tibet.

Since last year’s March 14 2008 uprising inside Ti-bet, the Chinese government has intensified “patri-otic education” campaign inside Tibet to counterthe rising tide of nationalistic sentiment in Tibet.As never before, the Chinese government this timeconducts the “patriotic education” campaign in allparts of the Tibetan society, apart from monasticinstitutions whom the campaign has been tradition-ally being associated.

Those of monastery with a sizeable strength ofmonks were more seriously targeted by the cam-paign. In our Amdo County, we have eight monas-teries but were of small sizes compare to other mon-asteries in Tibet. The monks of eight monasteriesdid participate in March uprising in Tibet but sincethe strength of monks in eight monasteries wereinsignificant; the implementation of “patriotic edu-cation” campaign was far less intense.However, in April 2008, the “patriotic education”campaign was launched in the eight monasteries ofAmdo County, one by one and the entire campaignlasted about one month and ten days dealing on“opposing separatism”, “learning laws and the consti-tution of China” and “learning the correct history ofChina”.

I attended the first day of the “patriotic education”campaign. On that day we were asked to write a‘criticism essay’ denouncing the Dalai Lama as ananti-Chinese people and more than that we weretold to put our fingerprint on it. At that point oftime, I thought to myself that I was a monk, a Bud-

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dhist monk bound by monastic codes and disci-plines. How can I do this to my root guru one whowas the guide of this and the future rebirths? I wastrapped between the devil and the deep sea. Leavingwith no other option, I withdrew myself frommonastery. If I had refused, I would have landed inserious trouble, even imprisonment and if I complywith their orders, I would commit a serious reli-gious demerit and sin.

The Chinese government sees and treats the TibetanBuddhist monks in an extremely bad light. Morerestrictions and vigilances are imposed on monks.During the last year’s uprising inside Tibet, monkshad to leave monastery so as to save themselves. In apolitical witch-hunt campaign, the State run mediachannel broadcasted slews of warning instruction tohouseholds and hotels not to host and keep monks,doing so would be met with serious punishments.The Chinese government employed fear tactic toreceive collaboration from general public in arrest-ing the monks participated in the last year’s pro-tests.

Generally, when monks wanted to take a leave fromthe monastery, they can take a leave maximum upto seven days from the head of monastery. How-ever after last year’s protest, the monks had to ob-tain a clearance letter from the County ReligiousAffairs Bureau (RAB) officials, only then monks canleave the monastery.

To put it short, Tibetan monks in religious institu-tions cannot tolerate denunciation campaign of theDalai Lama. It causes great deal of sorrow and mis-ery on monks. Sometimes with irreparable psycho-logical pain and damage. Seeing nothing but sor-row and pain ahead of me if I continued to stay inTibet, I made my escape journey to India. I reachedKathmandu Tibetan reception center on 24 Septem-ber 2009 and at last breathed my freedom.”The following testimonial is a case of a forced imple-mentation of political education and denial of reli-

gious education took place in Nyemo Monastery,Amdo County, Nagchu Prefecture, “TAR”.Testimony

Be a Good Monk of the CommunistChina!54

This is a tragic story of Nyemo Monastery and itsreligious devotees as testified to the Tibetan Centrefor Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) byits former monk Lobsang Choeyang who recentlyescaped from Tibet on 14 February 2009.

He testified to the deplorable state of violation ofreligious freedom in Nyemo Monastery and localTibetans in Amdo County, Nagchu Prefecture of“Tibet Autonomous Region” (“TAR”).

Lobsang Choeyang testified:

“My name is Lobsang Choeyang, 37, formerly oneof the seven committee members of the DemocraticManagement Committee (DMC) of Nyemo Mon-astery, falling under the Religious Affairs Bureau(RAB) of Kya-ngog village.

Our Nyemo Monastery has a ceiling of 84 monks.Out of the 84 monks, only 54 of them were regis-tered monks with permanent residence in the mon-astery. However, there were around 16 non-regis-tered monks who secretly stayed and studied insidethe monastery. All of them were below 18, and henceaccording to the Chinese government regulation,they were not permitted to stay inside monastery.They had been staying illegally in the monastery formany years.

However, after March 14 2008 when large-scalepeaceful protests and riots that engulfed Lhasa city,the religious affairs bureau of Amdo County initi-ated flurries of activities connected to the imple-mentation of “patriotic education” campaign insidethe monastery for a period of one and half month.

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We (monks) were divided into three groups and thensubjected to “patriotic education” campaign thriceevery month.

Anti Dalai Lama campaign:

In the “patriotic education” campaign classes, wereceived lengthy lecture on three major topics. Thesethree things were discussed and lectured so loudlyin the “patriotic education classes”.

1. The Dalai Lama is not a spiritual leader but aseparatist bent on to plot evil schemes to split andbreak the Motherland China and therefore wemust resolutely oppose and counter his evil designs

2. It is the Communist Party of China who has donemore grateful things to the people of Tibet ratherthan the Dalai Lama Clique and his hostileinternational forces

3. If monks want to love his dharma, Motherlandand to become a good monk of the CommunistParty of China, he must not fall trap to evil,cunning tricks of the Dalai Lama and his Cliqueand also the monks must defend and safeguardthe great Motherland China

The Chinese authorities told us that if we did notparticipate in the “patriotic education” campaign thenthe Communist Party would expel us from themonastery. It could even mean that our monasterycould be permanently closed down depending uponthe seriousness of the offenses. By mounting hugepressure and scare tactics, we were subjected to onemonth of “patriotic education” campaign led byofficials of religious affairs bureau and the DMC.

During the “patriotic education” campaign sessions,we were distributed with four books on “patrioticeducation” in the class. After the end of “patrioticeducation” classes, we were instructed to write onepage of counter attack on “separatism” and three

different denunciation essays on the Dalai Lama. Wewere then told to paste one denunciation essay onwalls of our residence quarters, one essay on theboard of County government office, one essay tobe sent to the County Religious Affairs Bureau(RAB) office, which would be kept in their officearchive.

However, majority of monks refused to write thedenunciation essays on the Dalai Lama. Some ofthe monk members of the DMC were forced towrite denunciation essay on the Dalai Lama out ofhelplessness and desperation. Failure to do so wouldland them in serious difficulties and penalties.

The RAB officials of Amdo County conducted ex-actly 40 days of “patriotic education” campaign inour monastery during which the entire monasticroutines such as religious activities; studies and prayerscome to a complete stand still. The “patriotic edu-cation” classes commenced at every 10 am and lastedtill 12 am in morning. After one-hour lunch break,the afternoon session of “patriotic education” re-sumed at 2 pm and lasted till 6 pm in the evening.In total we had 6 hours of “patriotic education” ses-sion in a day.

Restriction And Regulation:

Days after the peaceful protests and riots in LhasaCity since 14 March 2008, Amdo County RABofficials and local authorities intensified the restric-tion on movements of monks in our monastery.Monks were barred from leaving and re-entering themonastery, doing so would be expelled from themonastery. We were not even allowed to go outsideto perform prayers in the houses of lay household-ers upon their request, which has been a practice inTibetan culture for more than one thousand andfive hundred years.

The Chinese government would boast that they

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earmark huge amount of funds for the renovationof temples and monasteries inside Tibet. It may betrue for few landmark temples and monasteries inLhasa city since they attract thousands of touristsevery year. However, in the other parts of Tibet,monasteries and nunneries have been completelyignored and left unattended.

Ban Imposed on Prominent Local ReligiousLeaders:

The Nyemo Monastery is a seat of two reincarnatedBuddhist teachers, late Tulku Jamyang Rinpochedied at the age of 87. Since his demise, the Chinesegovernment has imposed ban on the search of hisreincarnation. He was the principal preceptor ofNyemo Monastery during his lifetime.

Another important religious leader of Nyemo Mon-astery is Thokmey Tulku Rinpoche who was recog-nized by the Dalai Lama in 1996 as the reincarna-tion of previous Thokmey Tulku Rinpoche. How-ever, due to the Dalai Lama’s recognition, the Chi-nese government barred Thokmey Rinpoche fromentering and contacting the monastery. He is cur-rently studying Tibetan medicine in a medical col-lege in Lhasa. He still maintains contacts withNyemo Monastery through secret channels when-ever necessary. He has huge affinity for his Nyemomonastery and in the past raised huge amount offunds to support the renovation work for NyemoMonastery, all through secret channels without theknowledge of the Chinese authorities.

How Not To Become a Monk:

Currently there were seven different monasteries inAmdo County subjected to rigorous “patriotic edu-cation” campaign. Ceiling on the strength of monksin all these monasteries have been fixed and imposed.The Chinese government has imposed arrays ofmeasures to control the growth of monastery and

its monks. It has also introduced variety of toughlaws on the entry of new monks to monasteries, infact the imposition of new laws and regulations havebeen more of HOW NOT TO BE A MONK if any.

Today, it is extremely difficult for Tibetans to be-come a monk. For a Tibetan to become a monk, itis never easy and simple as it was in the old Tibet.Today, an aspirant monk must pass through vari-ous difficult and complicated bureaucratic systemcreated by the Chinese government to become amonk.

Now things have changed. In old Tibet an aspirantmonk goes directly to a monastery of his liking toforward his aspiration to a chosen religious teacherto seek his consent so as to enroll him as a disciple.The aspirant monk then adopts cardinal preceptsand vows to be observed for the rest of his life. Withthat he becomes a Buddhist monk to a particularmonastery of his choice.

However, now, it is not the case. It is extremely dif-ficult to be a monk. An aspirant monk must firstwrite an application to the Chinese government. Thecontent of the application must state that he wantsto be ‘a good monk of the Communist Party of China’.He then has to approach the local village leader toprocure a recommendation letter from him statingthat he is a loyal and reliable aspirant monk of theCommunist Party of China. He then has to submitboth his application and recommendation letter tothe County Religious Affairs Bureau (RAB). After-wards County (RAB) will forward his applicationand recommendation to Prefecture Level ReligiousAffairs Bureau (RAB) (Nagchu Prefecture in mycase). Subsequently the Higher Department of Re-ligious Affairs Bureau (RAB) of the County willforward his documents to the Religious Affairs Bu-reau (RAB) of “Tibet Autonomous Region”(“TAR”). Later the “TAR” Religious Affairs Bureauwill forward his case application paper to the Reli-gious Affairs Bureau of the central government of

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China. In that way an aspirant monk has to passthrough various layers of bureaucratic channels be-fore the Chinese government approves his applica-tion.

In any case it takes at least three years before thevarious offices of the Chinese government can com-plete the processes of his application documents.Three years is a long time, anything could happenin between the time period and beside three pre-cious years are wasted for no valid reasons. In thatway it is extremely difficult for an aspirant monk toenter a religious order and practice.

The monastery must have to run within the lim-ited ceiling quota issued by the Chinese government.If the Chinese government found that the monas-tery has violated the ceiling quota, DMC and thelocal Religious Affairs Bureau officials with a helpof Chinese security forces will expel the extra num-ber of monks residing at the monastery.

For instance Drong-pa Nunnery in Tsomar Village,Amdo County in Nagchu Prefecture, “TAR” hadfixed a ceiling quota of 30 nuns in the nunnery,however when the Chinese authorities later foundout that the nunnery was housing 50 nuns, an ex-cess of 20 nuns. Accordingly the 20 extra nuns wereexpelled from the nunnery. The expelled nuns weregiven strict orders against re-entering the nunneryand also issued with strict orders to local DMC innunnery and local authorities who try to secretlyharbour them. They were warned of serious reper-cussions by the Chinese government if caught redhanded. The heads of the DMC and its memberstoo will be expelled from a monastery or a nunneryas a punishment.

In general a strict restriction and regulation was im-posed on the movements of monks. For instancemonks of seven monasteries in Amdo County,Nagchu Prefecture, “TAR” can move freely to per-form religious rites and ceremonies in the house of

lay devotees but they are strictly forbidden to ven-ture beyond Amdo County. If there are urgent mat-ters to attend then the monks must seek special per-mission from the County Religious Affairs Bureau(RAB) officials. If at all permission is granted itwould not be more than one month. In that sensethere is so much of curtailment and restriction im-posed upon religious activities of monks.

During the last year’s spring uprising in Lhasa on 14March 2008, the Chinese government imposed to-tal restriction and ban on all religious activities inthe monastery. Even minor religious activities likeburning juniper incense, hoisting prayer flags onmonastery rooftops, performing tantric ritual danceand other prayer recitations were banned and for-bade by the Chinese government.”

This year TCHRD managed to obtain a classifieddocument revealing the huge extent to which the“patriotic education” campaign is being currentlyimplemented inside Tibet. It is now a regular prac-tice and a scene in almost all of the religious institu-tions inside Tibet where monks and nuns are de-nied of undisturbed and uninterrupted study of theirreligious scriptures. Instead, they are forced to studypolitical books dealing with Mao’s thoughts, poli-cies of the Communist Party of China, distortedversion of Tibetan history, legal penal codes and theconstitution of China, the so-called ‘rules and regu-lations’ for monks and nuns, the ideals of socialismwhich are completely irrelevant to their spiritualvocation.

The part of their new education is about learning towrite essays and critique denouncing the Dalai Lamaas “a devil”, “a separatist”, “a wolf in a sheep skin”and so forth. Apart from studying these books, theyare also required to pass the examination; if they failthey would be subjected to severe punishments, in-cluding the expulsion from the monastery and nun-nery. Every other month, the “work teams” and thelocal DMC would raid a monastery or a nunnery;

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conduct test examination on the “political educa-tion” given to the monks and nuns. TCHRD ob-tained one such examination question paper issuedin the monasteries and nunneries of Ngaba Prefec-ture, “TAP” in Sichuan Province. The following isthe translation of the written test paper conductedin religious institutions inside Tibet in Ngaba Pre-fecture, Sichuan Province.

Test Paper for Patriotic EducationCampaign in Ngaba Prefecture

Name of Monastery_______________________Ordained Name _________________

Lay Name___________________________Family Name _______________________

Monastery House Name ____________________________

Patriotic education campaign and its ‘cleaning andrectification drive’ in the Religious Institutions ofNgaba Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture “TAP” –Written Paper Examination for the First Phase ofthe campaign.

Part I, Written Examination is (a) selecting the rightanswer from the following choices, and fill them inthe space given like this(_____). Each question has a score of 4 marks.1. The Chinese government protects the normal

religious practices and affairs of the citizens. Eachand every citizen while conducting his/herreligious practice is not allowed to_______________________________________________

Answer Choice A: Break down the public law andorder

Answer Choice B: Inflict harm to public safety andwell-being

Answer Choice C: Undermine the Patriotic Edu-

cation campaign conducted by State

2. Colluding with foreign countries with evil plotsto undermine sovereignty and territorial integrityof the People’s Republic of China (PRC) andendangering its national security would be servedwith penal sentence of

_________________________________________________.

Answer Choice A: Three years of prison sentence

Answer Choice B: More than ten years of prisonsentence

Answer Choice C: Life imprisonment or morethan ten years of prison sentence

3. Anyone who carries out reconnaissance missions,steals and sells state secrets from the Chinesegovernment offices and departments,organizations and individuals based outside theChinese territory, and indulges in other illegalespionage activities would receive prison sentencefrom five years to

____________________________ and for thosewho commit heinous crimes would receive morethan _____________________years of prisonsentence or life imprisonment. If the crime is oflesser degree then he /she would receive less thanfive years of prison sentence and along with thathe or she would be subjected to custodialdetention- during which he or she would besubjected to labor and other community servicesor would be deprived of his or her political rights.

Answer Choice A: Five years

Answer Choice B: Eight years

Answer Choice C: Nine years

Answer Choice D: Ten years

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When people organize meetings, protest marches anddemonstrations they must always respect the con-stitution and rule of law and other than that theyare not allowed to _____________________________________.Answer Choice A: They must not carry out dem-onstrations on issues that are already stipulatedby the Constitution.

Answer Choice B: They are not allowed to inflictharm on interests concerning the nation, societyand community.

Answer Choice C: They are not allowed to harmthe Constitutional rights of the citizens.

Answer Choice D: They are not allowed to raiseand chant slogans.

5. Public rallies, demonstrations and protest marchesmust be carry out through

______________________________ means andthey are not allowed to ______________________________.

Answer Choice A: arms and weapons.

Answer Choice B: sticks.

Answer Choice C: knives and other illegal arms.Answer Choice D: explosives.

Answer Choice E: violent riots.

Answer Choice F: those who instigates violentriots.

6. Intentionally and deliberately burn, tear down,paint, spoil, stamp and other actions that inflictinsult and be-little the national flag of the People’sRepublic of China in the presence of a largegathering of people, the culprits will be___________________________ according tolaw of the state and pursued and interrogated

them. If they do not commit serious crimes thenthey should be fined and given lighter punishmentand must be kept in the Public Security Bureau’scustodial detention for less than_________________ days.

Answer Choice A: non-criminal offense

Answer Choice B: criminal offense

Answer Choice C: ten

Answer Choice D: fifteen

7. What is the name of the agreement signed duringthe peaceful liberation of Tibet?

____________________________.

Part II. True or False Mark ( √ √ √ √ √ ) for True and(X) for False. Each question has score of threemarks.

1. If someone wants to organize a major religiousceremony or function, he or she must have tofollow the rule and regulations, whereby he orshe must intimate the office of the ReligiousAffairs Bureau (RAB) of the local government30 days before the actual commencement ofreligious ceremony or the religious function inthe locality. ( )

2. If religious organization by whim and fancychooses places or venues and conducts majorreligious ceremony and function, then a speciallydesignated office of the Religious Affairs Bureau(RAB) will issue straight order to the localitywhere the religious organization belongs andvenue in which major religious ceremony orfunction is conducted to either demote or sackthe concerned government appointed officialswho directly oversees the religious ceremonies andfunctions. If serious offenses are committed, theoverseeing office of the Religious Affairs Bureau(RAB) will drop the name of religious

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organization and the venue from the official list.If religious organization illegally collects moneyand property, then it will be confiscated. ( )

3. The monastery / nunnery owned guest houses,restaurants and shops must without fail ormistake follow and adhere to income tax rulesand regulations, and thereby pay income tax tothe government accordingly. ( )

4. Tibet is an inalienable part of the People’s Republicof China (PRC) ( )

5. Monk or nun needs to procure permission toordain and enter monastery ( )

6. Dalai Lama is the leader of the separatist forces. ( )

7. Can a monk and nun indulging in activities suchas beating, smashing; looting and arson bedescribed as a monk and nun of the TibetanBuddhism or be described as observing the sanghavows and the stipulated rules and regulations. ()

8. Religious person cannot interfere in the affairs ofpolitics, law and order and in the educationsystem of the country. ( )

Part III, Short Question Answer (total marks 33marks)

1. What are the main conducts of monks andnuns in their work affairs? (4 marks)

Answer:

2. What are the four “cardinal principles andvows” (6 marks)

Answer:

3. What does it mean by stating, “religious af-

fairs will be regulated according to rule of law”? Whatis the objective behind the statement? (4 marks)

Answer:

4. What is the reason for the ban imposed onthe display of the photo of the 14th Dalai Lama? (6marks)

Answer:

5. What penal punishments and sentences areamended in criminal procedure law for thoseringleaders and chief instigators of people whosurrounded the government offices, who smashand stone government office complexes, whodisrupt and stop the government offices from itsusual works and smooth functioning, whoorganize gatherings and stage protest rallies andmarches? (6 marks)

Answer:

6. Why does it mean by “normal religious practices”? (4marks)

Answer:

Part IV Long Question Answer (15 marks)

1. Write a short note on your opinions and viewsregarding the recent “beating, smashing, looting,arson and violence” incidents that took place inNgaba Prefecture?

Answer:

*** THE END OF THE TEST*****Deprivation And Denial of ReligiousEducation

For any institution to continue its existence, thereneeds to be a solid mechanism by way of which the

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knowledge of its history, traditions, practices, eti-quettes and purposes can be passed down from fol-lower to follower, from generation to generation inperpetuity. Keeping this in mind, the internationalcommunity holds that “freedom of religion” in-cludes the freedom to teach and establish seminar-ies or religious schools55 and teach a religion or be-lief in places suitable for these purposes.56 The vio-lation of these very fundamental domestic and in-ternational laws are the cause of disastrous conse-quences inside Tibet, when it comes to religiouseducation and the spiritual development of Bud-dhist devotees.

The years of denial and deprivation of true religiousstudy by the Chinese government has resulted in anappalling and pitiable state of religious education inKumbum Monastery. Kumbum Monastery is his-

torically very significant since it is near to the birth-place of the fourteenth Dalai Lama and also is thebirthplace of the founder of the largest religious sectsin Tibet – Gelugpa or Yellow Hat. The monasterywas also the seat of one the prominent Tibetan reli-gious figures Arjia Rinpoche who famously refused

to recognize and accept the Chinese governmentappointed Panchen Lama. After his defection in1998, the monastery has been subjected to intensepolitical and “patriotic re-education” campaign for

many years. As a result of enforcement, interven-tion in religious affairs, regulation and the deliber-ate breakdown of monastic administration, the num-ber of monks has decreased considerably and itsmonastic education is in shabby state of affairs. Theseare all the making of the Chinese government andits sinister policies towards the religion. The follow-ing is a testimonial account of forced implementa-tion of political education and the denial of reli-gious education in Kumbum Monastery.

Testimony

Kumbum Monastery Under “PatrioticEducation” Campaign57

In aftermath of March 14 2008 uprising in Lhasacity and in other parts of Tibet, the Chinese govern-ment responded the pan-Tibet mass movement withrepressive military crackdown and forced ‘ideologi-cal campaigns’ in Tibet’s religious institution knownas “patriotic education”. One such “patriotic educa-tion” was conducted in Kumbum Monastery, whosecharismatic spiritual leader, Arjia Rinpoche58 hadlong defected to America, where he has since beenliving. After his defection, his monastery has beenreeling under particular regulation and vigilance bythe Chinese authorities.

A senior monk from Kumbum Monastery,Kumbum County, Tsoshar Tibetan AutonomousPrefecture “TAP”, Qinghai Province who withheldhis name due to security reasons, testified to TibetanCentre for Human Rights and Democracy(TCHRD) about the ongoing “patriotic education”campaign inside Kumbum Monastery.

He testified:

“In our Kumbum Monastery there werearound 400 registered monks and other1000 non-registered monks, which were

Decline of religious education in Tibet

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consisted of Tibetan, Mongolian and Thiuethnic minorities. In the past, the Chinesegovernment has been conducting “patrioticeducation” in Kumbum Monastery but thistime after the outbreak of massive protests invarious parts of Tibet, the Chinese authoritiessimply intensified the launch of “patrioticeducation” in our monastery.

Every month five officials of County religiousaffairs bureau used to come to KumbumMonastery to conduct “patriotic education”campaign. The main points of lectures anddiscussions were:

“We must resolutely oppose and fight backagainst evil schemes of the Dalai Lama andhis clique in trying to ‘split’ and ‘de-stabilize’the great Motherland China. All of you(Kumbum) monks must be “patriotic monkswho loves both state and dharma alike”, andall of you must safeguard social harmony andstability, profess and cultivate love andsupport for “socialist system” and must knowthat the Communist Party of China is thegrand custodian of Chinese Motherland andbe able to recognize that hostile westerninternational forces in collaboration with theDalai splittist group foster and trigger alldisturbances and social upheavals inside thecountry. All of you must know that the DalaiLama is the single most hardened enemy ofthe 1.3 billion Chinese people.”

Moreover, on 11 October 2008, for one-monthperiod, prominent heads and lamas of all the bigand small monasteries in Qinghai Province as wellas teachers from Qinghai South-West NationalityUniversity and Qinghai Teacher Training Collegeand the various religious affairs bureau staffs andofficials were called in for a workshop where dis-cussion was held to chalk out ways to conduct “pa-triotic education” and the Party’s policies on reli-gion. The workshop concluded with unanimous

consensus that the implementation of “patrioticeducation” is considered the most important taskof the country.

But for we Buddhist monks the study of religiousscriptures and their practice is what we want not the“patriotic education” enforced upon us by the Chi-nese authorities. As far as our Kumbum Monasteryis concerned, our charismatic religious leader ArjiaRinpoche has been so consistent in his effort to turnour Kumbum Monastery into a flourishing learn-ing centre. It has been his aim to upgrade the qual-ity and standard of religious and knowledge for ourmonks. In the past our Kumbum Monastery wasknown for strict discipline and a good quality ofmonastic education with remarkable strides madein every field.

Unfortunately, in the middle of all these, the Chi-nese government suddenly intensified the “patrioticeducation” campaign in our monastery. It has beenthe single most devastating turn of event for us sinceour academic atmosphere; learning and spiritualprogress in monastery has been completely stalledand thwarted. Not only has the learning stoppedbut also the discipline in our monastery has beenseriously affected and disturbed. Now, our KumbumMonastery can never be same.

I, on my part strongly felt that there was no futureif I remained in Kumbum Monastery as a monk.On one hand the Chinese authorities continues toconduct ceaseless “patriotic education” campaignsince the defection of our charismatic Arjia Rinpochein 1998, the quality of monastic education has beensteadily deteriorating, and now almost no learningtakes place in our monastery. With a hope of get-ting a proper monastic education in India, I fledTibet and reached Kathmandu Tibetan ReceptionCentre on 12 January 2009.”

In the last many years the Chinese government hasbeen immensely successful in destroying and uproot-

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ing the very foundation of a thriving culture of train-ing and tutoring the next generation of Buddhistmasters and scholars through studies and oral trans-mission of knowledge. Under the “patriotic educa-tion” campaign, this system of imparting knowl-edge has been systematically challenged, so much sothat learning hardly takes place in monastic institu-tions and as a result there are very few masters whocan teach or are qualified to teach. Many of thrivingand bustling centers of learning have been turnedinto ghost monasteries and nunneries under the “pa-triotic education” campaign. As a consequence manyof the committed monks and nuns flee Tibet toreceive Buddhist education and training in exile In-dia and receive their ordination from the DalaiLama. The following testimonies given by seniormonks of Kumbum and Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Mon-asteries are the proof of a rapid decline of Buddhisteducation and the break down of ancient monasticadministration inside Tibet - which throughout thecenturies churned out thousands of Buddhist schol-ars and masters.In the case of religious repression in KumbumMonastery, other monasteries and nunneries insideTibet, it is the unmindful and blatant violation ofArticles 41-44 of the Implementing Measures thatgives an interesting example of measures that severelyrestrict the movement of all Tibetan Buddhist reli-gious personnel and violate the freedom to teachTibetan Buddhism, and they do so in places “suit-able for these purposes”. Article 43 governs “TAR”religious personnel who merely cross-cities to studyscripture. They must obtain approval from thepeople’s government religious affairs department inthe destination city and report it for the record tothe “TAR”- level people’s government religious af-fairs department. For “TAR” religious personnelwho are going to outside provinces to study scrip-ture, and for religious personnel from other prov-inces who study scripture at venues in the “TAR”,they must consult with and obtain consent fromboth provincial-level people’s government religiousaffairs departments.

The Chinese government ensures, through complexlevels of required governmental approval, that themonastic community travels as infrequently as pos-sible, which in turn severely impairs the religiouseducation of the monastic community. The currentmeasures increase restrictions already in place overthe “TAR” and very negatively affect the transmis-sion of Tibetan Buddhist teachings.59 The tradi-tional, and chosen, mode of education in TibetanBuddhism is dependent on mobility for its continu-ation and development. Monks and nuns musttravel to certain teachers who possess specializedknowledge to receive teachings in person and whichare frequently transmitted orally. Thus, by impos-ing such strict controls and bans on travel by themonastic community, China impedes the traditionalpractice of education and religious practice and al-lows itself the power to bring to a halt the continu-ation as well as the development of Tibetan Bud-dhist practitioners, and the continuation of religion.In direct violation of international law, monks arebeing refused access to their chosen teachers in thetraditional custom. For example, the major Gelugpamonasteries are all in Lhasa thus monks from allover Tibet need to be able to travel to Lhasa to studythere.

Articles 30-34, and 45 violate the provisions of in-ternational law that protects the integral aspects ofthe freedom to practice one’s religion by teachingand disseminating religious texts and relevant pub-lications. These articles hinder the effectiveness ofthe transmission of Tibetan Buddhism by limitingthe traditional roles of teachers and censoring theteaching materials that can be used. Specifically,Article 33 prohibits any religious personnel fromengaging in meaningful religious activities such as“initiations into monkhood or nunhood, consecrations,expounding Buddhist sutras, proselytizing, or cultivat-ing followers outside of venues for religious activities,”without prior approval “from the people’s governmentreligious affairs department at the county level or

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above.” Article 45 outright bans Tibetan religiousteachers returning to Tibet from exile from partici-pating in these very same activities. As discussedabove, Article 34 restricts the materials that teachersmay view and distribute based on whether the ma-terials satisfy patriotic standards. These provisionsseverely limit the legitimate practice and educationof Tibetan Buddhism. Many of the important teach-ers for young monks and nuns will be those whoare being legitimately trained in monasteries estab-lished in exile that operate freely, without the severerestrictions that exist on monastic institutions in the“TAR”. By outright prohibiting these trained prac-titioners from coming to the “TAR” to teach andperform initiations, the Chinese government’s di-rect violation of international law puts the very sur-vival of Tibetan Buddhism itself at risk.

The following is the testimonial account of the re-pression of religious freedom in Tsang Tashi LhunpoMonastery in Shigatse Prefecture, “TAR”. It revealshow political indoctrination penetrated the every daymonastic life and spiritual contemplation of monksand nuns. And how they have no one to turn to inreceiving religious education but to flee Tibet andseek religious instruction and teaching in exile. Inthis case Topgyal a monk from Tsang Tashi Lhunpofled Tibet to receive his Gelong ordination fromthe Dalai Lama. He mentioned in his testimony thathe was hoping to receive other religious initiationsand teachings from the Dalai Lama explaining thatthere were no suitable teachers inside Tibet fromwhom he could receive the scriptural teachings.

Testimony

Repression of Religious freedom in TsangTashi Lhunpo Monastery60

Topgyal, a monk from Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monas-tery, one of the largest monasteries in central Tibet isunder severe control, restriction and regulation of theChinese authorities. In recent years the religious free-

dom inside the monastery has worsened since the postMarch 14 2008 clampdown in Tibet.Upon his safe arrival in Kathmandu, Nepal inNovember 2009, he testified to the Tibetan Centrefor Human Rights and Democracy (TCHRD) aboutthe gross violations of religious freedom and thereligious repression in Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monas-tery in Shigatse Prefecture, “TAR”.

Topgyal testified,

“My name is Topgyal, 24, from Sakya County,Shigatse Prefecture, “TAR”. Until age of 13, Iremained at home, and never attended school. In1999, when I reached 14, I was ordained as a monkin Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monastery. I spent more than10 years studying Buddhist scriptures and texts.Today Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monastery housedaround 800 monks.

As a monk of Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monastery, Iwanted to speak out and inform the world aboutthe greatest challenges faced by my monastery. Since1959 to 1980, Tibet under China saw so much ofdestruction to its religious and cultural heritage,particularly during the period of unforgivable ‘Cul-tural Revolution’. However, due to the vision andguidance of the Dalai Lama in exile and the latePanchen Lama inside Tibet, they had done much torestore the rich religious and cultural heritage of Ti-bet.

In Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monastery for instance, wewere allowed to pursue religious studies and otherreligious activities only after we procured permis-sion from the higher authorities. It is stipulated inChinese Constitution that every citizen is entitledto his or her political and religious rights, however,in reality it is not the case. The religious affairs andactivities are always under the control of Chinesegovernment and its communist political system.Hence, they have direct control over all religiousaffairs and activities inside monastery. Since last year’s14 March 2008 protests inside Tibet, there has been

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more restriction and regulations imposed inside ourTsang Tashi Lhunpo Monastery. It is also the case inother small, big and large monasteries of Tibet whererigorous mechanism of political control, regulationand restriction still exist at large.For few months, after the outbreak of last year’sMarch 14 protest in Tibet, the DMC and RAB underthe direction of the Chinese government conducted“education” on “rules and laws of the Chinese con-stitution. The part of the “education” entails themonks to cut, clip speeches, lectures and statementsmade by the Chinese leaders in various national andstate run newspapers, and then to study them in the“education” sessions. We also had to study Thoughtsand Sayings of Deng Xiaoping, Three Represents ofJiang Zemin and Hu Jintao’s Theory of Three Har-monies ((a) seeking peace in the world, (b) reconcilia-tion with Taiwan and (c) harmony in Chinese society.Moreover, every day monks had to study the so-called the Implementing Measures, which was noth-ing more than rules and regulations governing thereligious affairs on religious institutions of Tibet.The “education” sessions along with the “patrioticeducation” lasted for several months on stretch inour monastery.

The most difficult part of the “patriotic education”is to ‘target’, ‘criticize’ and ‘denounce’ the DalaiLama. How can we criticize and denounce a spiri-tual teacher whom we believe as the incarnation ofthe Buddha of compassion, who is perfect one with-out any stains and flaws. How can he (the DalaiLama) be denounced since it was the first Dalai LamaJe Gendun Drub who first founded and establishedour Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monastery?

We were Buddhist monks, wearing a robe once wornby enlightened teacher lord Buddha who taught usto love all sentient beings and how can we criticizedand denounced someone who is the direct holderof the teachings of the Lord Buddha and the ema-nation of enlightened existence. How can wedenounced him? He (Dalai Lama) is a perfected

Buddha, who triumphed over births and deaths, andby denouncing him, not a flea of harm can be in-flicted upon him, it is we who indulge in this nega-tive karma will bear the negative consequences ofour karmic action, so we couldn’t dare to ‘denounce’him. Hence from our part we never wish to indulgein any kind of these activities, however, we wereforced by Chinese officials to ‘denounce’ the DalaiLama. If we fail to ‘denounce’ and ‘criticize’ himthen we would face serious political consequences.

The condition of livelihood in our monastery is notall that bad but if it be worse, it won’t be a problemfor us. The worse thing for us and for which weundergo great deal of misery is the lack of religiousfreedom in Tibet. This is the ‘cancer’ that plagues usand hence we are not able to perform religious rolesand duties once monks performed in the old Tibet.Earlier three monks of Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monas-tery i.e. Nyima, 20, Bhuchung, 30 and anotherNyima, 30 were arrested for criticizing Chinese au-thorities’ intervention in a religious ritual, follow-ing which they were arrested and detained. After fewmonths of detention, they were expelled from ourmonastery. The monk Nyima from Sakya County,while being taken in a vehicle to his hometown sangthis moving song:

“Don’t say that there is no wish fulfillingjewel in TibetIf His Holiness the Dalai Lama is not thewish fulfilling jewelThen what else is that wish fulfilling jewel?”

Under the repressed environment in our monastery,we were not allowed to talk regarding anything con-cerning Tibet and its political affairs. Particularly wewere not allowed to hear and see anything aboutthe activities of the Dalai Lama and his religiousteachings. If we do we must ensure complete se-crecy. In that way things were extremely difficult.The Chinese government is currently exerting greatdeal of restriction, repression and regulation on

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prominent religious teachers and important religiousinstitutions like Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monastery in-side Tibet.

In my view, in near future the situation of TibetanBuddhism inside Tibet will face a critical phase inits entire existence where its survival might be wipedout. The religious institutions might soon be turnedinto institution where monks and other people studylaws, constitution and policies of the CommunistParty of China.

According to me in few years down the lane, Tibet’sBuddhist learning tradition and culture will face arapid decline. Today there is both direct and indi-rect attempt to discontinue the monastic institu-tion, particularly its vinaya code of conducts anddiscipline, which as a result is fast breaking down. Ifleft unchecked and unattended, it would further es-calate the decline and demoralization of Tibet’s mo-nastic tradition and its great learning heritage.For these reasons, I fled Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Mon-astery to seek a monastic education in India. Whilebeing in Tsang Tashi Lhunpo Monastery, I couldn’tfind anyone worthy of initiating me into higherGelong ordination, and because of this I came toexile. Now I am going to receive this noble ordina-tion from His Holiness the Dalai Lama. This is mygreat hope and for which I am excited about it.

Also, one of the reasons of my escape to India is topublicize to the world about the denial of religiousfreedom and worship, the misery face by monksand nuns inside Tibet’s religious institutions. Whilebeing in India, I will undertake my religious studyseriously and in future, if I ever get another oppor-tunity to return to Tibet (Tsang Tashi LhunpoMonastery), I hope to propagate Buddhist teach-ings and improve the quality of their education.

Let me say this to you, our Tsang Tashi LhunpoMonastery is the seat of the Panchen Lamas of Ti-bet. China dismissed and kidnapped the true rein-

carnation of the 10th Panchen Lama and kept himin an undisclosed location. Even their own ap-pointed “fake” Panchen Lama is being whisked awayin Beijing that he hardly come to Tsang TashiLhunpo Monastery. No one in our monastery ac-cept the Beijing appointed Panchen Lama, we ac-cept the only Panchen Lama recognized by HisHoliness the Dalai Lama.”

The following is a leaked government documenton a manual regulatory book depicting how the re-ligious freedom and beliefs of Tibetan people areviolated. The document is an evidence of whatTCHRD has been describing for many years aboutthe control of religious freedom in Tibet throughvarious legal instruments and mechanisms. The fol-lowing legal document was obtained and translatedby TCHRD.Briefing Booklket on Law and Order

Published by Lhasa Municipality Law and OrderInformation Department, Tibet Autonomous Re-gion (TAR).

April 2009

Chinese security forces marching past in front of Tsuglagkhang

Temple complex in Lhasa, one of the holiest shrines in Tibet. A

massive show of strength and intimidation by Chinese security

forces in politically sensitive sites are regular feature in almost

every part of Tibet.

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The following is the translation of an excerpt of thelaw and order manual booklet currently imple-mented in the religious institutions across Tibet. TheTibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy(TCHRD) translated the Chapter Ten of the book,which exclusively dealt on how ‘rules and regula-tions’ govern the religious institutions inside Tibet.The book was published by (Ch: Lhasa ChengGuanqu) Lhasa Municipality ‘Law and Order’ In-formation Department, “Tibet Autonomous Re-gion” (“TAR”) on April 2009.

Chapter Ten

Announcement of Discipline Guidelines ForMonks and Nuns

Under the leadership of democracticmanagement committee (DMC)

1. Monks and nuns must cultivate a resolute faithand respect for the Communist Party of China(CPC) with clear conviction, must respect andadhere to the Socialist political system and theRegional Autonomy system. They must displayloyalty to the Constitution and patriotism tosafeguard the interest of people. They mustsafeguard One Motherland China and protectthe harmonious relationship amongst the ethnicnationalities. They must adhere to the disciplinaryguideline and oppose separatism.

2. Monks and nuns must vehemently study thepolicies of Communist Party of China (CPC)and the Chinese government, must implementthem and accordingly execute polices of the CPCand the Chinese government in religiousinstitutions.

3. Monks and nuns must voluntarily serve itsimmediate authority and the government. Inorder to protect the normal religious activities in

the religious institutions, they (monks and nuns)must carry out and discharge duty assign to themby the superior authorities.

4. Monks and nuns must correctly implement thegovernment policy of Religious Freedom fromevery aspect. They must seriously conduct theirreligious affairs according to rules and regulationsannounced by the government. And also theneeds and interest of monks and nuns must beprotected under rules and regulations.

5. Monks and nuns must foster unity amongst thesub-committees of DMC as well as to protectits reputation. The sub-committees and DMCmust mutually respect and support each other.By closely working together as partners, bothoffices must initiate and exert stronger controland regulation over religious institutions.

6. All monks and nuns must take overallresponsibility in discharging responsibilities of thegovernment and must serve sub-committees andDMC in the monastery and nunnery. With moralintegrity and honesty and with profoundconviction they must serve the religiouscommunity.

7. DMC and its sub-committees must maintain andfoster amicable relationship with common monksand nuns, and always take care of their welfareand must take timely action in understandingand reading their mind and thought contents.

8. If there is an important matter to be consultedin a monastery or a nunnery, all these importantmatters must be shared and discussed with theDMC of the monastery and nunnery and its sub-committees. Apart from this, no individualmonk or nun is permitted to make his/herdecision on important matters.

9. DMC and its sub-committees must exerciseefficient regulation on ‘leave’ submitted by

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monks and nuns, particularly during importantreligious dates and months, DMC and sub-committees must first verify the ‘leave’ and thengrant ‘leave’ accordingly. Similarly, the monasteryDMC and its sub-committees must also alert andinform the ‘leave application’ to its immediatelocal authorities and local investigation branchoffice along with a written report.

10.The Religious Affairs Bureau (RAB) will carryout proper scrutiny on the nature of religioustexts and the content of prayers recited by monksand nuns. Based on proper scrutiny, thepermission will have to be granted. All outopposition, restriction and censorship must beimposed on those texts and prayer recitations thatcontain ‘false and improper views’. These mustbe stemmed out completely from religious ritualsand ceremonies conducted in religiousinstitutions.

11.The religious institutions must seriously followstatuary rules of income taxes stipulated bynational revenue and taxation bureau.Accordingly, the collection of taxes andexceptions of taxes will be made. Revenues andincome of all religious institutions will be putunder apex office called Religious RevenueDepartment, and place revenues and incomes ofall religious institutions under one commonregulatory system. Not only will the matters andaffairs concerning religious institution will beannounced publicly, monks and nuns themselveshave to take their own initiative to implementpolicies of the Chinese government.

12.The members of DMC, monks and nuns willenjoy equal political, social, cultural andconstitutional rights and under these provisionsthey will oppose and stem out old feudal practicessuch as ‘nepotism’, ‘hereditary titles’ andenjoyment of ‘special powers’.

13.The leadership of the monastery DMC and itssub-committees will safeguard and observe thediscipline, rules and regulations in religiousinstitutions. With great deal of hard work andzeal, they must involve themselves in task andactivities of interest and benefit to society, andbe an exemplar and role models for monks andnuns.

14.The members of DMC will observe and adherepublic law and order and moreover they mustprotect the ‘state secrets’.

15.The members of DMC must propagate andpromote ‘democracy’ in the best of theircapacities, and must listen to opinions andsuggestions from all corners of monks and nunsand then discharge their duties seriously.

16.The specific government department at locallevel and local DMC must always be extremelycautious and careful when they admit new monksand nuns into religious institutions. They mustnot admit those of the following monks andnuns:

(a) Those who are below 18 years of age

(b)Those who are former criminals and convicts

(c) Those who are expelled from other monasteries

and nunneries

(d)Those who voluntarily left monastery and nunnery

(e) Those who are members of other monastery and

nunnery

17.Those of individuals and organizations who areseeking permission to build and renovate stupas,temples and monastic residence from monks andnuns; it is mandatory for them to inform thelocal government and its concerned authorities.The local government and its concernedauthorities must carry out inquiry andinvestigation on the matter and after which theymay grant the approval. It is only then that thepermission is granted. If the local government

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and concerned authorities withheld thepermission, the monks and nuns cannot proceedto build and renovate monastic structures.

18.Regarding donations and funds coming fromforeign shores and individuals, they must bereceived according to the rules and regulationslay down by “TAR” government.

19.The DMC of the monastery and nunnery mustset up a standard rating system to assess and reviewthe activities and matters of monastery andnunnery during a particular period of time. Indoing so, the review and assessment of monasticactivities must be categorized as ‘excellent’, ‘good’and ‘poor’ by the end of the year, those who excelshould be rewarded and those who fail shouldbe fined and punished. This system must be putin place in every monastery and nunnery.

Duties of Monks and Nuns:

1. The monks and nuns are the citizens of thePeople’s Republic of China (PRC) therefore areentitled to enjoy all rights provided by theChinese Constitution, but at the same time theymust also fulfill duties as a citizen of the country.All the activities of monks and nuns must becarried out within the framework of provisionsstipulated in law, and take up serious voluntarypersonal initiative and endeavor to study thepolicies of Communist Party of China (CPC),the Constitution of state and its legal system,and with unflinching conviction they mustoppose and fight ‘separatism’ and must protectthe unity of One Motherland China andsafeguard the harmony and unity amongst itsvarious ethnic nationalities. Along with these,monks and nuns must voluntarily regulatethemselves according to the laws of thegovernment.

2. All monks and nuns have the right to propagateand indulge in religious activities according to

the rule of law, moreover they have rights toprotect law and order, to advance the principleof ‘loving ones religion and loving ones state’ as wellas to protect One Motherland China. They alsohave duties and responsibilities to promote unityand harmony amongst various ethnic nationalitiesand to oppose and fight ‘separatism’ and ‘separatistforces’.

3. The individual monks and nuns must study bothlegal system of country and the monastic codeof conduct. In addition they must also studypolitical education and strive hard to advance andwiden the horizon of their religious knowledgeand enhance their moral integrity. They must alsoprotect and preserve historical and sacredphilosophical literatures, and to look after thepublic property. They must voluntarily protectthe reputation of their monastery/nunnery andalso must safeguard their personal image.

4. Monks and nuns must nurture and establish goodbond amongst them, exude mutual love andrespect for each other, such as senior monkstending the younger monks. They are strictlyforbidden to set up evil factions and secretorganizations in the monastery and nunnery.

Vows to be Observed by Monks and Nuns

1. The monks and nuns must wholeheartedly andresolutely respect the leadership of theCommunist Party of China (CPC), SocialistSystem, and the Regional Autonomy. Not onlythese, they must also respect the Constitution ofChina and its legal system. They must alsozealously study the relevant policies andvoluntarily put them into practice, thus givinghelping hand to government and its policymakers.

2. All monks and nuns must carry out their religiousactivities within the purview of the Constitutionand its legal system. On individual basis, monks

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and nuns must enhance their understanding onNationalism, Government, Constitution and thespirit of brotherhood amongst citizens.

3. The monks and nuns must follow and give theirsupport to the DMC. They must also give seriousobservance to the law and order as well as to theirmonastic code of conduct. They must also takepart and participate in monastic polity and itssystem, cultural studies, and must devote to thestudy of Buddhist scriptures and also mustperform labor work, and likewise should maketheir presence felt in activities concerning theoverall welfare of people and society.

4. Hence, monks and nuns must seriously act uponthe aforementioned clauses.

5. The monks and nuns must not listen to andwatch evil and anti-social propaganda thatendangers the State Security and threatens unityamongst ethnic nationalities. They must notdisseminate and circulate subversive journals andliteratures, auto visuals as well as secretly keepingthem in their residences and homes. They are alsoforbidden to set up secret organizations andindulge in evil separatist acts and schemes.

6. It is absolutely must for monks and nuns touphold the ideals of ‘respectfulness’ and ‘equality’amongst the different ethnic nationalities,religious faiths and various sects. They must bereligious, pious and faithful and must strivetowards fostering mutual spirit of peaceful co-existence amongst different religious faiths andvarious sects. They must also ensure that nothinguntoward takes place in monastery or nunnerythat goes contrary to these ideals.

7. Monks and nuns must procure necessarypermission from the monastery DMC and higherauthorities when they go out of monastery/nunnery to perform religious rites, to meetrelatives, to seek medication, to receive scriptural

instruction and to stay in retreat. In the case ofgranting leave, we will follow the existing ‘grantingleave protocol’ currently implemented by TARgovernment in their religious institutions.According to the “TAR” ‘Issuance of LeaveProtocol’:

(a) Granting of leave primarily rested on the authority

of the monastery DMC of the concerned

monastery/nunnery. Leave can be granted only for

three days period.

(b) If monk and nun’s leave exceeds stipulated 3 days,

they must again apply for extension leave from

both the monastery and nunnery DMC and the

DMC of the local village in which the monastery/

nunnery is located. They will be given further four

more days of extended leave.

(c) After exceeding seven days, if monk and nun want

to extend their leave stay, then the DMC of the

concerned monastery/nunnery and the local village

level DMC will convene a meeting, where they

will discuss over the matter, deliberate, exchange

opinions and suggestions and after which the monk

and nuns must apply for the leave from Township

government headquarter.

(d)After exceeding ten days, the DMC of the

concerned monastery/nunnery, local village DMC

and Township DMC will convene a meeting where

they will discuss over the matter, deliberate,

exchange opinions and suggestions and after which

the monk and nuns must appear before the officials

of the County Municipality People’s Religious

Affairs Bureau (RAB) to file their leave application,

and then only the ‘leave’ is granted. However,

during the times of important religious occasions,

functions, dates, months, the monks and nuns are

not allowed to seek ‘leave’ from the concerned

authorities. When the ‘leave’ is granted, wherever

they may go, they are required to observe and

follow the law and order of the State. They must

seriously abide by the authority of the concerned

government officials of the region where he/she

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may be traveling or staying. They must ensure

that they do not commit any offense, which

violates the laws and regulations of the locality.

8. After procuring the leave, the monks and nunsin their new designated place must followguidance and instructions of his/her scriptureteacher, local guarantor, particularly they mustkeenly listen to their advices, and subjectedthemselves to inspections in monastery/nunnery.The monks and nuns must shoulderresponsibility, be friendly and amicable with peermonks and nuns, and must take care of theyounger monks in the learning centers.

9. With commendable zeal and enthusiasm, themonks and nuns in their new monastery/nunnerymust follow all rules and regulations set up bymonastery/nunnery DMC and its sub-committee. They must also take part in all‘political education’ under patriotic educationsessions. While filing for leave, they must followthe due procedures as stipulated in previousclauses. If monk or nun without any valid reasonand permission skip the class session of politicaleducation under patriotic education campaign onone occasion, they will be fined with 10 Yuan asa fee. In one year if they attend only two classesof political education under patriotic educationcampaign, then they will be fined with 20 Yuanas a fee, plus they will undergo ‘preventivecounseling education session (to prevent them fromrepeating the offense again in future). If theyattend only three to four classes of politicaleducation under patriotic education campaign ina year, then they will be fined 30 to 40 Yuan as afee, plus he or she will be placed undersurveillance for a period of one year. During thisone-year surveillance period if he or she is foundto have attended only five classes of politicaleducation under patriotic education campaign,then he or she will be permanently expelled fromthe monastery/nunnery.

10. Those monks and nuns who perform oddand miscellaneous administrative tasks must strivehard to advance the ideals of One MotherlandChina and the unity of all ethnic nationalities.They must respect and adhere the Constitutionas well as the law and order. They must protectand preserve sacred monastic treasures and theorganizational discipline. They must voluntarilywork towards preserving the organizationalpractices and systems of the monastery/nunneryas well as to fulfill the tasks assign by the DMC.

Serious Enforcement of the Following Rulesand Regulations

1. Those of scripture teachers, abbots, chant masters,disciplinarians, local guardian-cum-guarantor-cum-teacher, monastery keepers and attendantsif cause financial losses to the monastery becauseof their dereliction of duties, and endangers ‘StateSecurity’ and threatens ‘Social Stability’ andcommits other criminal offenses, they will behanded over to law enforcing bodies by the DMCof the concerned monastery. According to theCriminal Procedure Law (CPL), their offenseswill be investigated.

2. The members of DMC is to follow this standardprotocol where and whenever important matterarises in the monastery/ nunnery, the DMCmembers must take unanimous decision basedon consensus and discussion and after the mattermust be forwarded to the higher authorities fordeliberation and decision-making.

3. Those of monks and nuns who commit thefollowing offenses, and if the DMC come to aproper conclusive investigation ascertaining theircrimes and if there are tangible and concreteevidences about the offenses committed bymonks and nuns, then they should be ex-communicated and expelled from the monastery/ nunnery.

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(a) Those who shouts ‘subversive’ and ‘separatist’slogans, those who pastes pamphlet with‘subversive and anti-state contents’, and raise‘subversive and banned flags’, those who paint‘subversive images’, and who take photographsand protests.

(b)Those who gather and assemble illegally and setup organizations illegally, who carry out protestmarches, who take part in social unrests andprotests, who promotes and propagates‘subversive and anti-state thoughts and ideas’ orkept or distribute and circulate incriminatingmaterials that promotes and propagates‘subversive and anti-state’ ideas and thoughts.

(c) Those monks and nuns who don’t follow andadhere to the rules and regulations stipulated bythe government. Those who stays quiet andillegally in the monastery / nunnery and thosewho enters monastery / nunnery throughdeceptive means, and who separates himself/herself from the monastery and who destroys anddisturbs usual monastic discipline, order, and wholeads others in creating losses and damages tomonastic wealth and property.

(d)Those who incites divisions and enmity between

monks and nuns in the name of religion, and

destroys the religious harmony in the monastery /

nunnery.

(e) Those who suppresses and oppresses other’s faith

and devotion through various means and schemes

and creates enormous disturbances and chaos.

(f ) Those who steals and smuggles treasure relics and

properties of the monastery / nunnery, who

destroys monastic properties and treasures, those

who replaces ancient treasures and relics with fake

ones, and smuggles monastic treasures and relics

out of the monastery / nunnery.

4. Those of monks and nuns who still refuses orare not ‘reformed’ despite subjected to numerouspatriotic education campaigns, must be eitherseparated from the monastery / nunnery or must

be expelled from the monastery / nunnery. Thefollowing are the types of monks and nuns thatshould be expelled from the monastery / nunnery.

(a) Those monks and nuns who do not have specialand specific reasons for ‘taking leave’ and staybeyond their ‘stipulated leave period’ up to 15days at a stretch after granting the leave and donot return to monastery / nunnery on time.

(b)Those monks and nuns who leaves monastery /nunnery without the consent and permission ofthe DMC for 7 days at stretch.

(c) The disciplinary and legal actions must be takenon those of monks and nuns in group of two ormore who left monastery / nunnery for 7 days ata stretch according to the enforcement currentlyimplemented by the “TAR” government in their‘Issuance of Leave Protocol’.

(d)Those monks and nuns who keep monk or nundisciples without the permission of the specificdepartment of the ‘Religious Affairs Bureau’(RAB).

(e) Those monks and nuns who leaves his / hermonastic organization, willingly and voluntarilyleaves the monastery / nunnery, or willinglyexcommunicates himself / herself from themonastic organization in advance knowing wellthat his or her expulsion decision had been takenup by the DMC and other authorities. Theexpulsion decisions must be made on thosemonks and nuns who are indicted of criminaloffenses, the DMC must prepare a writtendocument confirming their expulsions frommonastery / nunnery and must convene anassembly of monks and nuns during which theirexpulsion must be publicly declared andannounced. Moreover, the registration certificateof those monks and nuns must be confiscatedand seized on the day of their expulsion, theirnames must be dropped from the monasticcommunity and hence forever forbidden toparticipate and indulge in any kinds of religious

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ceremonies and rituals in future, in any part ofthe country. They must be excommunicated andexpelled from the monastery / nunnery, and alsovoluntarily separated himself / herself from themonastery / nunnery. The concerned monasteryDMC and its sub-committees must report andsubmit to their immediate authorities of the‘Religious Affairs Bureau’ (RAB) as well as tothe local police stations the names of those monksand nuns who leave monastic organization inadvance, and those who are excommunicated andexpelled due to their criminal offenses.

Rules and Regulations and the MonasticCode of Conducts

1. Abstain from killing2. Renounce attachments3. Abstain from stealing other’s properties4. Telling lies and falsehood

The aforementioned rules are monastic code of con-ducts.5. Not allowed to grow long hairs6. Not allowed to smoke and consume alcohols7. Not allowed to play Mahjong, dice, play cards,

snooker and other gambling activities8. Not allowed to participate in dance and music9. Not allowed to shout and speak aloud in the

place of worship10.Not allowed to enter discothèques, video game

dens, internet centers and bars11.Not allowed to wear lay people’s clothes except

in the case of performing manual tasks, otherthan that the monks and nuns must wear properreligious ropes and wardrobes in the monasteryand nunnery compound.

12.Not allowed to drive motorbike and cars whilewearing religious ropes and wardrobes.

13.Not allowed to form ‘clubs’ such as ‘classmates’and ‘hometown mates’, especially not allowedsetting up ‘secret organizations’ in the monastery/ nunnery.

14.Monks and nuns must honor the spiritualsanctity of monks’ residence quarters andcommon rooms in monastery and nunnery.Monks and nuns are not being allowed to keepoutsiders in residence quarters and commonrooms.

15.Those monks and nuns who violate rules andregulations and monastic code of conducts willbe fined and made to do community service.They will be also reprimanded according tomonastic code of conducts such as ‘making themto do prostrations, to perform ‘repentances andpurifications prayers and rituals’, they will notallowed to enter the Prayer Hall to ‘recite sutrasand prayers’, even if he or she is sometimesallowed, he or she will not have any right toreceive ‘monetary gifts’ offered by patrons anddevotees.

16.If monks and nuns violate rules and regulationsand the monastic code of conducts, suitable andappropriate actions such as ‘ex-communicationand expulsion from the monastery and nunnerywill be enforced based on the stipulated rule andregulations announced by the government.Similarly the monks and nuns will be handedover to the local Public Security Bureau authorityof the place where the jurisdiction of theirHousehold Registration Card falls under.

17.If violations of rules and regulations and monasticcode of conducts do take place, suitable andappropriate actions should be taken dependingon the seriousness of their offenses. Also theirlocal guardian-cum-teacher-cum-guarantor mustalso be put under scanner and his responsibilityshould be investigated.

Post Script

The Democratic Management Committee (DMC)must submit a ‘half-yearly report’ on religious af-fairs in their monastery / nunnery to the concernedoffices and department of the Chinese government.Moreover the DMC publicly must inform the large

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section of monastic community about various reli-gious works, affairs and educational campaigns inreligious institutions. It is particularly important tobrief monastic community about dealing with dis-ciplinary problems of monks and nuns. If there arisesissues and problems in religious institutions, then itis the sole responsibility of the DMC of the con-cerned monastery / nunnery to take up its initiativeand deal with them accordingly.In order to assess the effectiveness and meaningful-ness of the stipulated rules and regulations, by theend of every year the Township level government oroffice of the local government will review the rulesand regulations. Those rules and regulations, whichare found not effective, will be set aside under ‘re-view panel’ and subjected to further scrutiny.

If there arises lack of clarity and difficulty in under-standing and comprehending the aforementionedrules and regulations, it will be the sole responsibil-ity of the People’s Religious Affairs Bureau (RAB)of the municipality or village level DMC to explainand clarify them. The rules and regulations shallbecome effective on the day of the declaration andat the same time the previous rules and regulations,if any, exist in the past shall be repealed simulta-neously.

Disruption of Religious Devotion

On 25 February 2009, the traditional custom of go-ing for religious visits to important monasteries wascurtailed. Strict ban was imposed on get together cel-ebrations and association during the Tibetan New Year

festivities. One such incident of blockage on religiousactivities took place in Lhasa city when a religious devo-tee who was on a pilgrimage by prostration, crossingof hundreds of miles from Nagchu County to Lhasawas stopped by the Chinese authorities and repeatedlysent back to his native village. On one occasion he wasdetained, questioned and later released. The Tibetandevotee later came to exile in India, upon which he

testified to TCHRD about his ordeal and the generalstate of gross violation of religious freedom in his mon-astery.

TESTIMONYA pilgrim stopped from undertaking hispilgrimage journey61

A Tibetan pilgrim monk from Chamdo Prefecture,Tengchen County, “TAR”, upon his safe arrival inKathmandu Reception Centre testified to the Ti-betan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy(TCHRD) about the trials and tribulations he facedon his pilgrimage to the holy city of Lhasa in April2008. However, for the safety and well being of hisrelative in Tengchen County and his peer monks atmonastery, he withheld his name while giving histestimony.

He recounted:

“I (name withheld), 29, was from Khatong village,Sertsa Township,Kyungpo Tengcheng County,Chamdo Prefecture, “Tibet Autonomous Region”(“TAR”). I spent twelve years in Tashi-ling Monas-tery as a monk. At the time of my leaving, therewere around 40 monks, and out of which 22 werejuvenile monks under 18, or staying “illegally” inthe monastery. In the past the Chinese governmentissued new regulations, which bound the entire af-

A Tibetan woman pilgrim seen going for prostation

around a temple

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fairs of monastery. Under the regulation the Chi-nese government issued “ceiling” on the number ofmonks, a monastery can house. And also the mon-asteries are not allowed to house monks below theage of 18. If any monastery violates the official regu-lation, then it would face possible closure and se-vere fines. However, the monasteries inside Tibetstill do take serious risks by housing underage monks.When the Democratic Management Committee(DMC) and Religious Affairs Bureau (RAB) con-duct surprise raids in our monastery, then underagemonks would flee the monastery and remained inhideouts until DMC and RAB officials left ourmonastery. In that way the underage monks do facegreat hardships for acquiring proper monastic edu-cation and spiritual development.Since the outbreak of pan-Tibet protests in 2008,the implementation of “patriotic education” in ourmonastery had been more frequent. During the “pa-triotic education” sessions, we were forced to op-pose, criticize and denounce the Dalai Lama. Thissession was most difficult to most of our monks.In another session we were forced to oppose the“separatist forces and hostile international splittistgroups”. Whenever the DMC and RAB organizedmeetings in the monastery to conduct “patrioticeducation”, the monks would often try to bunk themeetings. They simply detest such “patriotic educa-tion sessions”.

During the “patriotic education” sessions, the DMCand RAB officials used to distribute papers called“opinion writing” where we had to write our criti-cism and scathing immoral attacks on the DalaiLama. We were also made to levy charges againstthe Dalai Lama stating that he plotted and insti-gated the last year’s March protest in Lhasa city. Inend we had to sign “opinion paper” with our finger-print and signature. In that manner the monks werenever allowed to settle down for their monastic stud-ies and spiritual contemplation, instead, they wereharassed, disturbed all the time in the name of “pa-

triotic education and loving motherland country”.We monks never found peace in our monastery.

The Chinese government run radio would oftenbombard people with all kinds of lies and propa-ganda claiming “monks are enthusiastically takingpart in great “patriotic education” campaign in greatnumber and with great success”. However, the truesituation on the ground was a far cry from actualtruth. Not a single monk like the “patriotic educa-tion” campaign and also in future not one will ei-ther like it.

The situation in our monastery had become ex-tremely oppressive and repressive. There was no free-dom, peace and happiness around. Every monk inour monastery was dreaming of leaving the monas-tery and come to India to pursue monastic educa-tion. On my part, I devised a plan to go for a pil-grimage to holy city of Lhasa by prostrating. In doingso, I could at least avoid the unhappy environmentat our monastery as well as to devote my life to truespiritual pursuits.In March 2008, I started my prostration journeyfrom Tashi-ling Monastery to Lhasa city. However,when I reached Nagchu County, Nagchu Prefec-ture on 20 March 2008, I was told by Nagchu offi-cials not to continue my prostration pilgrimage toLhasa city, and I was turned back with much painand disappointment.

Undaunted by difficulties, in July 2008, I once againresumed my pilgrimage to Lhasa city. Once againChamdo authorities stopped me from undertakingmy prostration journey to Lhasa city. Then Iboarded a bus and reached Lhasa city. While I wasdoing my prostration at Bakhor, at around 4 am inthe morning, the Lhasa Public Security Bureau(PSB) arrested me. I was taken to a detention centerwhere I was interrogated about the purpose of mycoming to Lhasa. They immediately seized my bagpack and searched it. It only contained a cushion I

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used for prostration. Because they arrested me onsuspicion ground, I was quickly released. However,I couldn’t continue my prostration devotion andpilgrimage. I made my mind to escape to India andtoday I am before you. There is no religious free-dom inside Tibet. I come here to undertake reli-gious study and spiritual contemplation in one ofthe Tibetan monasteries in south India.”

Ban Imposed on Important ReligiousOccassion

Despite their protected status, religious ceremoniescontinue to be strongly restricted in Tibet in directcontravention of international laws protecting thefreedom to manifest one’s religion. Prohibitionscontinue to be in place for important days like SakaDawa62, Gaden Ngyamchoe63, and the birthdays ofthe Dalai Lama and the 11th Panchen Lama GedhunChoekyi Nyima. Those failing to abide by theseorders risk expulsion from school and fines.

The basic protection of the right to worship or as-semble in connection with one’s religion as notedpreviously,64 is directly violated by Articles 27, 28and 14 in the Implementing Measures. Articles 27and 28 establish the unfettered authority in the rel-evant governmental department to directly manage,without any accountability, a religious event thatexceeds the capacity of an approved religious venueto ensure that it is carried out with “safety and or-der”. No guidelines are provided for what “safetyand order” means, or for what level of supervisionwould be acceptable by the government. Thus, noguarantees are provided that these intrusions by thegovernment will not infringe or even prohibit thefreedom to worship at such a religious event. Fur-ther, under Article 14, religious gatherings (just thegeneral collective activity of religious citizens) havebeen outright prohibited unless held at registered,approved religious venues, or a site appointed bythe people’s government religious affairs department

at the county level or above. Further, they must bepresided over by religious personnel pre-approvedby the government. Implicit in this article is the fearand consequent distrust of the Chinese governmentof the practice and power of religion – of religiouspeople gathering without the control and watchfuleye of the state. In essence, this provision reflectsthe Chinese policy that the practice of religion, orat least Tibetan Buddhism, in China is not valid orlegal until expressly sanctioned by the government.

Earlier, a monk named Tapey from Kirti Jhepa Mon-astery, in his mid twenties immolated himself on27 February 2009 at town’s main road. Eyewitnessesreported that he was carrying a picture of the DalaiLama and was shouting slogans. Reports say he wasshot by the Chinese security forces and then col-lapsed on ground.65 In an ICT update released on 1March 2009, it was further substantiated that he sethimself on fire after officials announced a ban onmarking the Monlam prayer festival at Kirti. TheMonlam (Great Prayer) Festival, falls on 4th -11thday of the 1st Tibetan month in Tibetan Buddhism– directly after the Tibetan New Year (Losar). As thegreatest religious festival in Tibet, thousands ofmonks (of the three main monasteries of Drepung,Sera and Ganden) traditionally gathered for chant-ing prayers and performing religious rituals at theJokhang Temple in Lhasa.66

A day before the self-immolation, a thousand monksgathered at Kirti Monastery to demand the Chineseauthorities to allow them to hold the great prayerfestival. Meanwhile, a report released by Xinhua saidthat the monk was recovering from the burn inju-

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ries. Xinhua’s report on 6 March 2009 denies theinitial reports by some Tibetans that the monk wasshot by the Chinese security police as he immolatedhimself.China Banned Important Religious Event inBarkham County67

The Emergency Coordination Committee of KirtiMonastery in Dharamsala issued a press statementon 28 December 2009 regarding the imposition ofban on annual congregation of Tibetan Buddhistmonks in Barkham County.

According to the tradition, which started three yearsback, the third annual winter session on Valid Cog-nition, (Sanskrit: pramana Tib: Tsema) was to beheld at Gyalrong Kirti Tsodhun Monastery. It was amonth long religious event that attracted thousandsof monks from over fifty monasteries in Qinghaiand Sichuan Provinces.

The first ever religious congregation on ValidCognition was held in 2007 at Tagtsang Lhamo Kirtimonastery during which the four major monaster-ies of Kirti Tsang, Tagtsang Lhamo Kirti, NgabaKirti, Tsodhun Kirti and Hortsang Kirti decided totake turns to host the event. Last year’s congrega-tion of Valid Cognition was held at Ngaba Kirti un-der severe atmosphere of restriction and vigilanceby the Chinese government. The monastery wascordoned off and monks and nuns from other mon-asteries and nunneries were not allowed to partici-pate in the important religious event.

This year the annual congregation on Valid Cogni-tion was to be hosted by Tsodhun Monastery andthe preparations for the event was underway. How-ever on 2 December 2009, Barkham County au-thorities issued the imposition of ban on the reli-gious event, for violating the so-called “rules andregulations” (consisted of 9 articles and 44 clauses)earlier announced on 16 August 2009 by the Chi-

nese government. Since then Tsodhun Monasteryhas been placed under close vigilance and restriction.The “rules and regulations” provided tough regula-tion and control over religious institutions in Tibet.It is China’s newest attempt to legitimize the re-pression of religious freedom inside Tibet.

On 16 December 2009, around 20 local authori-ties, including high ranking Deputy Party Secretaryof Ngaba Tibet Autonomous Prefecture (TAP)called up a meeting of monks at Tsodhun Monas-tery and announced that the year’s annual religiouscongregation on Valid Cognition could not be heldunder the “rules and regulations”. He issued a strictwarning to monks and nuns of arrest, detention andclosure of the monastery if they refused to complythe government order.

The Chinese authorities refused to reverse the bandespite repeated attempts by senior monks ofTsogdhun Monastery to allay the Chinese authori-ties’ suspicions. Moreover the Chinese authoritiesaccused Kirti Monastery of spearheading the lastyear’s protest against the Chinese government as wellas coming under the influence of Kirti Rinpoche, aprominent Buddhist scholar and teacher based inDharamsala, India to stage separatist activities.

Conclusion

The year 2009 has been the year of unprecedentedrepression of the religious freedom in all parts ofTibet. The year also saw the intensification of theinfamous “patriotic education” campaign in religiousinstitutions across Tibet, resulting in widespread vio-lation of freedom of religious worship and beliefs.Unlike previous years, the year also witnessed theextension of “patriotic education” campaign in secu-lar society, particular in areas that saw serious pro-tests and demonstrations during the pan-Tibet up-rising of 2008. In the past the launch of “patrioticeducation” campaign appeared to be sporadic but

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since the beginning of this year onwards, it has beensystematic, protracted and enforced with newfoundvigor and zeal by the Chinese authorities. The DalaiLama continues to be linked with every aspect ofreligious devotion and spiritual activities of Bud-dhist monks and nuns in Tibet. The Chinese secu-rity continues to intimidate, restrict activities andmovements of monks and nuns in religious institu-tions. Religious institutions across Tibet continueto face steady decline in the quality of religious edu-cation. In the backdrop of the stringent enforcementof “patriotic education” campaign, the future of Ti-betan Buddhism appears bleak and dark. In everyaspect the year 2009 has been one of the worst yearsof religious repression in Tibet for decades.

Endnotes

1 TEARS OF BLOOD - Mary Craig, 1992, A CRY FOR TIBET,Harper Collins Religious, pg. 27

2 The relevant provisions protecting the freedom to manifestone’s religion are found in: UDHR, Article 18; ICCPR, Articles18(1), (3); 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Article6; General Comment 22, par. 4; and Commission on HumanRights, Resolution 2005/40, 2005, par. 4, E/CN/4/RES/2005/40 (cited infra as Commission on Human Rights 2005Resolution).

3 United Nations General Assembly, Declaration on theElimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of DiscriminationBased on Religion or Belief, 25 November 1981, Article 6(a),A/RES/36/55 (cited infra as 1981 Declaration of the GeneralAssembly).

4 Human Rights Committee, General Comment 22, 1993, par.4, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/9a30112c27d1167cc12563ed004d8f15?Opendocument(cited infra as General Comment 22). The relevant provisionsprotecting the freedom of religion from coercion are found in:UDHR, Article 18; ICCPR, Article 18(2);1981 Declarationof the General Assembly, Article 1(2); and General Comment22, par. 4.

5 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Article 6(a);General Comment 22, par. 4.

6 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Article6(a);General Comment 22, par. 4.

7 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Article 6(a);General Comment 22, par. 4.

8 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Article 6(a);GeneralComment 22, par. 4.

9 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Article 6(h);GeneralComment 22, par. 4.

1 0 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Article 6(h);GeneralComment 22, par. 4.

1 1 General comment par. 41 2 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Article 6(g);

General Comment 22, par. 4.1 3 General comment, par.41 4 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly, Article 6(g);1 5 General Comment 22, par. 4; 1981 Declaration of the General

Assembly, Article 6(d); Commission on Human Rights 2005Resolution, par. 4.d.

16 See Living Buddha, Official Document 1, pp. 89-98(translation of the “TAR” Measures for Implementation ofthe ‘Regulations for Religious Affairs’).

1 6 TCHRD Annual Report 2006: Human Rights Situation inTibet“, TCHRD, January 2007, Executive Summary, availableat http://www.tchrd.org/publications/hr_updates/2007/hr200701.html#Executive.

1 7 TCHRD Annual Report 2006: Human Rights Situation inTibet“,TCHRD, January 2007, Executive Summary, available at http://www. tchrd .o rg /pub l i c a t ions /h r_upda te s /2007/hr200701.html#Executive.

1 8 CECC Report, General Overview, Executive Summary -Freedom of Religion; USCIRF Report, p. 120 (“legal reforms,which were issued with the promise of increased religiousfreedom protections, have not halted abuses and are used insome cases to justify arrests and other restrictions); “TCHRDAnnual Report 2005, Human Rights Situation in Tibet”,TCHRD, January 2005, Religion Chapter, fn. 52, 53, availableat http://www.tchrd.org/publications/annual_reports/2005/ar_2005.pdf; Michael Weisskopf, “Report: China RepressionWorsening”, Phayul.com, 15 October 2007, available at http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?id=18230.

19 States were described as schizophrenic in the context of theirincongruent international undertakings in an article by FIDH.“Report, The WTO and human rights, For the primacy ofhuman rights”, FIDH, November 2001, No. 320/2, p. 4 (citedinfra as Primacy of Human Rights).

2 0 Living Buddha, p. 4 (citing Xinhuanet, March 2, 2007).2 1 CECC Report, General Overview and Freedom of Religion.2 2 Two monks commit suicide in Amdo Ngaba, 4 April 2008,

Http://www.tchrd.org/press/2008/pr20080404a.html2 3 Ibid2 4 Ngaba (Ch:Aba) County, Ngaba “Tibetan Autonomous

Prefecture,” Sichuan province - Repression leads monk tocommit suicide, Updates on Tibet, 22 April 2008

2 5 A monk commits suicide due to “patriotic re-education”,Update on Tibet Demonstrations, 21 July 2008, http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/2008/0708/21C0708.html

2 6 Five Ramoche monks missing since April raid, September 2008,http://www.tchrd.org/publications/hr_updates/2008/hr200809.html

2 7 Nine monks sentenced, other committed suicide in Tibet, 10February 2009, http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090210.html

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2 8 Ragya Monastery encircled, reeling under severe restriction,23 March 2009, http://www.tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090323b.html

2 9 Mass detentions of monks, suicides and despair as enforcedcondemnation of Dalai Lama provokes dissent, 29 April 2009,http://www.savetibet.org/media-center/ict-news-reports/mass-detentions-monks-suicides-and-despair-enforced-condemnation-dalai-lama-provokes-disse

3 0 Ibid3 1 Aggressive anti-Dalai Lama campaign in Kham; imminent food

shortages feared as result of security sweep, 17 April 2009,http://www.savetibet.org/media-center/ict-news-reports/aggressive-anti-dalai-lama-campaign-kham-imminent-food-shortages-feared-result-security-sw

3 2 Ngaba (Ch: Aba) County, Ngaba “TAP” (incorporated into aChinese province of Sichuan) - A teenager monk from KirtiDhongri monastery commits suicide due to “patriotic re-education”, Update on Tibet Demonstrations, 9 July 2008,h t t p : / / w w w . t i b e t . n e t / e n /index.php?id=285&articletype=flash&rmenuid=morenews

3 3 Fear of arrest and torture causes Tibetan monk to Commitsuicide in Tibet, 21 April 2008, http://www.tibet.net/en/index.php?id=846&articletype=flash

3 4 Meldro Gungkar (Ch: Mozhugongka) County, Lhasamunicipality- Protests held again, Update on Tibet, 26 April2008, http://www.tibet.net/en/flash/2008/0408/26C0408.html

3 5 Identified list of Tibetans killed under China’s crackdownsince 10 March 2008, http://www.tibet.net/en/pdf/tibetans_killed_2008.pdf

3 6 Tibetan Monks in Critical Condition After Attempted Suicide,as Protests Mount, 13 March 2008, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/politics/tibet_protest-20080313.html

3 7 Self-immolated man asked to amputate his legs, 13 March2009, http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090313.html

3 8 TCHRD Press Release, Dated: 10 February 2010, “Ninemonks sentenced, other committed suicide in Tibet”

3 9 TCHRD Press Release, Dated: 20 July 2009, “A Tibetanmonk sentenced to 3-years in jail for opposing ‘Patrioticeducation’ Campaign”

4 0 http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090720.html.4 1 TCHRD Press Release, Dated: 24 July 2009, “China expels

disciplinary head of Amdo Jaqung Monastery”4 2 http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090724.html.4 3 Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, Asma

Janhangir, Extracts from the Annual Reports 2006 and 2007of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief,Asma Janhangir, par. 35, Framework for Communications, E/CN.4/2006/5 (cited infra as Special Rapporteur Extracts).

4 4 Human Rights Committee, General Comment 22, 1993, par.4, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/9a30112c27d1167cc12563ed004d8f15?Opendocument(cited infra as General Comment 22). The relevant provisionsprotecting the freedom of religion from coercion are found in:UDHR, Article 18; ICCPR, Article 18(2); United NationsGeneral Assembly, Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms

of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion orBelief, 25 November 1981, Article 1(2), A/RES/36/55 (citedinfra as 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly); andGeneral Comment 22, par. 4.

4 5 Human Rights Committee, General Comment 22, 1993, par.4, available at http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/9a30112c27d1167cc12563ed004d8f15?Opendocument(cited infra as General Comment 22). The relevant provisionsprotecting the freedom of religion from coercion are found in:UDHR, Article 18; ICCPR, Article 18(2); United NationsGeneral Assembly, Declaration on the Elimination of All Formsof Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion orBelief, 25 November 1981, Article 1(2), A/RES/36/55 (citedinfra as 1981 Declaration of the General Assembly); andGeneral Comment 22, par. 4.

4 6 TCHRD Press Release, Dated: 22 April 2009, “A popularTibetan religious head put on trial in Kardze”

4 7 Tibetan ‘living Buddha’ Phurbu Tsering jailed by China, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8436865.stm

4 8 http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090422.html.4 9 TCHRD Press Release: Dated: 22 November 2009, “Tongkor

shooting survivor reaches exile with a harrowing tale”5 0 TCHRD Press Release: Dated: 22 November 2009, “Tongkor

shooting survivor reaches exile with a harrowing tale”5 1 http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090403b.html.5 2 TCHRD Press Release, Dated: 7 December 2009, “Kardze

nun protestor died under mysterious circumstances in ChengduHospital”

5 3 Kathmandu Interview No. 12, Dated: 24 September 2009,“Anti Dalai campaign in Nagchu County”

5 4 Kathmandu Interview No. 14, Dated: 16 February 2009, “Bea good monk of the Communist China!”

5 5 http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090828.html.5 6 http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090828.html.5 7 Kathmandu Interview No. 11, Dated: 21 January 2009,

“Kumbum Monastery under “patriotic education”campaign”5 8 Arjia Rinpoche (Lobsang Thupten Juimai Gyatso) is the

spiritual head of Kumbum Monastery, one of the six largestmonasteries of the Gelugpa school of Tibetan Buddhism. It isthe birthplace of Lama Tsong Khapa (founder of the schoolwhich is now headed by the Dalai Lama). Kumbum Monasterywas once the home of 3,600 monks and well revered by thefour well known Buddhist Colleges for higher learning: TheInstitute of Sutra, Institute of Tantra, Institute of TibetanMedicine, and the Institute of the Kalachakra (Astrology). Inthe 1980s, after Buddhism began to revive in Tibet and inChina, Arjia Rinpoche reestablished monastic life andtraditional studies at Kumbum. Since his defection in 1998,he sought exile in America, where he has since been livingthere.

5 9 Living Buddha, p. 24.6 0 Kathmandu Interview No. 4, Dated: 12 September 2009,

“repression of religious freedom in Tsang Tashi LhunpoMonastery”

6 1 Kathmandu Interview No. 3, Dated: 4 August 2009, “A pilgrimstopped from undertaking his pilgrimage journey”

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6 2 Buddha Shakyamuni’s Birth, Enlightenment and Parinirvana6 3 The day on which Je Tsongkapa, founder of Gelugpa Sect of

Tibetan Buddhism passed away.6 4 The day on which Je Tsongkapa, founder of Gelugpa Sect of

Tibetan Buddhism passed away.6 5 http://tchrd.org/press/2009/pr20090216a.html.6 6 h t t p : / / w w w. s a v e t i b e t . o r g / f i l e s / d o c u m e n t s /

new_protest_today_in_Ngaba_030109.pdf.6 7 Press Statement issued by Emergency Coordination of Kirti

Monastery, 28 December 2009, China bans the third annualwinter session of Tsema congregation

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P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

94- 0

77

Che

mi D

orje

e ?

26M

Serw

a M

onas

tery

29/0

3/94

Chu

shul

Pris

on15

yrs

Cha

mdo

Pas

hoe

09-0

36C

him

e20

F00

/00/

2008

21/0

4/20

0910

Yrs

L M

I P

Cou

rtN

amlin

g C

ount

y, S

higa

tse

Pref

ectu

re "

TA

R"

09-0

77C

him

e G

onpo

00/0

0/20

083

Yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

58C

hode

nM

2 Yr

sR

ebko

ng C

ount

y, M

alho

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e08

-176

Cho

edon

F25

/03/

2008

7 Yr

sC

hogr

i, K

ardz

e"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-132

Cho

ephe

l33

M4

Yrs

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-005

Cho

ephe

l33

M4/

4/20

084/

11/2

008

4 Yr

sN

C P

Cou

rtN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-1

11C

hoep

hel

24M

00/0

0/20

0800

/00/

2009

Chu

shul

2Y&

6ML

M I

P C

ourt

Tak

tse

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-1

11C

hoep

hel T

ashi

M00

/03/

2008

3-14

Yrs

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"09

-044

Cho

etso

Dol

ma

FG

aden

Cho

elin

g N

unne

ry14

/05/

2008

00/0

1/20

09C

heng

du1

Yrs

K C

P C

ourt

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

96-2

24D

awa

Dor

jee

31M

Ban

k Em

ploy

ee00

/00/

96C

hush

ul P

rison

16 y

rsN

agch

u 09

-033

Daw

a Sa

ngpo

30M

00/0

0/20

088/

4/20

09Li

fe Im

priso

nmen

tL

M I

P C

ourt

98-0

30D

awa

Tse

ring

54M

Farm

er00

/09/

98C

hush

ul P

rison

15 Y

rsM

arkh

am, C

ham

do T

AR

08-0

81D

eyan

g F

Nga

ngon

g N

unne

ry3

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

51D

harg

yal

26M

24/0

4/20

085

Yrs

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

25D

hola

M

15/0

3/20

0815

Yrs

Phen

po L

hund

up C

ount

y, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"09

-002

Dhu

ngts

o20

FG

hem

a D

ragg

o N

unne

ry18

/06/

2008

00/0

1/20

09C

heng

du2

Yrs

K C

P C

ourt

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

26D

olky

ab T

sang

Lam

a K

yab

19M

11/4

/200

815

Yrs

Mac

hu C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

82D

olm

aF

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

24/0

3/20

083

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

06-0

09D

olm

a K

yap

30M

`T

each

er, W

riter

9/3/

2005

Xili

ng P

rison

10 y

rsT

soch

ang,

TA

P Q

ingh

ai08

-177

Dol

ma

Yang

tso

FN

gang

ong

Nun

nery

25/0

3/20

087

Yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

45D

olm

a Ya

ngts

o34

FSe

rtha

Bud

dhist

Inst

itute

2 Yr

sSe

rtha

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

83D

onya

ng25

/03/

2008

3 Yr

sK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-133

Dor

jee

M20

-21/

03/2

008

4 Yr

sM

achu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TA

P" G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e09

-040

Dor

jee

M

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry14

/05/

2008

00/0

0/08

-09

2 Yr

sN

C P

Cou

rtN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

12D

orje

e D

harg

yal

M00

/03/

2008

3-14

Yrs

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

" 08

-160

Dor

jee

Dol

ma

F15

/03/

2008

5-14

Yrs

Phen

po L

hund

up C

ount

y, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"

Appendices

161

TC

HR

DN

ame

Age

Sex

Aff

iliat

ion

Dat

e of

Arr

est

Dat

e of

Sen

tenc

ePr

ison

Ter

mC

ourt

Orig

in08

-178

Dor

jee

Kha

ndo

FG

aden

Cho

elin

g N

unne

ry14

/05/

2008

7 Yr

sK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-026

Dor

jee

Tas

hi18

M18

/03/

2008

00/0

0/08

-09

3 Yr

sK

C P

Cou

rtK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-027

Dor

jee

Wan

gyal

31M

Tha

nggy

a M

onas

tery

1/4/

2008

15 Y

rsG

onjo

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

08-0

41D

orjo

rM

00/0

3/20

0815

Yrs

+Lh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-0

77D

rakp

a G

yalts

enM

Ben

kar M

onas

tery

00/0

3/20

082Y

rsD

riru

Cou

nty,

Nag

chu

Pref

ectu

re "

TA

R"

08-0

48D

rukd

a42

MN

gaba

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry28

-29/

03/2

008

1Y&

4MN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-084

Gar

i Kar

ma

Tse

phel

M3

Yrs

Taw

u C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-021

Gel

ekM

Sang

Nag

Cho

ekor

M15

/03/

2008

00/0

5-06

/200

82

Yrs

L I P

Cou

rtLh

odra

g C

ount

y, L

hoka

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

09-1

01G

endu

nM

Rag

ya M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

0913

/08/

2009

1 Yr

sM

a C

P C

ourt

Mac

hen

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "

TA

P" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

08-0

85G

oga

M18

/03/

2008

3 Yr

sSe

rtha

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze"

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

67G

oga

M00

/00/

2008

3 Yr

sK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-079

Gon

po G

yalts

en00

/00/

2008

3 Yr

sK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-022

Gon

po T

sekh

o30

M14

Yrs

Mac

hu C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

09-0

60G

onpo

Tse

ring

32M

00/0

0/20

0800

/00/

2009

3 Yr

sD

C P

Cou

rtD

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

59G

osoe

M21

/03/

2008

2 Yr

sSe

rtha

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze"

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

04-0

17G

yalp

o26

M00

/02/

04N

gapa

Pris

on11

yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

TA

P Si

chua

n09

-014

Gya

ltsen

MSa

mye

Mon

aste

ry15

/03/

2008

00/0

5-06

/200

815

Yrs

L I P

Cou

rtT

sona

Cou

nty,

Lho

ka P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"06

-012

G

yalts

en N

amda

k24

MSe

ra M

onas

tery

00/0

5/20

06C

hush

ul P

rison

5 Yr

sSh

igat

se, T

AR

09-1

21G

yats

o N

yim

aM

6/6/

2008

00/0

4/20

09C

heng

du1

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

00-0

08G

yurm

ey ?

28M

Sog

Tse

dhen

Mon

aste

ry17

/03/

00C

hush

ul P

rison

10 y

rsSo

g.So

gron

gmi

08-1

98G

yurm

ey D

hond

up28

MT

hang

gya

Mon

aste

ry1/

4/20

08Li

fe

Gon

jo C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"08

-001

Gyu

rmey

Thi

nley

M10

Yrs

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-1

03H

u-Lo

M21

/03/

2009

13/0

8/20

091

Yrs

Ma

C P

Cou

rtM

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e08

-134

Jam

drup

21M

Khe

npa

Lung

Mon

aste

ry12

/5/2

008

4 Yr

s09

-094

Jam

pa

46M

Kha

bche

n M

onas

tery

4/7/

2009

2 Yr

sC

P I

P C

ourt

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"09

-003

Jam

pa D

icky

i20

F31

/05/

2008

00/0

1/20

09C

heng

du2

Yrs

K C

P C

ourt

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

02-0

38Ja

mpa

Nam

gyal

40M

N/A

00/0

1/02

Nga

ba P

rison

9yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty

09-0

51Ja

mph

el29

M11

/8/2

008

7/5/

2009

4 Yr

sD

C P

Cou

rtN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

74Ja

mya

ng

00/0

0/20

083

Yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

47Ja

mya

ng C

hoep

hel

21M

Nga

ba K

irti M

onas

tery

28-2

9/03

/200

81Y

&3M

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-1

00Ja

mya

ng K

hedr

upM

Rag

ya M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

0913

/08/

2009

2 Yr

sM

a C

P C

ourt

Mac

hen

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "

TA

P" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

08-0

86Ja

mya

ng L

odoe

15M

Khe

npa

Lung

Mon

aste

ry12

/5/2

008

3 Yr

sM

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"08

-060

Jam

yang

Nyi

ma

30M

Kirt

i Don

gri M

onas

tery

30/0

3/20

082

Yrs

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

58Ja

mya

ng S

hera

b42

MD

hen

Cho

ekor

M9-

10/1

/200

922

/05/

2009

13 Y

rsJ C

P C

ourt

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"09

-090

Jam

yang

Ten

zin

35M

Yonr

u G

eyde

n R

abga

ylin

g 3/

10/2

007

3/7/

2009

3 Yr

sK

C P

Cou

rtLi

than

g C

ount

y, k

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e07

-005

Jam

yang

Ten

zin

33M

Your

u G

eyde

nlin

g M

10/3

/200

7Li

than

g PS

B D

C8y

rsYo

uru

Sakh

or, L

ithan

g, K

ardz

e T

AP

08-0

87Ja

ngse

m N

yim

a22

M6/

6/20

083

Yrs

Dza

toe

Cou

nty,

Jyek

undo

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e08

-037

Jigm

e26

MD

ingk

ha M

onas

tery

17/0

3/20

0815

Yrs

+T

oelu

ng D

eche

n C

ount

y,Lh

asa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"96

-259

Jigm

e G

yats

o34

MA

mdo

Lab

rang

Mon

aste

ry30

/03/

96C

hush

ul P

rison

18 Y

rsK

anlh

o Sa

ngch

u08

-135

Jigtr

in T

sang

Nam

se38

M00

/03/

2008

4 Yr

sN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

50Jin

paM

Ron

gpo

Mon

aste

ry1Y

&6M

Reb

kong

Cou

nty,

Mal

ho "

TA

P" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

08-0

28K

alba

r23

M16

/03/

2008

15 Y

rsN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

99K

albh

a23

M17

/03/

2008

life

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

61K

alde

n C

hoda

kM

15/0

3/20

085-

14 Y

rsPh

enpo

Lhu

ndup

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans S

ente

nced

162


TC

HR

DN

ame

Age

Sex

Aff

iliat

ion

Dat

e of

Arr

est

Dat

e of

Sen

tenc

ePr

ison

Ter

mC

ourt

Orig

in07

-006

Kal

gyam

26M

Farm

er10

/3/2

007

Lith

ang

PSB

DC

5yrs

Your

u K

hars

hul,

Lith

ang

Kar

dze,

TA

P 08

-038

Kal

sang

Bak

do28

MD

ingk

ha M

onas

tery

17/0

3/20

0815

Yrs

+T

oelu

ng D

eche

n C

ount

y,Lh

asa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"08

-113

Kal

sang

Dho

ndup

22M

10/3

/200

83-

14 Y

rsM

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e,"T

AR

"08

-088

Kal

sang

Dor

jee

39M

25/0

3/20

083

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

14K

alsa

ng N

yim

a M

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-2

00K

alsa

ng T

serin

gM

Tha

nggy

a M

onas

tery

1/4/

2008

Life

G

onjo

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

08-1

15K

alsa

ng T

serin

gM

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

09-0

32K

angt

suk

M00

/00/

2008

8/4/

2009

S.D

eath

sent

ence

L M

I P

Cou

rt08

-042

Kar

ma

Daw

a27

MD

ingk

ha M

onas

tery

18/0

3/20

0815

Yrs

+T

oelu

ng D

eche

n C

ount

y,Lh

asa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"08

-089

Kar

ma

Gya

ltsen

30

M20

/03/

2008

3 Yr

sR

iwoc

he C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

" 08

-061

Kel

Tso

n23

MT

rosik

Mon

aste

ry2

Yrs

Nga

ba C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-072

Kel

den

M00

/03/

2008

20 Y

rsPh

enpo

Lhu

ndup

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

09-0

48K

elsa

ng G

yats

o21

MLu

tsan

g M

onas

tery

25/0

2/20

092

Yrs

M C

P C

ourt

Man

gra

Cou

nty,

Tso

lho

"TA

P" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

08-1

79K

hand

o Lh

amo

FN

gang

ong

Nun

nery

25/0

3/20

087

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-1

25K

hang

Kun

chok

M20

/03/

2008

00/0

0/20

082

Yrs

N C

P C

ourt

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-015

Khe

chok

36M

11/4

/200

813

Yrs

Mac

hu C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

02K

hedu

p G

yats

oM

Tsa

ng M

onas

tery

10 Y

rsR

ebko

ng C

ount

y, M

alho

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e08

-003

Kun

chok

16M

Tse

ndra

k M

onas

tery

11/4

/200

810

Yrs

Mac

hu C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

09-0

82K

unch

ok D

hond

upM

00/0

0/20

0800

/00/

2008

Dra

pchi

4 Yr

sC

P I

P C

ourt

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

09-0

85K

unch

ok Ji

npa

33M

Gad

en C

hoep

hel L

ing

M18

/03/

2008

12 Y

rsK

I P

Cou

rtSa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

09-1

23K

unch

ok T

seph

el39

M26

/02/

2009

12/1

1/20

0915

Yrs

K I

P C

ourt

Mac

hu C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-1

36K

unch

ok T

sultr

im

MG

yupa

Mon

aste

ry29

/03/

2008

4 Yr

sD

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

39K

unga

MK

irti M

onas

tery

14/0

5/20

0800

/00/

08-0

92

Yrs

N C

P C

ourt

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-004

Kun

ga P

hunt

sok

19M

Tha

nggy

a M

onas

tery

3/4/

2008

10 Y

rsG

onjo

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

08-0

43K

unga

Ten

zin

20M

Tha

nggy

a M

onas

tery

15Yr

s09

-124

Kun

ga T

saya

ngM

Labr

ang

Tas

hi K

yi M

17/0

3/20

0912

/11/

2009

5 Yr

sK

I P

Cou

rtC

higd

ral C

ount

y, G

olog

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e07

-003

Kun

khen

32M

Tea

cher

8/22

/200

7D

arts

edo

PSB

DC

9 yr

sLi

than

g,K

arze

TA

P08

-090

Kun

sang

Dor

jee

M24

/03/

2008

3 Yr

sD

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-091

Kun

yang

MK

henp

a Lu

ng M

onas

tery

3 Yr

s09

-052

Lam

a23

M11

/8/2

008

7/5/

2009

4 Y

rsD

C P

Cou

rtN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

29La

ma

Kya

b 20

M11

/4/2

008

15 Y

rsK

ardz

e, "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

92La

ma

Tag

yal

MG

onsa

r Mon

aste

ry3

Yrs

Der

ge C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-162

Lhak

don

F15

/03/

2008

5-14

Yrs

Phen

po L

hund

up C

ount

y, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"08

-137

Lhak

pa C

hoet

so(lh

atru

k)24

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry7/

4/20

084

Yrs

Dar

tsed

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-073

Lhak

pa T

serin

gM

00/0

0/20

087

Yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-1

12Lh

akpa

Tse

ring

22M

00/0

0/20

0800

/00/

2009

5 Yr

sL

M I

P C

ourt

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"08

-116

Lhak

pa T

serin

g (C

hew

a)M

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-1

17Lh

akpa

Tse

ring

(Chu

ngw

a)M

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

09-0

11Lh

amo

29F

Yart

eng

Nun

nery

18/0

6/20

0815

/01/

2009

2Y&

6MK

C P

Cou

rtK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-138

Lham

o C

hoet

so33

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry4

Yrs

Dar

tsed

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-093

Lhud

rup

Ten

dar

43M

Ach

og T

seny

i Mon

aste

ry3

Yrs

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

39Lh

undu

p32

M24

/04/

2008

4 Yr

sN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

84Lo

bsan

g 36

MG

aden

Cho

ephe

l Lin

g M

18/0

3/20

0821

Yrs

K I

P C

ourt

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TA

P" G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e09

-042

Lobs

ang

Cho

egye

n18

MK

ardz

e M

onas

tery

14/0

5/20

085

Yrs

K C

P C

ourt

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans S

ente

nced

Appendices

163

TC

HR

DN

ame

Age

Sex

Affi

liatio

nD

ate

of A

rres

tD

ate

of S

ente

nceP

rison

Ter

mC

ourt

Orig

in97

-053

Lobs

ang

Dor

jee

19M

Dro

ngsa

r Mon

aste

ry7/

01/1

997

Cha

mdo

DC

14 y

rs

Cha

mdo

Pas

hoe

08-1

52Lo

bsan

g G

yats

o19

MW

oese

r Mon

aste

ry14

/05/

2008

5 Yr

sM

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"08

-054

Lobs

ang

Jam

yang

32

MN

gaba

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry28

-29/

03/2

008

1Y&

9MN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e94

-076

Lobs

ang

Jinp

a ?

23M

Serw

a M

onas

tery

29/0

3/94

Chu

shul

Pris

on15

yrs

Cha

mdo

Joj

ugya

bdo

08-1

63Lo

bsan

g K

hech

okM

15/0

3/20

085-

14 Y

rsPh

enpo

Lhu

ndup

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

04-0

16Lo

bsan

g K

hedr

up22

M00

/02/

04N

gapa

Pris

on11

yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

TA

P Si

chua

n09

-106

Lobs

ang

Ngo

dup

29M

Oen

po M

onas

tery

10/3

/200

800

/04/

2009

Chu

shul

5 Yr

sL

M I

P C

ourt

Sers

hul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-118

Lobs

ang

Sam

ten

M00

/03/

2008

3-14

Yrs

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"08

-119

Lobs

ang

Tas

hiM

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

96-1

57Lo

bsan

g T

enpa

23M

Gad

en M

onas

tery

5/7/

1996

Chu

shul

Pris

on15

yrs

Drig

ung

Mel

dro

09-0

41Lo

bsan

g T

enpa

17M

Kar

dze

Mon

aste

ry14

/05/

2008

5 Yr

sK

C P

Cou

rtK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e88

-052

Lobs

ang

Ten

zin

22M

TA

R""

Uni

vers

ity19

/03/

88C

hush

ul P

rison

18 y

rsLh

asa

08-0

62Lo

bsan

g T

hupt

en25

MT

hang

kar M

onas

tery

17/0

3/20

082

Yrs

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

94-0

79Lo

bsan

g T

segy

al28

MSe

rew

a M

onas

tery

29/0

3/94

Chu

shul

Pris

on15

yrs

Cha

mdo

Pas

hoe

08-0

30Lo

bsan

g T

sem

eyM

15/0

3/20

0815

Yrs

Phen

po L

hund

up C

ount

y, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"08

-191

Lobs

ang

Tse

phel

MR

atoe

Mon

aste

ry9

Yrs

Chu

shul

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity"T

AR

"95

-118

Lobs

ang

Tse

ring

MD

rong

sar M

onas

tery

8/11

/199

5C

ham

do D

C14

yrs

Cha

mdo

Pas

hoe

09-1

09Lo

bsan

g W

angc

huk

26M

00/0

0/20

0800

/00/

2009

Chu

shul

15 Y

rsL

M I

P C

ourt

Tak

tse

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-0

94Lo

chu

Cho

pa T

har

M3

Yrs

Reb

kong

Cou

nty,

Mal

ho "

TA

P" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

09-1

05Lo

doe

30M

Oen

po M

onas

tery

10/3

/200

800

/04/

2009

Chu

shul

10 Y

rsL

M I

P C

ourt

Sers

hul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-013

Lodo

e19

MT

send

rak

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

12 Y

rsSa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

, Gan

su P

rovi

nce

93-2

40Lo

droe

Gya

tso

33M

Sog

Dra

ma

Ass

ocia

tion

17/0

1/93

Chu

shul

Pris

on21

yrs

Sog,

Sogr

ongm

i08

-016

Lodr

up P

hunt

sok

23M

Ach

og T

seny

i Mon

aste

ry20

/03/

2008

13 Y

rsN

gaba

"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-017

Lodr

up Y

eshi

33M

Ach

og T

seny

i Mon

aste

ry20

/03/

2008

13 Y

rsN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-180

Lodu

p T

endh

arM

Ach

og T

seny

i Mon

aste

ry7

Yrs

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

95Lo

gha

M18

/03/

2008

3 Yr

sD

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-076

Logh

a00

/00/

2008

3 Yr

sK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-169

Lote

n M

6 Yr

sD

erge

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

07-0

04Lo

thok

36M

Farm

er8/

19/2

007

Dar

tsed

o PS

B D

C5

yrs

Lith

ang,

Kar

ze T

AP

09-0

78Lo

yang

00/0

0/20

083

Yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

08Lu

ngLu

ng S

ona,

M17

/05/

2008

00/0

1/20

093

Yrs

K C

P C

ourt

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

47Lu

ngto

k G

yats

o22

MLu

tsan

g M

onas

tery

25/0

2/20

092

Yrs

M C

P C

ourt

Man

gra

Cou

nty,

Tso

lho

"TA

P" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

08-0

74M

enky

apM

16/0

5/20

082Y

&6M

Sers

hul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-039

Mig

mar

M00

/03/

2008

15 Y

rs +

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

" 08

-120

Mig

mar

M00

/03/

2008

3-14

Yrs

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

" 08

-023

Mig

mar

Dho

ndup

M14

Yrs

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"09

-114

Mig

mar

Dho

ndup

37M

00/0

0/20

0827

/10/

2008

14 Y

rsL

M I

P C

ourt

Din

gri C

ount

y, S

higa

tse

Pref

ectu

re "

TA

R"

08-0

63N

amkh

a T

serin

gM

24/0

3/20

082

Yrs

Reb

kong

Cou

nty,

Mal

ho "

TA

P" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

09-0

53N

amkh

o27

M11

/8/2

008

7/5/

2009

3 Yr

sD

C P

Cou

rtN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

91N

amlh

aM

00/0

4/20

092

Yrs

Diru

Cou

nty,

Nag

chu

Pref

ectu

re "

TA

R"

08-1

40N

amsi

38M

00/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Det

entio

n 4

YRS

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

12N

angr

in36

M24

/04/

2008

11 Y

rsN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-078

Nem

ayM

Ben

kar M

onas

tery

00/0

3/20

08S

2Yrs

Drir

u C

ount

y, N

agch

u Pr

efec

ture

"T

AR

"08

-121

Nga

wan

gM

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans S

ente

nced

164


TC

HR

DN

ame

Age

Sex

Aff

iliat

ion

Dat

e of

Arr

est

Dat

e of

Sen

tenc

ePr

ison

Ter

mC

ourt

Orig

in08

-123

Sona

m T

serin

gM

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-2

02So

nam

Tse

ring

MLi

fe

09-1

18So

nam

Tse

tan

M00

/00/

2008

7/11

/200

810

Yrs

L M

I P

Cou

rtLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-0

07So

nam

Tse

ten

M10

Yrs

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"09

-083

Sona

m Y

arph

el21

M2/

4/20

08T

hrin

g C

hen

12 Y

rsK

C P

Cou

rtK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-008

Tal

o29

M18

/03/

2008

10 Y

rsSa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

, Gan

su P

rovi

nce

09-0

57T

ashi

Dor

jee

30M

Dhe

n C

hoek

or M

onas

tery

9-10

/1/2

009

22/0

5/20

0915

Yrs

J C P

Cou

rtJo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

08-0

67T

ashi

Gya

lM

2 Yr

sR

ebko

ng C

ount

y, M

alho

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e05

-001

Tas

hi G

yats

o37

M5/

5/20

01X

iling

12 y

rsA

mdo

Gol

ok M

ache

n C

ount

y08

-124

Tas

hi G

yats

oM

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

09-0

27T

ashi

Lha

mo

FPa

ngri

Na

Nun

nery

14/0

5/20

0800

/00/

08-0

92

Yrs

K C

P C

ourt

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

64T

ashi

Nam

gyal

M15

/03/

2008

5-14

Yrs

Phen

po L

hund

up C

ount

y, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"08

-102

Tas

hi P

alde

nM

18/0

3/20

083

Yrs

Woe

sang

, Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

75T

ashi

Pal

den

00/0

0/20

083

Yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

95-0

85T

ashi

Tse

ring

MD

amsh

ung

00/0

0/95

Chu

shul

Pris

on15

yrs

Dam

shun

g C

ount

y, L

hasa

, "T

AR

"09

-001

Tas

hi T

so26

FG

hem

a D

ragg

o N

unne

ry18

/06/

2008

Che

ngdu

2Y&

6MK

C P

Cou

rtK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-165

Ten

pa D

hond

upM

15/0

3/20

085-

14 Y

rsPh

enpo

Lhu

ndup

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-1

87T

enph

el

19M

Woe

ser M

onas

tery

14/0

5/20

088

Yrs

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

08-0

31T

enzi

n44

MG

aden

Cho

korli

ng M

23/0

3/20

0815

Yrs

Cho

ne C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

09-0

19T

enzi

n B

huch

ung

MLa

ngth

ang

Mon

aste

ry15

/03/

2008

00/0

5-06

/200

815

Yrs

L I P

Cou

rtPh

enpo

Lhu

ndup

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-0

32T

enzi

n C

hoda

k(te

ncho

)20

M13

/04/

2008

15 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

09-0

81T

enzi

n C

hoed

ak25

M00

/00/

2008

00/0

0/20

0820

Yrs

C P

I P

Cou

rtM

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"09

-122

Ten

zin

Cho

edak

23M

00/0

3/20

0800

/09-

10/2

009

Che

ngdu

15 Y

rsL

M I

P C

ourt

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"09

-017

Ten

zin

Daw

aM

Sam

ye M

onas

tery

15/0

3/20

0800

/05-

06/2

008

2 Yr

sL

I P C

ourt

Tso

me

Cou

nty,

Lho

ka P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"09

-054

Ten

zin

Gya

ltsen

37M

Dhe

n C

hoek

or M

onas

tery

9-10

/1/2

009

22/0

5/20

0915

Yrs

J C P

Cou

rtJo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

08-1

03T

enzi

n G

yalts

en

MK

henp

a Lu

ng M

onas

tery

3 Yr

sLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-0

20T

enzi

n G

yats

o24

MG

aden

Cho

korli

ng M

23/0

3/20

0813

Yrs

Cho

ne C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

96-1

69T

enzi

n K

hedu

pM

Tsa

mpu

ng M

onas

tery

18/0

7/01

Cha

mdo

DC

Life

Ten

gche

n C

ount

y08

-009

Ten

zin

Lham

oF

15/0

3/20

0810

Yrs

Phen

po L

hund

up C

ount

y, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"08

-104

Ten

zin

Ngo

dup

20's

MT

ehor

Tsit

ang

Mon

aste

ry20

/05/

2008

Kar

dze

PSB

DC

3 Yr

sK

ardz

e,"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-065

Ten

zin

Ngo

dup

24M

00/0

0/20

083

Yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

89T

enzi

n N

orbu

29M

00/0

9/20

085

Yrs

C P

I P

Cou

rtM

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"09

-031

Ten

zin

Phun

tsok

M00

/00/

2008

8/4/

2009

S.D

eath

sent

ence

L M

I P

Cou

rt09

-088

Ten

zin

Rin

chen

17M

00/0

9/20

082

Yrs

C P

I P

Cou

rtM

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"08

-144

Ten

zin

Tsa

ngpa

19M

Woe

ser M

onas

tery

14/0

5/20

084

Yrs

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

08-0

53T

enzi

n T

sepo

20M

Tro

sik M

onas

tery

1Y&

9 M

Nga

ba C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-024

Ten

zin

Yesh

iM

15/0

3/20

0814

Yrs

Phen

po L

hund

up C

ount

y, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"09

-020

Ten

zin

Zoe

paM

Jow

o M

onas

tery

15/0

3/20

0800

/05-

06/2

008

13 Y

rsL

I P C

ourt

Tso

me

Cou

nty,

Lho

ka P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"08

-033

Ter

zoed

25M

16/0

3/20

0815

Yrs

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-080

Tha

pkey

Gya

tso

34M

Labr

ang

Tas

hi K

yi M

15/0

3/20

0821

/05/

2009

15 Y

rsK

I P

Cou

rtSa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-1

25T

harc

hin

M00

/03/

2008

3-14

Yrs

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"08

-193

Thi

nley

(Thi

ntse

)30

MN

gaba

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry22

/03/

2008

9 Yr

sN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-154

Thi

nley

Wan

gyal

21M

Tha

nggy

a M

onas

tery

5 Yr

s08

-044

Thu

pa K

yab

20M

Tro

sik M

onas

tery

18/0

3/20

081Y

&9M

Nga

ba C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans S

ente

nced

Appendices

165

TC

HR

DN

ame

Age

Sex

Aff

iliat

ion

Dat

e of

Arr

est

Dat

e of

Sen

tenc

ePr

ison

Ter

mC

ourt

Orig

in08

-145

Thu

pten

Dol

ma

40F

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

11/5

/200

84

Yrs

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

26T

hupt

en G

yats

oM

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-1

46T

hupt

en G

yats

oM

6/6/

2008

4 Yr

sT

awu

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-1

20T

hupt

en G

yats

oM

6/6/

2008

00/0

4/20

09C

heng

du3

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

73T

hupt

en N

yim

a30

MPa

lyul

Mon

aste

ry19

/03/

2008

6 Yr

sC

higd

ril C

ount

y, G

olog

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e05

-002

Thu

pten

Tha

bkai

MT

sam

pung

Mon

aste

ry18

/07/

01C

ham

do D

CLi

feT

engc

hen

Cou

nty

00-0

32T

rakr

u Ye

shi

48M

Ele

ctric

al e

mpl

oyee

19/0

3/00

Chu

shul

Pris

on12

yrs

Sog

Cou

nty

Nag

chu

TA

R92

-156

Trin

kar

33M

Farm

er00

/00/

1992

Chu

shul

Pris

on22

yrs

Sog

Cou

nty,

Nag

chu

TA

R09

-061

Tru

lku

Gep

hal

19M

Sert

ha N

obsu

r Mon

aste

ry28

/06/

2008

00/0

5/20

093

Yrs

K C

P C

ourt

Sert

ha C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e04

-007

Tru

lkuT

enzi

n D

elek

54M

Lith

ang

Mon

aste

ry4/

7/20

02C

huan

dong

Li

feLi

than

g,K

arze

TA

P08

-155

Tru

ngw

ang

Dra

kpa

M5

Yrs

Taw

u C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-034

Tse

choe

nF

16/0

3/20

0815

Yrs

Nga

ba C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-174

Tse

dak

31M

22/0

3/20

086

Yrs

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-021

Tse

kho

27M

17/0

3/20

0813

Yrs

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

47T

sekh

oM

4 Yr

sM

achu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TA

P" G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e08

-156

Tse

nam

MR

atoe

Mon

aste

ry5

Yrs

Chu

shul

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

inic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

02-0

18T

sepa

l64

MSe

rwa

Mon

aste

ry00

/00/

97C

hush

ul P

rison

16 y

rsC

ham

do P

asho

e08

-045

Tse

phal

26M

Tro

sik M

onas

tery

1Y &

9MN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-2

03T

serin

gM

Life

02

-020

Tse

ring

Lhag

on40

MN

/A19

/03/

00C

hush

ul P

rison

15 y

rsSo

g Ya

klas

hang

08-0

10T

serin

g N

yim

a17

MT

hang

gya

Mon

aste

ry10

Yrs

09-0

59T

serin

g Pa

lden

36M

Dhe

n C

hoek

or M

onas

tery

9-10

/1/2

009

22/0

5/20

0912

Yrs

J C P

Cou

rtJo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

08-0

76T

serin

g Ph

unts

ok24

MK

hang

mar

Mon

aste

ry22

/06/

2008

2Y&

6MK

ardz

e,"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-070

Tse

ring

Phun

tsok

MK

hang

mar

Mon

aste

ry00

/00/

2008

2Y&

6MK

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-068

Tse

ring

Tso

mo

27F

Sam

tenl

ing

Nun

nery

8/6/

2008

Dra

ngo

PSB

DC

2 Yr

sD

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-096

Tse

tan

40M

Kha

bche

n M

onas

tery

4/7/

2009

2 Yr

sC

P I

P C

ourt

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR

"08

-127

Tse

ten

30M

Tha

nggy

a M

onas

tery

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa

City

, Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

08-1

48T

sete

n D

olm

aF

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

4 Yr

sD

arts

edo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-1

19T

sew

ang

Dak

paM

6/6/

2008

00/0

4/20

09C

heng

du7

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-1

88T

sew

ang

Dor

jee

M8

Yrs

Lhas

a C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icip

ality

"T

AR

"09

-116

Tse

wan

g D

orje

e40

M00

/00/

2008

27/1

0/20

088

Yrs

L M

I P

Cou

rtPa

sho

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

08-1

57T

sew

ang

Dra

kpa

22M

6/6/

2008

5 Yr

sD

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-092

Tse

wan

g Jig

drak

M00

/04/

2009

thrin

g C

hen

2 Yr

sD

iru C

ount

y, N

agch

u Pr

efec

ture

"T

AR

"08

-194

Tse

wan

g Ye

shi

20M

Tha

nggy

a M

onas

tery

3/4/

2008

9 Yr

sG

onjo

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TA

R"

00-7

9T

sokp

hel

31M

Kha

ngm

ar M

onas

tery

00/0

1/03

Nga

ba D

C12

yrs

Mar

than

g C

ount

y08

-175

Tsu

lkho

36M

19/0

3/20

086

Yrs

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "

TA

P" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

08-0

56T

sultr

im26

MT

rosik

Mon

aste

ry18

/03/

2008

1Y&

9MN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e09

-110

Tsu

ltrim

23M

00/0

0/20

0800

/00/

2009

Chu

shul

2Y&

6ML

M I

P C

ourt

Tak

tse

Cou

nty,

Lha

sa M

unic

ipal

ity "

TA

R"

09-0

98T

sultr

im

MR

agya

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2009

13/0

8/20

094

Yrs

Ma

C P

Cou

rtM

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e08

-195

Tsu

ltrim

Gya

tso

42M

Ach

og T

seny

i Mon

aste

ry9

Yrs

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

09-0

37T

sultr

im G

yats

o37

MLa

bran

g T

ashi

Kyi

M22

/05/

2008

21/0

5/20

09Li

fe Im

priso

nmen

tK

I P

Cou

rtSa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

69T

sultr

im G

yats

o35

MSo

gtsa

ng M

onas

tery

17/0

3/20

082

Yrs

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e08

-011

Tsu

ltrim

Gya

tso

MT

sang

Mon

aste

ry10

Yrs

Reb

kong

Cou

nty,

Mal

ho "

TA

P" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

08-0

70T

sultr

im Ju

gney

29M

Sogt

sang

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

2 Yr

sD

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans S

ente

nced

166


TC

HRD

Nam

eAg

eSe

xAf

filiat

ion

Dat

e of A

rrest

Dat

e of S

ente

nce

Priso

nT

erm

Cou

rtO

rigin

08-0

71U

rgen

Lha

mo

37F

Wat

ak N

unne

ry8/

6/20

08D

rang

o PS

B D

C2

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

05U

rgen

Tas

hi18

MT

se-T

sang

Mon

aste

ry22

/05/

2008

3 Yr

sK

ardz

e,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-158

Wae

lsa N

orzin

Wan

gmo

F5

Yrs

Mar

than

g C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

84W

amo

FN

gang

ong

Nun

nery

7 Yr

sD

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-196

Wan

gdue

MLi

feLh

asa C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icipa

lity

"TAR

"09

-113

Wan

gdue

40M

00/0

0/20

0827

/10/

2008

15 Y

rsL

M I

P C

ourt

Tak

tse C

ount

y, L

hasa

Mun

icipa

lity

"TAR

"08

-106

Wan

gmo

29F

25/0

3/20

083

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

04Ya

ng-K

yab

M21

/03/

2009

13/0

8/20

096

MM

a C P

Cou

rtM

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

09-0

13Ya

ngky

i28

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry12

/5/2

008

2/1/

2009

1Y&

9MK

C P

Cou

rtK

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

07Ya

ngtso

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry24

/03/

2008

3 Yr

sD

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-010

Yang

zom

31F

Yarte

ng N

unne

ry18

/06/

2008

15/0

1/20

092Y

&6M

K C

P C

ourt

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-128

Yarg

ayM

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icipa

lity

"TAR

"08

-108

Yebu

kF

Nga

ngon

g N

unne

ry3

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

09Ye

phun

gM

25/0

3/20

083

Yrs

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

14Ye

she

35M

12 y

rsPh

enpo

lhun

dup

coun

ty, L

hasa

Mun

icipa

lity

"TAR

"08

-129

Yesh

iM

00/0

3/20

083-

14 Y

rsLh

asa C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icipa

lity

"TAR

"08

-035

Yesh

i Cho

edon

F15

Yrs

Lhas

a City

, Lha

sa M

unici

palit

y "T

AR"

09-1

17Ye

shi C

hoed

on50

F00

/00/

2008

7/11

/200

815

Yrs

L M

I P

Cou

rtLh

asa C

ity, L

hasa

Mun

icipa

lity

"TAR

"08

-110

Yesh

i Dha

rgya

l27

MK

hang

mar

Mon

aste

ry22

/06/

2008

3 Yr

sK

ardz

e,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-004

Yesh

i Dor

jee32

MK

harn

ang

Mon

aste

ry12

/6/2

008

17/1

1/20

084

Yrs

K C

P C

ourt

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce96

-136

Yesh

i Ten

zin32

MSo

g T

sedh

en M

onas

tery

17/0

3/00

Chu

shul

Pris

on15

yrs

Sog,

Sogr

ongm

i09

-062

Ying

chuk

18M

Serth

a Nob

sur M

onas

tery

28/0

6/20

0800

/05/

2009

3 Yr

sK

C P

Cou

rtSe

rtha C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-030

Youg

hal K

hand

oF

Pang

ri N

a Nun

nery

14/0

5/20

0800

/00/

08-0

92

Yrs

K C

P C

ourt

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-149

Zam

ba34

M20

/04/

2008

4 Yr

sN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-150

Zaru

Kun

chok

Dra

kpa

25M

Tho

esam

ling

Mon

aste

ry29

/03/

2008

4 Yr

sD

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-159

Zaru

Ten

pa G

yatso

MT

aktsa

ng L

ham

o K

irti M

29/0

3/20

085

Yrs

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

03-0

11Zo

epa a

ka S

oepa

33M

Kha

ngm

ar M

onas

tery

00/0

1/20

03N

gaba

DC

12 y

rsM

arth

ang

Cou

nty,

TAP

Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans S

ente

nced

Appendices

167

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TC

HR

DSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xA

geA

ffili

atio

n A

rres

tPr

ison

Ori

gin

08-0

003

DE

TA

ache

Tar

e20

-21/

03/2

008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

005

DE

TA

aho

M33

Nga

ba K

irti

Mon

aste

ry28

-29/

03/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

008

DE

TA

akun

Kun

?M

6022

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

009

DE

TA

akya

M18

/03/

2008

Sert

ha C

ount

y, K

ardz

e"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

015

DE

TA

atak

M19

00/0

4/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

016

DE

TA

aten

Gya

ngM

Sert

ha C

ount

y, K

ardz

e"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

017

DE

TA

ati

M18

/03/

2008

Sert

ha C

ount

y, K

ardz

e"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

020

DE

TA

ba B

hum

oF

5418

/03/

2008

Lith

ang

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

021

DE

TA

choe

FD

arga

y N

yage

y N

unne

ry20

/05/

2008

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

022

DE

TA

chok

Jam

yang

Jin

paM

15/0

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

, Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

023

DE

TA

chok

Pas

ang

Geg

okar

MLa

bran

g M

onas

tery

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TA

P", G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

024

DE

TA

chok

Thi

nley

MG

yum

e M

onas

tery

15/0

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

, Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

026

DE

TA

drel

M20

/05/

2008

Sers

hul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

027

DE

TA

go T

selo

M17

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TA

P", G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

028

DE

TA

kaM

25/0

3/20

08D

arla

g C

ount

y,G

olog

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

029

DE

TA

khu

Nyi

M28

Gya

lmo

Ged

hen

Dha

rgya

l Mon

aste

ry

28/0

3/20

08T

soe

Cit

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

030

DE

TA

kor

Jigm

eM

3822

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

031

DE

TA

ku A

koM

Min

drol

ing

Mon

aste

ry3/

5/20

08N

yagc

huka

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

032

DE

TA

ku S

anga

yM

2/4/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TA

P", G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

035

DE

TA

ngyo

kM

4131

/06/

2008

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

rfec

ture

, "T

AR

"

08-0

037

DE

T ?

Asa

ng B

ersa

tsan

gM

2126

/07/

2008

Nan

gche

n PS

B D

CN

angc

hen

Cou

nty,

Jyek

undo

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

038

DE

TA

ten

M20

00/0

8/20

08Se

rtha

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

039

DE

TA

ya

MT

hang

sar

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TA

P" G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

043

DE

TB

aluk

Kya

bM

Sers

hul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

045

DE

TB

arch

ung

Lopo

M42

15/0

3/20

08Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

048

DE

TB

ayw

ang(

Pem

o)F

27Y

arte

ng M

onas

tery

18/0

6/20

08K

ardz

e,"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

049

DE

TB

ende

Gya

lM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

, Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

050

DE

TB

ende

Kha

rM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

, Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

052

DE

TB

ende

tsan

g Y

angc

hen

F40

Pang

rina

Nun

nery

14/0

5/20

08K

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

059

DE

TB

hu G

onpo

M16

/06/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

061

DE

TB

hu K

hepa

M16

/06/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

062

DE

TB

hu S

oegh

aM

14/0

5/20

08K

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

063

DE

TB

hu T

ashi

M

25/0

3/20

08D

rong

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

065

DE

TB

hu T

hapk

eyM

15/0

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

, Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

066

DE

TB

huch

ung

MR

amoc

he T

empl

e26

/05/

2008

Lhas

a "T

AR

"

08-1

879

DE

T

Bhu

mo

Kha

ndo

F25

18/0

6/20

08K

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

071

DE

TB

hum

o Lh

aga

F32

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

23/0

4/20

08K

ardz

e,"T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

08-0

072

DE

TB

hum

o Pa

lmo

F17

Ber

i Mon

aste

ry22

/06/

2008

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TA

P" S

ichu

an P

rovi

nce

08-0

073

DE

TB

hum

o Pe

ma

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry7/

5/20

08K

ardz

e C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sic

huan

Pro

vinc

e

168


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in

08-0

075

DET

Bhum

o Te

ngha

FN

yim

o G

ayse

y N

unne

ry22

/05/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce

08-0

078

DET

Bhut

enM

25/0

3/20

08D

arlag

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce

08-0

079

DET

Bhut

iF

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

12/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

081

DET

Both

oM

25/0

3/20

08D

arla g

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-008

2D

ETBo

tsuF

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

12/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

084

DET

Butu

kM

13Kh

enpa

Lun

g M

onas

tery

12/5

/200

8M

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"08

-008

8D

ETC

ham

bu G

udru

pM

5214

/04/

2008

Sog

Cou

nty,

Nag

chu

Pref

ectu

re "T

AR"

08-0

091

DET

Che

no K

hedu

pM

40La

bran

g M

onas

tery

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

092

DET

Che

wa K

unch

ok D

har g

yalM

Tak

sang

Lha

mo

Kirti

Mon

aste

ry29

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

093

DET

Chi

gnyi

nM

16N

gaba

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry28

-29/

03/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

095

DET

Chi

me D

olm

aF

32Pa

ngrin

a Nun

nery

14/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

098

DET

Chi

me y

Lha

zom

F20

20/0

3/20

08Sh

igat

se C

ount

y, S

higa

tse P

refe

ctur

e,"TA

R"08

-009

9D

ETC

ho G

yatso

M41

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

102

DET

Cho

e Gya

tsoM

19A-

Khor

Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e08

-010

5D

ETC

hoed

arM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

n gch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

106

DET

Cho

eden

MG

ur M

onas

ter y

14/0

4/20

08C

hent

sa C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

107

DET

Cho

eden

M23

A-Kh

or M

onas

ter y

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

108

DET

Cho

eden

F18

21/0

3/20

08Sa

n gch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

110

DET

Cho

edru

bM

25G

onsa

r Mon

aste

r y

24/0

5/20

08M

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"

08-0

111

DET

Cho

e gon

gM

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, K

ardz

e"TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-011

2D

ETC

hoe g

yal

M23

Woe

ser M

onas

tery

13/5

/200

8M

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"08

-011

4D

ETC

hoele

yM

15/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

116

DET

Cho

enga

F17

/05/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-011

9D

ETC

hoe p

a Kya

pM

17/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-0

120

DET

Cho

e pa T

ashi

M30

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e08

-012

1D

ETC

hoe p

hak

M24

10/3

/200

8Pe

ma C

ount

y Pr

ison

Pem

a Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-012

4D

ETC

hoe p

hel

M20

17/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-012

6D

ETC

hoe p

hel

M26

23/0

3/20

084y

rsN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-012

7D

ETC

hoe p

hel

M17

/05/

2008

Tham

ey V

illag

e, Ka

rdze

08-0

133

DET

Cho

e phe

l Gya

tsoM

16N

gaba

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry28

-29/

03/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

136

DET

Cho

e phe

l Wan

gpo

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

0808

-013

9D

ETC

hoet

soF

25G

aden

Cho

elin g

Nun

nery

14/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

140

DET

Cho

e yan

g G

yatso

MRo

ngpo

Tho

sam

Mon

aste

ry17

/04/

2008

Rebk

ong

Cou

nty,

Melh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-014

1D

ETC

hoe y

ang

Kyab

M30

Gom

ang

Mon

aste

ry30

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

145

DET

Cho

gri Y

eshi

M19

/04/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

146

DET

Cho

kdu p

M21

31/0

6/20

08Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Prfe

ctur

e, "T

AR"

08-0

147

DET

Cho

key

F18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kar

dze"

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

148

DET

Cho

key

Dol

ma

F25

/03/

2008

Cho

gri,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-014

9D

ETC

hok p

oM

20/0

3/20

08C

higd

ril C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

Appendices

169

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-015

3D

ETCh

one y

Khe

dup

M40

Labr

ang M

onas

tery

30/0

6/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

156

DET

Chos

ang

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-015

7D

ETCh

o yan

gM

2410

/3/2

008

Pem

a Cou

nty P

rison

Pem

a Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-016

0D

ETCh

ukpo

Tse

ring

M21

/03/

2008

Luch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-016

5D

ETD

akpa

M21

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-016

6D

ETD

amch

oeM

29M

ishi T

han g

sar M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

168

DET

Dam

choe

M22

21/0

3/20

08Sa

n gch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

169

DET

Dam

choe

M24

/03/

2008

Dar

la g C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-017

0D

ETD

amdu

lM

Ram

oche

Tem

ple

26/0

5/20

08Lh

asa "

TAR"

08-0

171

DET

Dam

dul

M42

18/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-017

2D

ETD

angd

rung

?F

Shug

seb

Nun

nery

28/0

4/20

08Ch

ushu

l Cou

nty,

Lhas

a Mun

icipa

lity "

TAR"

08-0

174

DET

Dar

chen

MLh

asa,

"TAR

" 08

-017

6D

ETD

awa

MRo

ngwo

Mon

aste

ry20

/04/

2008

Rebk

ong C

ount

y, M

elho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

180

DET

Dec

hen

Wan

gmo

F38

3/8/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

181

DET

Dek

yiF

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

12/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-018

3D

ETD

elec k

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-018

4D

ETD

ende

nM

25/0

3/20

08D

arla g

Cou

nty,G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

185

DET

Den

den

M40

18/0

3/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze, "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

186

DET

De p

a Ten

paM

14/0

4/20

08Te

wo C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-018

7D

ETD

e yan

gF

31G

aden

Cho

eling

Nun

nery

14/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

189

DET

De y

ang T

ashi

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

0808

-019

5D

ETD

har g

yal

M20

Nga

ba K

irti M

onas

tery

28-2

9/03

/200

8N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-019

9D

ETD

har g

yal

M4/

20/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

201

DET

Dha

r gya

lF

4321

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-020

4D

ETD

harg

yal

M19

/03/

2008

Chig

dril

Coun

ty,G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

205

DET

Dha

r gya

l Gar

watsa

ngM

1914

/5/2

008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-020

6D

ETD

hari

F16

/03/

2008

Nga

ba P

rison

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

214

DET

Dho

nden

M18

/03/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

216

DET

Dho

ndu p

M10

/3/2

008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-021

7D

ETD

hond

u pM

25/0

3/20

08D

arlag

Cou

nty,G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

220

DET

Dho

ndu p

Wan

gche

nM

00/0

3/20

08Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-022

2D

ETD

hony

oeM

Mish

i Tha

ngsa

r Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

225

DET

Dho

r ga

M21

/03/

2008

Luch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-022

6D

ETD

hor g

a Chu

ngwa

M21

/03/

2008

Luch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-022

7D

ETD

horlo

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

la g C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-022

9D

ETD

hun g

tsoF

20G

eym

a Dra

k N

unne

ry18

/06/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

231

DET

Dick

yiF

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

12/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

235

DET

Dol

kar K

yab

M15

20-2

1/03

/200

8M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

240

DET

Dol

ma K

yab

M21

/03/

2008

Luch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

170


TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-024

3D

ETD

olm

a Tse

ring

FN

orth

-Wes

t Nat

iona

lities

Uni

versi

tyN

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

244

DET

Dol

ma T

serin

gM

2418

/03/

2008

Mar

i Tow

nshi

p,Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-024

6D

ETD

olm

a Tse

ring

F21

/03/

2008

Luch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-024

8D

ETD

olm

a Yan

gtso

F34

10/8

/200

8Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-024

9D

ETD

ondr

ubM

19/0

5/20

08D

ingr

i Cou

nty,S

higa

tse P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-025

0D

ETD

onga

F21

Pang

rina N

unne

ry14

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

256

DET

Dor

jeeM

3011

/6/2

008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

258

DET

Dor

jee C

huk

M21

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

260

DET

Dor

jee D

hond

upM

21/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

263

DET

Dor

jee D

rakp

aM

Sang

Lun

g M

onas

tery

3/5/

2008

Dza

mth

ang

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-026

4D

ETD

orjee

Gya

ltsen

M19

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

267

DET

Dor

jee K

undu

pM

20/0

3/20

08M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

268

DET

Dor

jee L

orig

M23

15/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-026

9D

ETD

orjee

Rab

ten

M21

/03/

2008

Luch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-027

0D

ETD

orjee

Rin

chen

M25

00/0

4/20

8Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

271

DET

Dor

jee R

inch

enM

55+

23/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

273

DET

Dor

jee T

ashi

M00

/07/

2008

Pelb

ar C

ount

y,Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-0

274

DET

Dor

jee T

ashi

M18

15/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-027

5D

ETD

orjee

Tas

hiM

18

18/0

8/20

08So

-Ngo

Tow

nshi

p, K

ardz

e, "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-027

6D

ETD

orjee

Tas

hiM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

277

DET

Dor

jee T

ashi

M22

/06/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-028

1D

ETD

orjee

Tse

ring

M22

18/0

3/20

08M

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refec

ture

,"TAR

"08

-028

2D

ETD

orjee

Tse

ten

M20

/03/

2008

Che

ntsa

Cou

nty,

Malh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-028

3D

ETD

orjee

Tse

ten

M20

/03/

2008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-028

6D

ETD

r. Ya

n gzo

mF

Lhas

a Peo

ple's

Hos

pita

l7/

5/20

08Lh

asa "

TAR"

08-0

287

DET

Dra

guM

21/6

/200

8Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

288

DET

Dra

kho

?M

3122

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

289

DET

Dra

k pa

M26

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

290

DET

Dra

k pa

MG

yuto

e Mon

aste

ry00

/05/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-029

1D

ETD

rak p

aM

28Ro

ng G

onch

en M

onas

tery

13/4

/200

8Re

bkon

g C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

292

DET

Dra

kpa

M27

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

293

DET

Dra

k pa

M18

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

294

DET

Dra

k pa

M21

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y,Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-029

5D

ETD

rak p

aM

23/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-029

7D

ETD

rak p

a Cha

kdri

M15

/05/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-029

8D

ETD

rak p

a Dor

jee ?

M19

22/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-030

2D

ETD

rang

yae Y

enF

289/

8/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-030

3D

ETD

rash

i Tso

FG

e ym

a Dra

k N

unne

ry18

/06/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

305

DET

Dro

kho

?M

3022

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

Appendices

171

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-030

6D

ETD

ron g

po R

abte

nM

18Jh

angk

ar M

onas

tery

00/0

3/20

08Ba

than

g C

ount

y, Ka

ndze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

307

DET

Dro

nkho

ma ?

M20

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

310

DET

Dro

nsep

FTh

angs

ar M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y,Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-031

2D

ETD

rugt

har

M33

17/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

314

DET

Dru

k gya

lM

55+

23/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

315

DET

Dru

k gya

l yak

M28

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

322

DET

Duk

ar T

serin

gM

2617

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-032

3D

ETD

ukho

rM

20/0

3/20

08C

higd

ril C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

325

DET

Dun

gkar

M18

/07/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-032

6D

ETD

ungt

soF

20G

ewa D

rak

Nun

nery

18/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-032

7D

ETD

unla g

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-032

8D

ETG

adha

Lha

gyal

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

08Ph

unpo

Lhu

ndup

Cou

nty,

Lhas

a Mun

icipa

lity "

TAR"

08-0

330

DET

Gad

hoM

Unk

nown

26/0

7/20

08N

angc

hen

PSB

DC

Nan

gche

n C

ount

y,Jye

kund

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-033

1D

ETG

akhu

MTh

angs

ar M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y,Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-033

3D

ETG

atru

k D

orjee

M41

Beri

Mon

aste

ry24

/6/2

008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-033

4D

ETG

awa

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-033

5D

ETG

awa

M24

/03/

2008

Dar

la g C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-033

6D

ETG

echu

n g B

hum

oF

36Pa

ngrin

a Nun

nery

14/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce95

-005

DET

?G

edun

Cho

ekyi

Nyi

ma

M

6Ta

shi L

hunp

o M

onas

tery

17/0

5/95

Beiji

ng ?

Nag

chu,

Lha

ri08

-033

7D

ETG

eleg

MKa

thog

Mon

aste

ry00

/07/

2008

Kard

ze, "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

338

DET

Gele

g D

rakp

aM

28Ba

da S

amdu

plin

g M

onas

tery

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

340

DET

Gele

g G

yurm

eyM

30La

bran

g M

onas

tery

1/4/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-034

1D

ETG

eleg

Phel

M32

Sera

Mon

aste

ry10

/3/2

008

Lhas

aG

olog

,"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

342

DET

Gele

g Sa

mdu

pM

Rabt

sa G

yalm

o M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

343

DET

Gele

g Th

apke

yM

27Ba

da S

amdu

plin

g M

onas

tery

00/0

3/20

08Se

rshul

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-034

6D

ETG

endu

n G

yatso

M T

aksa

ng L

ham

o Ki

rti M

onas

tery

26/0

4/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-034

7D

ETG

endu

n G

yatso

MG

ur M

onas

tery

14/0

4/20

08C

hent

sa C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

348

DET

Gen

dun

Gya

tsoM

30La

bran

g M

onas

tery

1/4/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-035

0D

ETG

endu

n G

yatso

MM

ishi T

hang

sar M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-035

2D

ETG

endu

n G

yatso

MTh

oesa

mlin

g M

onas

tery

15/0

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

354

DET

Gen

dun

Gya

tsoM

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

356

DET

Gen

gya T

sund

ueM

15/0

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

357

DET

Ges

he N

amgy

al Ts

erin

gM

N/A

Cho

gri M

onas

tery

26/0

3/20

08D

rang

o PS

B D

CD

rang

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

358

DET

Ges

he S

onam

Gyu

rmey

MN

/AC

hogr

i Mon

aste

ry26

/03/

2008

Dra

ngo

PSB

DC

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-035

9D

ETG

eshe

Ten

zin C

hoe p

hel

M50

Qin

ghai

Uni

versi

ty17

/04/

2008

Xini

ng C

ity, Q

ingh

ai U

nive

rsity

08-0

360

DET

Ges

he T

sultr

im T

enzin

M70

'sTo

ngko

r Mon

aste

ry3/

4/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-036

1D

ETG

han g

deM

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

362

DET

Gha

you

M19

/06/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-036

3D

ETG

hesh

or

M23

-25/

03/2

008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce

172


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-036

5D

ETG

hilin

g Lun

gtok

M1/

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

367

DET

Gho

eso

M16

/05/

2008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

369

DET

Gin

ike T

sulk

hoM

4/20

/200

8N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-037

2D

ETG

olok

Jigm

eM

Labr

ang M

onas

tery

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-037

3D

ETG

omch

ukgy

alM

2622

/03/

2008

Tsoe

City

, Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-037

6D

ETG

ondo

n Sa

n gay

M35

28/0

5/20

08Ta

wu C

hang

Yen

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

377

DET

Gon

drue

M30

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-037

9D

ETG

ongk

ar T

hinl

eyM

17Ka

rdze

Mon

aste

ry18

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

380

DET

Gon

gpa Y

akM

23/0

3/20

08Te

wo C

ount

y,Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-038

1D

ETG

onpa

M40

Dar

gay M

onas

tery

18/0

3/20

08Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

383

DET

Gon

pa T

serin

gM

2300

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge D

eten

tion

CenN

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-038

5D

ETG

onpo

M20

Gon

sar M

onas

tery

24

/05/

2008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,

Cham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-038

8D

ETG

onpo

M18

/03/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

390

DET

Gon

po G

yalts

enM

18/0

3/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-039

3D

ETG

onpo

Nam

gyal

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-039

4D

ETG

onpo

Nam

gyal

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-039

5D

ETG

onpo

Tas

hiM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

397

DET

Gon

po T

serin

gM

Sera

Mon

aste

ry1/

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

398

DET

Gon

po T

serin

gM

17/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

399

DET

Gon

po T

serin

gM

17/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

400

DET

Gon

po T

serin

gM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

401

DET

Gon

po T

serin

gM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

402

DET

Gon

po T

sete

nM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

403

DET

Gon

po W

angy

alM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

406

DET

Gud

rak

MLa

rung

Nga

rik N

angt

en L

oblin

g8/

7/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

411

DET

Gur

eM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

n gch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

413

DET

Gur

kyi

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-041

5D

ETG

uru

M36

22/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-041

9D

ETG

yach

uk W

angc

huk

MN

ubsu

r Mon

aste

ry28

/06/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-042

0D

ETG

yade

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

423

DET

Gya

lbha

M26

/03/

2008

Luch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-042

5D

ETG

yalp

oM

21/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

426

DET

Gya

lri T

sang

Lam

a Tse

ringM

1816

/04/

2008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-042

9D

ETG

yatso

MN

gaba

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry28

-29/

03/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

431

DET

Gya

yul S

eyan

gF

11/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

433

DET

Gya

yul T

hinl

eyF

11/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

434

DET

Gyo

bhu

Thar

M26

17/0

3/20

08Lu

shoe

Tow

nshi

p,Ka

nlho

, "TA

P" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

435

DET

Gyu

rmey

M40

Labr

ang M

onas

tery

1/4/

2008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-044

0D

ETH

e ga

M39

23/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce

Appendices

173

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-044

3D

ETJa

mch

uM

Hor

shul

Mon

aste

r y18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-044

7D

ETJa

mga

Phu

ntso

kM

18Kh

angm

ar M

onas

tery

9/6/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

448

DET

Jam

gha

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-044

9D

ETJa

mgh

aM

28/0

3/20

08D

rang

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

451

DET

Jam

paF

Dar

gay H

ardu

Nun

nery

23/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

453

DET

Jam

pa20

/03/

2008

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-045

4D

ETJa

mpa

M35

24/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-045

6D

ETJa

mpa

Cho

ephe

lM

25Be

ri M

onas

tery

21/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-045

7D

ETJa

mpa

Cho

key

F25

/03/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-045

8D

ETJa

mpa

Dek

yiF

20Te

hor K

ardz

e Tem

ple

31/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-045

9D

ETJa

mpa

Dor

jeeM

Kard

ze M

onas

tery

18/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-046

0D

ETJa

mpa

Dor

jeeM

18Kh

angm

ar M

onas

tery

9/6/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

461

DET

Jam

pa G

endu

nM

Jam

mey

Mon

aste

ry25

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

462

DET

Jam

pa G

yatso

M36

Nam

tso M

onas

tery

24/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-046

3D

ETJa

mpa

Kals

ang

M20

Ram

oche

Tem

ple

14/0

3/20

08Lh

asa "

TAR"

08-0

464

DET

Jam

pa L

ham

oF

30D

arga

y Har

du N

unne

ry23

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

465

DET

Jam

pa L

ham

oF

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

12/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-046

6D

ETJa

mpa

San

gpo

M41

14/0

3/20

08M

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

467

DET

Jam

pa T

ashi

M24

14/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-046

8D

ETJa

mpa

Tsu

ndue

M28

Beri

Mon

aste

ry18

/06/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

469

DET

Jam

phel

M28

11/8

/200

8N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-047

2D

ETJa

mph

el Te

nzin

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-047

3D

ETJa

mph

el W

angc

huk

M45

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

08-0

474

DET

Jam

san g

MU

nkno

wn26

/07/

2008

Nan

gche

n PS

B D

CN

angc

hen

Cou

nty,

Jyek

undo

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

475

DET

Jam

yang

M18

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

476

DET

Jam

yang

M18

/03/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-047

7D

ETJa

mya

ngM

19/0

4/20

08M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

478

DET

Jam

yang

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-048

0D

ETJa

mya

ng

MM

ishi T

hang

sar M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-048

1D

ETJa

mya

ng (C

hewa

)M

33A-

Khor

Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-048

5D

ETJa

mya

ng G

yatso

MRa

btsa

Gya

lmo

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-049

1D

ETJa

mya

ng G

yatso

M33

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

493

DET

Jam

yang

Jinp

aM

15/0

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

497

DET

Jam

yang

She

rab

MRa

btsa

Gya

lmo

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-050

2D

ETJa

mya

ng T

enzin

M21

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

503

DET

Jam

yang

Toe

tinM

Acho

g Ts

enyi

Mon

aste

ry20

/03/

2008

Mar

than

g C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

504

DET

Jam

yang

Tse

ring

M19

Za-S

amdu

p M

onas

tery

18/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-050

5D

ETJa

mya

ng T

serin

g M

omot

saM46

31/0

6/20

08Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Prfe

ctur

e, "T

AR"

08-0

506

DET

Jam

yang

Tsu

ltrim

M29

Gya

lmo

Ged

hen

Dha

rgya

l Mon

aste

ry

28/0

3/20

08Ts

oe C

ity, K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

174


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-050

7D

ETJa

mya

ng T

sultr

imF

37M

amai

Nun

nery

21/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-050

9D

ETJa

mya

ng T

sultr

imM

Rabt

sa G

yalm

o M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

510

DET

Jam

yang

Tsu

ndul

MAc

hog

Tsen

yi M

onas

tery

20/0

3/20

08M

arth

ang

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-051

2D

ETJa

n gdr

upM

21Kh

enpa

Lun

g M

onas

tery

12/5

/200

8M

arkh

am C

ount

y,Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-0

514

DET

Jawo

eM

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

517

DET

Ji gm

eM

30A-

Khor

Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-051

9D

ETJi g

me

MLa

bran

g M

onas

tery

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-052

0D

ETJig

me

MM

ishi T

hang

sar M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-052

2D

ETJi g

me

MW

angc

hen

Ponk

ar M

onas

tery

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

524

DET

Ji gm

eM

2211

/8/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

525

DET

Jigm

eM

3020

/03/

2008

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-052

6D

ETJi g

me

M15

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

527

DET

Jigm

eM

1621

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-052

8D

ETJi g

me

M22

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho"T

AP",G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

529

DET

Jigm

eM

2724

/03/

2008

Shig

atse

Cou

nty,

Shig

atse

Pre

fectu

re,"T

AR"

08-0

530

DET

Ji gm

e (C

hung

wa)

M23

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

532

DET

Ji gm

e Cho

ephe

lM

4221

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-053

3D

ETJig

me D

awa

M40

Rong

wo M

onas

tery

20/0

6/20

08Re

bkon

g C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

534

DET

Ji gm

e Dha

rgya

lM

Than

gsar

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

535

DET

Jigm

e Gor

ilM

Gyu

toe M

onas

tery

22/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

536

DET

Ji gm

e Gor

ilM

Labr

ang

Mon

aste

rySa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

537

DET

Ji gm

e Gya

tso(Ji

gme G

uri)

MLa

bran

g M

onas

tery

4/11

/200

808

-054

1D

ETJig

me L

otsa

MRa

gtra

m M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

544

DET

Jigm

e Tse

nphe

lM

40M

ishi T

hang

sar M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-054

7D

ETJi g

tsoe

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-054

8D

ETJim

paM

Than

gsar

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

550

DET

Jinpa

M35

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

555

DET

Jinpa

M22

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

556

DET

Jinpa

M37

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

557

DET

Jinpa

M31

24/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-055

8D

ETJin

pa G

yatso

M25

Gad

en C

hoko

rling

Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-055

9D

ETJin

pa G

yatso

M40

Gya

lmo

Ged

hen

Dha

rgya

l Mon

aste

ry

28/0

3/20

08Ts

oe C

ity, K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

562

DET

Jun g

ney

M30

Mish

i Tha

ngsa

r Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-056

3D

ETJu

tseM

25/0

3/20

08D

arla g

Cou

nty,G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

564

DET

Kada

m T

serin

gM

55+

23/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

565

DET

Kagt

har

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-056

6D

ETKa

l Nyi

ma

MKa

rdze

Mon

aste

ry19

/06/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-057

2D

ETKa

lsang

M25

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

577

DET

Kalsa

n g C

hoed

upM

3021

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce

Appendices

175

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-057

8D

ETKa

lsang

Cho

ephe

lM

Than

gsar

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

579

DET

Kalsa

n g D

awa

M25

/03/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-058

2D

ETKa

lsan g

Dho

ndup

M49

Mish

i Tha

ngsa

r Mon

aste

ry20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-058

3D

ETKa

lsang

Dho

ndup

M18

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

588

DET

Kalsa

ng G

yatso

M36

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

593

DET

Kalsa

n g G

yatso

M10

/3/2

008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-059

4D

ETKa

lsang

Gya

tsoM

2522

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

595

DET

Kalsa

ng Ja

mpa

MJa

mm

ey M

onas

tery

25/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-060

0D

ETKa

lsan g

Jinp

a ?

M28

Gya

lmo

Ged

hen

Dha

rgya

l Mon

aste

ry

28/0

3/20

08Ts

oe C

ity, K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

608

DET

Kalsa

n g L

ocho

kM

20Ta

rmo

Mon

aste

ry18

/06/

2008

Drir

u C

ount

y,Nag

chu

Prefe

ctur

e "TA

R"08

-060

9D

ETKa

lsan g

Nyi

ma

M28

Kard

ze M

onas

tery

9/6/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

615

DET

Kalsa

ng S

hera

bM

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

616

DET

Kalsa

n g S

hera

bM

25/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

618

DET

Kalsa

ng S

onam

M17

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

619

DET

Kalsa

ng T

ashi

M17

Khen

pa L

ung

Mon

aste

ry12

/5/2

008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-062

2D

ETKa

lsan g

Ten

zinM

1721

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-063

2D

ETKa

lsan g

Yes

hiM

27Be

ri M

onas

tery

24/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-063

5D

ETKa

ngtsu

kM

2220

/03/

2008

Lhas

a "TA

R"08

-063

7D

ETKa

rbho

M23

/03/

2008

Che

ntsa

Cou

nty,

Malh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-063

8D

ETKa

rdru

M40

22/0

3/20

08C

hent

sa C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

639

DET

Kard

uM

Mish

i Tha

n gsa

r Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

643

DET

Karm

a Cho

ejor

M27

Jhan

gkar

Mon

aste

ry00

/03/

2008

Bath

ang

Cou

nty,

Kand

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-064

6D

ETKa

rma W

angc

huk

M29

Beri

Mon

aste

ry22

/06/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

647

DET

Kath

up T

har

M21

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-064

9D

ETKa

tum

M23

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

652

DET

Keld

enM

Rabt

sa G

yalm

o M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

658

DET

Khag

ong

Tsan

g C

hoed

ronF

4324

/03/

2008

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-065

9D

ETKh

akbe

yM

6420

/03/

2008

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-066

2D

ETKh

ando

F25

18/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

666

DET

Khan

do T

serin

gF

1400

/04/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

667

DET

Khar

do ?

M15

18/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-067

0D

ETKh

echo

kM

23A-

Khor

Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-067

2D

ETKh

edu p

Gya

tsoM

Tsan

g M

onas

tery

13/4

/200

8Ts

olho

PSB

DC

Gep

a Sam

do C

ount

y,Tso

lho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

675

DET

Khen

rab

Nyi

ma

M19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-0

676

DET

Khen

rab

Tash

iM

19/0

5/20

08D

ingr

i Cou

nty,S

higa

tse P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-067

7D

ETKh

enra

b Th

arch

inM

3219

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-0

680

DET

Khet

sun

MC

hokr

i Mon

aste

ry25

/03/

2008

Dro

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-068

4D

ETKo

nbha

M23

/03/

2008

Che

ntsa

Cou

nty,

Malh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-068

6D

ETKo

pa T

sete

nM

2022

/03/

2008

Che

ntsa

Cou

nty,

Malh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce

176


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-068

7D

ETKo

vo B

huM

17/0

3/20

08Sa

n gch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

688

DET

Kunb

oM

20M

akur

Nam

gyali

ng M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hent

sa C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

689

DET

Kunc

hok

M20

A-Kh

or M

onas

ter y

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

691

DET

Kunc

hok

MRa

btsa

Gya

lmo

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-069

2D

ETKu

ncho

kM

San g

Lun

g M

onas

tery

9/4/

2008

Dza

mth

ang

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-069

5D

ETKu

ncho

kM

20-2

1/03

/200

8M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

698

DET

Kunc

hok

Dho

ndu p

M27

Bhum

sar M

onas

tery

10/3

/200

8M

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refec

ture

, "TA

R"08

-069

9D

ETKu

ncho

k D

orjee

M20

/03/

2008

Che

ntsa

Cou

nty,

Malh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-070

0D

ETKu

ncho

k D

rak p

a ?M

21Ta

ktsa

ng L

ham

o Ki

rti M

onas

tery

29/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-070

2D

ETKu

ncho

k Ja

mph

elM

33Aa

du M

onas

tery

16/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-070

4D

ETKu

ncho

k Jin

paM

Tak

sang

Lha

mo

Kirti

Mon

aste

ry26

/04/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

706

DET

Kunc

hok

Lhun

dup

M21

18/0

3/20

08M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

707

DET

Kunc

hok

Na g

doM

15/0

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

708

DET

Kunc

hok

Nyi

ma

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

0808

-070

9D

ETKu

ncho

k N

yim

a ?M

38Lo

Mon

aste

ry00

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

710

DET

Kunc

hok

Pelsa

n g

M22

Takt

sang

Lha

mo

Kirti

Mon

aste

ry29

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

711

DET

Kunc

hok

Rab g

yal

MTa

ktsa

ng L

ham

o Ki

rti M

onas

tery

29/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-071

2D

ETKu

ncho

k Ra

bten

M T

aksa

n g L

ham

o Ki

rti M

onas

tery

17/0

4/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-071

3D

ETKu

ncho

k Sa

mte

nM

Kum

bum

Mon

aste

r y16

/04/

2008

Kum

bum

Cou

nty,

Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

717

DET

Kunc

hok

Sang

ayM

14/0

4/20

08Te

wo C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-071

9D

ETKu

ncho

k Sa

n gpo

M17

Takt

sang

Lha

mo

Kirti

Mon

aste

ryD

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-072

0D

ETKu

ncho

k Sa

ngpo

M14

/04/

2008

Tewo

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

721

DET

Kunc

hok

Sher

abM

Takt

san g

Lha

mo

Kirti

Mon

aste

ry29

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

722

DET

Kunc

hok

Soep

aM

17Ta

ktsa

ng L

ham

o Ki

rti M

onas

tery

29/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-072

4D

ETKu

ncho

k Te

nzin

M21

Unk

nown

14/5

/200

8M

arkh

am C

ount

y,Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-0

725

DET

Kunc

hok

Tha p

khey

M T

aksa

ng L

ham

o Ki

rti M

onas

tery

17/0

4/20

05D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-072

7D

ETKu

ncho

k W

oser

MTa

ktsa

n g L

ham

o Ki

rti M

onas

tery

29/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-072

9D

ETKu

n ga

M20

Gon

sar M

onas

tery

24

/05/

2008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-073

0D

ETKu

n ga

MN

gaba

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry23

/05/

2008

3yrs

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

732

DET

Kung

a M

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

08-0

736

DET

Kun g

haM

23-2

5/03

/200

8M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

737

DET

Kung

yang

M

25/0

3/20

08D

rong

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

742

DET

Kuns

ang

Tser

ing

M22

Dar

geyli

ng M

onas

tery

15/0

7/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-074

3D

ETKu

nsan

g Ts

erin

gM

20Th

angg

ya M

onas

tery

3/4/

2008

Gon

jo C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-074

8D

ETK y

akha

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-075

0D

ETK y

aplo

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-075

2D

ETK y

edha

rM

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

754

DET

Kyi J

igm

eM

2/4/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-075

5D

ETK y

i Kyi

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce

Appendices

177

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-075

6D

ETKy

ipay

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-076

0D

ETLa

gha

F32

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

23/0

4/20

08Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

761

DET

Lam

aM

2211

/8/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

765

DET

Lam

a Phu

ntso

k La

mch

ungM

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Dam

shul

Cou

nty,

Lhas

a Mun

icipa

lity "

TAR"

08-0

769

DET

Leks

heM

23G

aden

Cho

korli

ng M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

772

DET

Lha T

hru k

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry7/

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-078

1D

ETLh

agon

15/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

782

DET

Lhag

yal

M36

15/0

7/20

07Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

783

DET

Lhak

arF

3314

/05/

2008

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-078

6D

ETLh

akpa

Tse

ring

M27

/04/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

790

DET

Lham

oF

29Ya

rteng

Nun

nery

18/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-079

2D

ETLh

amo

Cho

key

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry12

/5/2

008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

793

DET

Lham

o K y

abM

21/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

794

DET

Lham

o Ky

apM

2517

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-080

3D

ETLh

ubhu

m G

yal

M21

/03/

2008

Luch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-080

5D

ETLh

ubhu

m T

har

M21

/03/

2008

Luch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-080

6D

ETLh

ubhu

m T

serin

gM

21/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

809

DET

Lhum

teM

3717

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-081

0D

ETLh

undu

pM

17N

atio

nalit

y Mid

dle S

choo

l20

/10/

2008

Kang

tsa C

ount

y, Ts

ocha

ng "

TAP"

Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

880

DET

Lh

undu

p Yo

nten

MAc

hog

Tsen

yi M

onas

tery

20/0

3/20

08M

arth

ang

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-081

3D

ETLh

ungo

M35

Tong

khor

Mon

aste

ry3/

4/20

08Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

814

DET

Lilo

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-081

9D

ETLo

Yes

hiM

25/0

3/20

08D

ron g

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

822

DET

Lobs

ang

M23

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

823

DET

Lobs

ang

M15

Sera

Mon

aste

ry10

/3/2

008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-082

8D

ETLo

bsan

gM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

829

DET

Lobs

ang

M20

11/6

/200

8D

rang

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

833

DET

Lobs

ang

Cho

dar

MN

/AKi

rti M

onas

tery

26/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-083

4D

ETLo

bsan

g C

hoeg

enM

18Ka

rdze

Mon

aste

ry13

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

835

DET

Lobs

ang

Cho

ejor

MBh

enka

r Mon

aste

ry00

/07/

2008

Drir

u C

ount

y,Nag

chu

Prefe

ctur

e "TA

R"08

-083

9D

ETLo

bsan

g C

hoez

inF

Shar

Bum

pa N

unne

ry00

/03/

2008

Phen

po L

hund

up C

ount

y, Lh

asa M

unici

palit

y "TA

R"08

-084

1D

ETLo

bsan

g D

awa

M00

/03/

2008

Chu

shul

Cou

nty,

Lhas

a Mun

icipa

lity "

TAR"

08-0

842

DET

Lobs

ang

Dha

rgya

lM

35Ta

ktsa

ng L

ham

o Ki

rti M

onas

tery

29/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-084

4D

ETLo

bsan

g D

hond

upM

3521

/03/

2008

Lith

ang

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-084

6D

ETLo

bsan

g D

hony

oeM

Zakh

og M

onas

tery

26/0

4/20

08D

erge

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-085

0D

ETLo

bsan

g G

eleg

M26

Beri

Mon

aste

ry18

/06/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

851

DET

Lobs

ang

Gele

gM

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

08-0

859

DET

Lobs

ang

Gya

tsoM

38N

gaba

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry28

-29/

03/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

870

DET

Lobs

ang

Jigm

eM

19/0

5/20

08D

ingr

i Cou

nty,S

higa

tse P

refec

ture

"TAR

"

178


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-087

5D

ETLo

bsan

g Kh

edup

Ten

pay G

M25

14/0

3/20

08M

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

877

DET

Lobs

ang

Khet

sun

M25

/03/

2008

Dro

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-088

1D

ETLo

bsan

g Ky

abM

1916

/04/

2008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-088

8D

ETLo

bsan

g N

godu

pM

29Se

ra M

onas

tery

10/3

/200

8Se

rshul

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-089

0D

ETLo

bsan

g N

yim

aM

29Ki

rti D

ongr

i Mon

aste

ry30

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

891

DET

Lobs

ang

Nyi

ma

MSo

gtsa

ng M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-089

2D

ETLo

bsan

g Pa

lden

M26

Beri

Mon

aste

ry18

/06/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

895

DET

Lobs

ang

Palm

oF

25/0

3/20

08D

rang

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

896

DET

Lobs

ang

Phun

tsok

M19

/03/

2008

Lith

ang

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-091

1D

ETLo

bsan

g Te

npa

M20

Kard

ze M

onas

tery

13/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-091

7D

ETLo

bsan

g Th

inley

M30

Kirti

Don

gri M

onas

tery

30/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-091

9D

ETLo

bsan

g Th

ukjey

M19

Sera

Mon

aste

ry10

/3/2

008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

929

DET

Lobs

ang

Tsul

trim

M31

Kirti

Don

gri M

onas

tery

30/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-093

1D

ETLo

bsan

g Ts

ultri

mM

Sogt

sang

Mon

aste

ry5/

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-093

2D

ETLo

bsan

g Ts

undu

eM

25Ki

rti D

ongr

i Mon

aste

ry30

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

933

DET

Lobs

ang

Wan

gche

n M

Cho

kri M

onas

tery

25/0

3/20

08D

rong

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

934

DET

Lobs

ang

Wan

gchu

kM

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Lhok

a Pre

fectu

re, "

TAR"

08-0

939

DET

Lobs

her

M20

Sera

Mon

aste

r y10

/3/2

008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

940

DET

Loch

oeM

23A-

Khor

Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-094

1D

ETLo

choe

MSo

gtsa

ng M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-094

4D

ETLo

doe

M15

Khen

pa L

ung

Mon

aste

ry12

/5/2

008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-094

5D

ETLo

doe

MRa

btsa

Gya

lmo

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-094

6D

ETLo

doe

MRa

btsa

Gya

lmo

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-094

8D

ETLo

doe

M21

24/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-094

9D

ETLo

doe R

abte

nM

3521

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-095

0D

ETLo

doe T

enpa

M43

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

952

DET

Lodo

e Wan

gpo(

shid

ey G

yM14

/04/

2008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-096

0D

ET ?

Loke

yM

4222

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

966

DET

Lori

M20

/03/

2008

Che

ntsa

Cou

nty,

Malh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-097

1D

ETLo

yang

M20

Tsits

ang

Mon

aste

ry20

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

973

DET

Lu L

u18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-097

4D

ETLu

bhu

Yak

M27

17/0

3/20

08G

yalm

o To

wnsh

ip,K

anlh

o, "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

977

DET

Lun g

lung

Son

amM

17/0

5/20

08Th

amey

Vill

age,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-097

8D

ETLu

n grig

M24

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

979

DET

Lun g

rig

M18

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

980

DET

Lung

rig

M19

/03/

2008

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-0

981

DET

Lush

oep

Tenz

inM

Labr

ang

Tash

ikyi

Mon

aste

ry15

/4/2

008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-098

3D

ETLu

thar

M9/

4/20

08Sa

n gch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-0

986

DET

Luwa

Tam

din

M25

20/0

3/20

08C

higd

ril C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

Appendices

179

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-099

1D

ETM

alle

M20

's27

/3/2

008

Tsig

orth

ang

Cou

nty,

Tsol

ho "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-099

3D

ETM

ank y

abM

21/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

994

DET

Mat

o kF

2022

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-0

995

DET

Med

a18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-099

6D

ETM

ekan

g Te

npa

M39

24/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-100

0D

ETM

eri

20/0

3/20

08C

hent

sa C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

001

DET

Mes

hi D

akpa

M15

/05/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-100

5D

ET ?

Mik

yang

Ton

paM

20/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-100

7D

ETM

oti T

san g

Sam

gha

M11

/4/2

008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-101

1D

ETN

amgy

alM

18Kh

enpa

Lun

g M

onas

tery

12/5

/200

8M

arkh

am C

ount

y,Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

012

DET

Nam

gyal

15/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

013

DET

Nam

gyal

21/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

014

DET

Nam

gyal

M24

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-101

5D

ETN

amgy

al Ts

erin

g M

40C

hokr

i Mon

aste

ry26

/03/

2008

Dro

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-101

6D

ETN

amgy

al Ts

eten

(Nam

tse)

M20

-21/

03/2

008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-101

7D

ETN

amka

rM

45Ra

toe M

onas

ter y

16/0

4/20

08C

hush

ul P

SB D

CC

hush

ul C

ount

y, Lh

asa M

unici

palit

y "TA

R"08

-102

0D

ETN

amlo

M20

-21/

03/2

008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-102

2D

ETN

amse

y Lha

mo

F30

11/6

/200

8Ka

rdze

PSB

DC

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-102

4D

ETN

amtse

M21

/03/

2008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-102

9D

ETN

gakc

hung

M37

Laru

ng N

garik

Nan

gten

Lob

ling

8/7/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce97

-085

DET

?N

gawa

ng G

eyse

rM

21So

g Ts

endh

en M

onas

tery

18/0

8/97

Disa

ppea

rSo

g Ya

- Nga

shan

g08

-103

3D

ETN

gawa

ng C

hoed

enM

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

08-1

034

DET

Nga

wang

Cho

enyi

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

0808

-103

7D

ETN

gawa

ng G

yaite

nM

42Ta

rmo

Mon

aste

ry18

/06/

2008

Drir

u C

ount

y,Nag

chu

Prefe

ctur

e "TA

R"08

-103

8D

ETN

gawa

ng Ja

mpa

M40

Tarm

o M

onas

tery

18/0

6/20

08D

riru

Cou

nty,N

agch

u Pr

efect

ure "

TAR"

08-1

039

DET

Nga

wang

Lhu

ndup

M29

Kard

ze M

onas

tery

9/6/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

040

DET

Nga

wang

Lob

sang

MRa

btsa

Gya

lmo

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-104

1D

ETN

gawa

ng N

amgy

alM

4515

/03/

2008

Toelu

ng D

eche

n C

ount

y,Lha

sa M

unici

palit

y "TA

R"08

-104

2D

ETN

gawa

ng P

hunt

sok

M17

Gon

sar M

onas

tery

24

/05/

2008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-104

4D

ETN

gawa

ng P

hunt

sok

M32

18/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-104

5D

ETN

gawa

ng S

ange

M38

Tarm

o M

onas

tery

18/0

6/20

08D

riru

Cou

nty,N

agch

u Pr

efect

ure "

TAR"

08-1

046

DET

Nga

wang

Ser

chen

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

0808

-104

7D

ETN

gawa

ng S

erth

okM

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

08-1

049

DET

Nga

wang

Ten

zinM

40W

oese

r Mon

aste

ry13

/5/2

008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-105

0D

ETN

gawa

ng T

enzin

M20

Woe

ser M

onas

tery

30/1

0/20

08M

arkh

am C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refec

ture

, "TA

R"08

-105

1D

ETN

gawa

ng T

harc

hoe

M26

Din

gkha

Mon

aste

ry17

/03/

2008

Toelu

ng D

eche

n C

ount

y,Lha

sa M

unici

palit

y "TA

R"08

-105

9D

ETN

ikay

F40

24/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-106

1D

ETN

orbu

M22

24/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-106

2D

ETN

orbu

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

la g C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce

180


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-106

3D

ETN

orbu

Dol

ma

F42

Pan g

rina N

unne

ry14

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

068

DET

Nyid

orM

00/0

7/20

08Pe

lbar

Cou

nty,

Cham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-106

9D

ETN

yigha

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry12

/5/2

008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

070

DET

Nyil

o18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-107

2D

ETN

yima

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry12

/5/2

008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-107

5D

ETN

yima D

rakp

aM

19/0

4/20

08Ta

wu C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

079

DET

Nyim

a Wan

gchu

kM

27Th

angg

ya M

onas

tery

08-1

081

DET

Nyin

dor

M00

/07/

2008

Palb

ar C

ount

y,Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re, "

TAR"

08-1

084

DET

Nyin

khar

26/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

085

DET

Nyin

kho

M35

19/0

3/20

08Lu

shoe

Tow

nshi

p,Ka

nlho

, "TA

P" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

089

DET

O T

si18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-109

0D

ETO

loM

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

08-1

093

DET

Palch

enM

3831

/06/

2008

Jom

da C

ount

y, Ch

amdo

Prfe

ctur

e, "T

AR"

08-1

094

DET

Palch

en K

yab

M34

25/0

4/20

08M

ache

n Co

unty

, Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-109

6D

ETPa

lden

M30

Gon

sar M

onas

ter y

24

/05/

2008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-109

8D

ETPa

lden

M19

/03/

2008

Chi g

dril

Coun

ty,G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

099

DET

Pald

en C

hoed

a kM

00/0

7/20

08 P

albar

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

, "TA

R"08

-110

0D

ETPa

lden

Chu

n gwa

M25

Soe M

onas

tery

11/6

/200

8N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-110

1D

ETPa

lden

Daw

aM

2021

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-110

2D

ETPa

lden

Gya

tso ?

MN

gaba

Zon

gse M

onas

tery

11/6

/200

8N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-110

4D

ETPa

lden

Mi g

kar

M15

/05/

2008

Sang

chu

Coun

ty, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-110

5D

ETPa

lden

Nye

ndak

M60

2/7/

2008

Dra

ngo

Coun

ty, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-110

6D

ETPa

lden

She

rab

M25

/03/

2008

Dra

n go

Coun

ty, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-110

8D

ETPa

lden

Tsu

ltrim

MKa

rdze

Mon

aste

ry13

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

112

DET

Pal jo

rM

Sang

Lun

g Mon

aste

ry3/

5/20

08D

zam

than

g Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-111

6D

ETPa

lmo

F17

22/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

881

DET

Pan g

don

F29

/04/

2008

Dha

rlag C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

123

DET

Pasa

n g D

olm

aF

3218

/06/

2008

Dar

gey L

amna

Vill

age,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-112

4D

ETPa

ssan g

Dho

ndup

MKa

rma K

unsa

ng,E

ast L

hasa

City

"TAR

"08

-112

5D

ETPa

ssan g

Nyim

aF

3218

/06/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-112

6D

ETPa

ssan g

Tas

hiM

30Kh

enpa

Lun

g Mon

aste

ry12

/5/2

008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-112

7D

ETPa

ssang

Tas

hiM

Lhas

a "TA

R"08

-113

0D

ETPa

yloF

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

135

DET

Pelh

aF

4520

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-113

6D

ETPe

ma

FN

yimo

Gay

sey N

unne

ry22

/05/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-113

8D

ETPe

ma

?M

Nga

ba K

irti M

onas

tery

28-2

9/03

/200

8N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-114

2D

ETPe

ma D

orjee

M9/

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u Co

unty

, Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

143

DET

Pem

a Gar

wan g

M30

Sera

Mon

aste

ry10

/3/2

008

Dha

rthan

g Mon

aste

ry08

-114

4D

ETPe

ma G

yalts

enM

11/6

/200

8Ra

bkar

Vill

age,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce

Appendices

181

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-114

6D

ETPe

ma K

harw

ang

MPa

lyul T

harth

ang

Mon

aste

ry10

/3/2

008

Khor

mo

Priso

nG

ade C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

147

DET

Pem

a Lha

mo

FG

aden

Cho

elin g

Nun

nery

14/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-115

0D

ETPe

ma T

serin

gM

21/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

860

DET

Pem

a Tse

ring

MVi

sitin

g St

uden

t Of D

repu

ng M

onas

tery

10/3

/200

8To

elung

Dec

hen

Cou

nty,

Lhas

a Mun

icipa

lity,

"TAR

"08

-186

1D

ETPe

nkyi

F21

20/0

3/20

08Sh

igat

se C

ount

y, Sh

igat

se P

refec

ture

,"TAR

"08

-186

2D

ETPh

a gpa

Tha

rM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

863

DET

Pha g

pa T

serin

gM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

864

DET

Phun

tsok

M20

/03/

2008

San g

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-186

5D

ETPh

untso

k ?

MAc

hog

Tsen

yi M

onas

tery

00/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-186

6D

ETPh

untso

k N

gode

?M

2124

/04/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

867

DET

Phun

tsok

Nyi

npo

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

11/6

/200

8To

elung

Dec

hen

Cou

nty,L

hasa

Mun

icipa

lity "

TAR"

08-1

868

DET

Phun

tsok

Tsew

ang

M00

/04/

2008

Lhok

a Pre

fectu

re, "

TAR"

08-1

869

DET

Phu p

oM

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

870

DET

Phur

den

M22

Sera

Mon

aste

r y10

/3/2

008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

871

DET

Powa

n gM

27Ya

rteng

Mon

aste

ry18

/06/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

872

DET

Rab g

yal

M26

/03/

2008

Luch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-187

3D

ETRa

bsel

M28

Than

gsar

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-187

4D

ETRa

n gdo

lM

24/0

5/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y Pris

onSe

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

875

DET

Rash

a Sam

ten

M25

/03/

2008

San g

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-187

6D

ETRa

yab

Cho

klo

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-187

7D

ETRe

btsa

Gen

dun

Na g

dang

MTa

shi K

yil M

onas

tery

15/0

4/20

0808

-187

8D

ETRe

btsa

Na g

dang

MLa

bran

g M

onas

tery

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-120

1D

ETRi

bum

Gya

lM

2824

/03/

2008

Tsig

orth

ang

Cou

nty,

Tsol

ho "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-120

3D

ETRi

gdak

M21

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-120

5D

ETRi

gdol

M30

Mish

i Tha

ngsa

r Mon

aste

ry30

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-120

7D

ETRi

gtar

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-121

6D

ETRi

gzoe

M13

20/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

217

DET

Rin

Gya

lmo

M28

Visit

ing

Stud

ent o

f Dre

pung

10/3

/200

8G

ade C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

219

DET

Rinb

um G

yal

M20

'sU

nkno

wn26

/03/

2008

Tsig

orth

ang

Cou

nty,

Tsol

ho "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-122

3D

ETRi

nche

nM

19/0

3/20

08C

higd

ril C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-122

4D

ETRi

nche

n D

hond

u pM

9/4/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-122

5D

ETRi

nche

n D

hond

u pM

2415

/06/

2008

Rabk

ar V

illag

e, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

226

DET

Rinc

hen

Dor

jeeM

16/0

6/20

08D

rang

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

231

DET

Rinc

hen

Tser

ing

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-123

2D

ETRi

n gde

n Lh

amo

M21

28/0

5/20

08Lh

akyi

, Kar

dze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

233

DET

Rin g

en Ja

mca

nM

27Th

angg

ya M

onas

tery

12/4

/200

8G

onjo

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

236

DET

Rin p

ung

Gya

M

3526

/03/

2008

Tsig

orth

ang

Cou

nty,

Tsol

ho "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-123

8D

ETRi

nzin

Wan

gdon

F23

Dar

gay H

ardu

Nun

nery

23/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-124

2D

ETRu

gyu

Tenz

inM

1/5/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce

182


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-124

5D

ETSa

gey

MG

yuto

e Mon

aste

ry15

/05/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-124

6D

ETSa

kor G

uru

M24

/03/

2008

Rebk

ong

Cou

nty,

Malh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-124

7D

ETSa

mdu

pM

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

08-1

253

DET

Sam

dup

Yalo

M15

/05/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-125

6D

ETSa

mph

elM

Zaho

g M

onas

tery

27/0

4/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-125

7D

ETSa

mru

pM

Nga

ba K

irti M

onas

tery

28-2

9/03

/200

8N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-125

8D

ETSa

msa

ngM

3110

/3/2

008

Pem

a Cou

nty P

rison

Pem

a Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-125

9D

ETSa

mte

nM

34A-

Khor

Mon

aste

r y23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-126

2D

ETSa

mte

nM

Nga

ba K

irti M

onas

tery

28-2

9/03

/200

8N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-126

3D

ETSa

mte

nM

Rabt

sa G

yalm

o M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

264

DET

Sam

ten

M17

Sera

Mon

aste

r y10

/3/2

008

Lhas

aG

olog

,"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

265

DET

Sam

ten

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

0808

-126

6D

ETSa

mte

n

MVi

sitin

g St

uden

t Of D

repu

ng M

onas

tery

19/0

3/20

08G

orm

oy P

rison

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-126

8D

ETSa

ng S

ang

Lhe L

heM

Dar

lag P

rison

Dar

lag C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

271

DET

San g

ayM

15/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

273

DET

San g

ayM

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

280

DET

San g

ay B

umM

00/0

8/20

08D

ashi

Vill

age,

Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

282

DET

San g

ay D

olm

aF

20-2

1/03

/200

8N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-128

1D

ETSa

ngay

Dol

ma ?

F25

19/0

3/20

08M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

284

DET

San g

ay G

yatso

M42

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

285

DET

San g

ay G

yatso

MRa

btsa

Gya

lmo

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-128

7D

ETSa

n gay

Gya

tsoM

2600

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-128

8D

ETSa

ngay

Gya

tsoM

1321

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-129

1D

ETSa

n gay

Kha

rM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

292

DET

Sang

ay K

har

M32

21/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

293

DET

San g

ay K

yap

M32

17/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

294

DET

San g

ay K

yap

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-129

5D

ETSa

n gay

Lha

mo

F26

Dra

gkar

Mon

aste

ry28

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

296

DET

San g

ay R

abte

nM

21/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

298

DET

San g

ay W

angc

hang

M25

/03/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-130

1D

ETSa

ngde

nM

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

303

DET

Sang

dok

Lhaw

ang

M38

Yarte

ng M

onas

tery

17/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-130

5D

ETSa

n gha

?M

33To

kden

Min

drol

Tas

hi K

yil M

onas

tery

13/0

8/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-130

6D

ETSa

n gi B

huM

25/0

3/20

08D

arlag

Cou

nty,G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

307

DET

San g

khog

Jam

yang

Jinp

aM

Gyu

me M

onas

tery

15/4

/200

8Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

308

DET

Sang

khog

Tha

pkey

MLa

bran

g M

onas

tery

22/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

310

DET

San g

mo

F39

Pang

rina N

unne

ry14

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

311

DET

San g

nag

M22

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-131

2D

ETSa

n gpo

MN

angt

en S

choo

l00

/04/

2008

Dar

tsedo

Cou

nty,K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce

Appendices

183

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-131

4D

ETSa

ngsa

ng L

eleM

28/0

4/20

08D

arlag

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-131

6D

ETSa

n gzin

Kyi

F20

-21/

03/2

008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-131

7D

ETSa

n yin

gM

30N

amtso

Mon

aste

ry24

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

318

DET

Sarb

uM

20/0

3/20

08C

hent

sa C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

319

DET

Sarp

a Tsa

ng L

odoe

MM

aima T

send

rag

Mon

aste

ry22

-23/

03/2

008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-132

0D

ETSa

she

MN

obsu

r Mon

aste

r y28

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-132

3D

ETSe

kar T

hrin

tseM

29N

gaba

Kirt

i Mon

aste

ry28

-29/

03/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

326

DET

Seng

top

FYa

tsek

Nun

nery

17/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-132

8D

ETSe

r po

M24

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-132

9D

ETSe

truk

Lham

oF

Yatse

k N

unne

ry17

/06/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

335

DET

Shed

u pM

28A-

Khor

Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-133

8D

ETSh

emo

F20

Dar

lag C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

340

DET

She p

oM

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

342

DET

Sher

abM

40M

akur

Nam

gyali

ng M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08 C

hent

sa C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

343

DET

Sher

abM

Rabt

sa G

yalm

o M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

344

DET

Sher

abM

2618

/03/

2008

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-134

6D

ETSh

erab

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-134

8D

ETSh

erab

M25

/03/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-135

1D

ETSh

erab

Gya

ltsen

M36

22/0

5/20

08 K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kand

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-135

7D

ETSh

erab

Yan

gzo

F40

28/0

3/20

08Lh

asa,

TAR

08-1

358

DET

Sher

deM

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

359

DET

Shilo

kM

Unk

nown

7/5/

2008

Lhas

a TAR

08-1

361

DET

Shits

oF

26G

ewa D

rak

Nun

nery

18/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

362

DET

So C

hoke

yF

27D

arga

y Nya

gey N

unne

ry20

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

363

DET

So L

hatso

F35

Pang

rina N

unne

ry14

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

365

DET

Soed

hon

F18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-137

1D

ETSo

eloM

00/0

7/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

373

DET

Soe p

aM

30Se

ra M

onas

tery

10/3

/200

8M

angy

e Mon

aste

ry08

-137

4D

ETSo

epa

M00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-137

5D

ETSo

e pa

M15

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-137

6D

ETSo

epa

M18

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

379

DET

Soga

M37

Khan

gmar

Mon

aste

ry22

/06/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

380

DET

Soka

rF

2314

/05/

2008

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-138

1D

ETSo

loM

5-6/

07/2

008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-138

2D

ETSo

luM

18Kh

angm

ar M

onas

tery

9/6/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

384

DET

Sona

mM

Acho

g Ts

enyi

Mon

aste

ry00

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

385

DET

Sona

mM

37G

yalm

o G

edhe

n D

harg

yal M

onas

tery

28

/03/

2008

Tsoe

City

, Kan

lho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-138

6D

ETSo

nam

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-138

9D

ETSo

nam

M23

/03/

2008

Tewo

Cou

nty,K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

184


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-139

0D

ETSo

nam

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-139

1D

ETSo

nam

M20

/03/

2008

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-139

2D

ETSo

nam

M20

/03/

2008

San g

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-139

4D

ETSo

nam

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-139

5D

ETSo

nam

M25

/03/

2008

Dra

n go

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-140

4D

ETSo

nam

Dha

r gya

lM

3931

/06/

2008

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

rfect

ure,

"TAR

"08

-141

0D

ETSo

nam

Gya

tsoM

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

411

DET

Sona

m G

yon

M00

/08/

2008

Das

hi V

illag

e, Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-141

2D

ETSo

nam

Jigm

eM

33C

hokr

i Mon

aste

ry26

/03/

2008

Dro

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-141

5D

ETSo

nam

Lha

tsoF

35Pa

n grin

a Nun

nery

14/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

417

DET

Sona

m N

yim

aF

3520

/03/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

418

DET

Sona

m N

yim

aM

31/0

3/20

08Se

rshul

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-142

0D

ETSo

nam

She

rab

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-142

5D

ETSo

nam

Wan

gdue

M18

10/3

/200

8G

onjo

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

426

DET

Sona

m W

angm

oF

229/

8/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-142

7D

ETSo

nam

Wan

gyal

M31

15/0

6/20

08Ra

bkar

Vill

age,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-142

8D

ETSo

nam

Yan

gtso

FD

ragk

ar M

onas

tery

12/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-143

0D

ETSo

nam

Yar

phel

M2/

4/20

08D

rang

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

431

DET

Sond

on

F18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-143

2D

ETSo

n gky

apM

24/0

5/20

08Se

rshul

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-143

3D

ETSo

pay

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

435

DET

Sum

dor

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

0808

-143

6D

ETSu

ngdu

e Kya

pM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

437

DET

Sun g

rab

M34

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

438

DET

Sung

rab

MM

aru

Mon

aste

ry19

/03/

2008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-143

9D

ETSu

n gra

bM

1/5/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-144

0D

ETTa

bhe

M41

24/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-144

2D

ETTa

boM

40M

akur

Nam

gyali

ng M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hent

sa C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

446

DET

Tagh

aF

Dra

gkar

Mon

aste

ry12

/5/2

008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

447

DET

Takd

onF

Gad

en C

hoeli

n g N

unne

ry14

/5/2

008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-144

8D

ETTa

kho

M23

17/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-144

9D

ETTa

kho

?M

3522

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y,Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-145

0D

ETTa

klha

Dho

ndu p

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-145

1D

ETTa

klha

Tha

rM

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

456

DET

Tam

din

Cho

key

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry12

/5/2

008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-145

7D

ETTa

mdi

n Ta

shi

M14

/04/

2008

Tewo

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

458

DET

Tam

din

Tsek

yiF

36Pa

ngrin

a Nun

nery

11/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

459

DET

Tam

din

Tser

ing

M19

19/0

3/20

08Lu

shoe

Tow

nshi

p,Ka

nlho

, "TA

P" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

461

DET

Tam

din

Tset

enM

2017

/04/

2008

San g

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce

Appendices

185

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-146

3D

ETTa

nor

M27

/04/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

ua P

rovin

ce08

-146

4D

ETTa

phun

M44

Laru

ng N

garik

Nan

gten

Lob

ling

8/7/

2008

Serth

ar C

ount

y,Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

465

DET

Tari

Akun

M14

/04/

2008

Tewo

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

469

DET

Tash

iM

00/0

4/20

08Lh

oka P

refec

ture

, "TA

R"08

-147

1D

ETTa

shi D

olm

aF

30Pa

ngrin

a Nun

nery

14/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-147

2D

ETTa

shi D

orjee

M19

00/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-147

3D

ETTa

shi G

haF

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

11/5

/200

8Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

474

DET

Tash

i Gya

lM

Za M

onas

tery

27/0

4/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-147

6D

ETTa

shi G

yalts

enM

Zakh

og M

onas

tery

26/0

4/20

08D

erge

Cou

nty,K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-147

8D

ETTa

shi G

yatso

MM

ishi T

hang

sar M

onas

tery

20/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

480

DET

Tash

i Gya

tsoM

1410

/3/2

008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-148

1D

ETTa

shi G

yatso

M20

10/3

/200

8Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

482

DET

Tash

i Gya

tsoM

2210

/3/2

008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-148

4D

ETTa

shi G

yatso

M14

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

485

DET

Tash

i Lha

wang

F37

Pang

rina N

unne

ry14

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

489

DET

Tash

i Ngo

dup

M30

Beri

Mon

aste

ry24

/6/2

008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-149

1D

ETTa

shi S

angp

oM

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-149

2D

ETTa

shi S

hera

bM

36Kh

angm

ar M

onas

tery

22/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

493

DET

Tash

i Son

amM

4814

/03/

2008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

495

DET

Tash

i Tse

ring

M21

/03/

2008

Luch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-149

6D

ETTa

shi T

soF

26G

ewa D

rak

Nun

ner y

18/0

6/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-149

9D

ETTa

shi Y

angt

soF

Nya

gay N

unne

ry20

/05/

2008

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-150

0D

ETTa

shi Y

arph

elM

2310

/3/2

008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re,"T

AR"

08-1

501

DET

Tatse

M31

Gom

ang

Mon

aste

ry30

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

502

DET

Tatse

M24

/03/

2008

Dar

lag C

ount

y,Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-150

6D

ETTe

ndha

rM

Rato

e Mon

aste

ry00

/03/

2008

Chu

shul

Cou

nty,

Lhas

a Mun

icipa

lity "

TAR"

08-1

505

DET

Tend

har ?

MAc

hog

Tsen

yi M

onas

tery

00/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-150

9D

ETTe

nkar

FG

esa y

Nun

nery

22/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-151

3D

ETTe

n pa

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

0808

-151

9D

ETTe

n pa G

yalts

enM

26Kh

enpa

Lun

g M

onas

tery

12/5

/200

8M

arkh

am C

ount

y,Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

521

DET

Tenp

hal

M25

Sera

Mon

aste

ry9/

7/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y Pris

onSe

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

524

DET

Tenz

inM

25A-

Khor

Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-152

6D

ETTe

nzin

MKa

tho g

Mon

aste

ry00

/07/

2008

Kard

ze, "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

529

DET

Tenz

inM

2700

/03/

2008

Dra

yab

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re, "

TAR"

08-1

530

DET

Tenz

inM

1700

/04/

2008

San g

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-153

3D

ETTe

nzin

M

23G

aden

Cho

korli

n g M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

538

DET

Tenz

in G

yatso

MLa

bran

g M

onas

tery

15/0

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

540

DET

Tenz

in G

yatso

M37

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

541

DET

Tenz

in G

yeph

elM

19/0

5/20

08D

ingr

i Cou

nty,S

higa

tse P

refec

ture

"TAR

"

186


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-154

6D

ETTe

nzin

Nor

buM

19W

oese

r Mon

aste

ry30

/10/

2008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re, "

TAR"

08-1

547

DET

Tenz

in P

hunt

sok

M17

Bada

Sam

dupl

ing

Mon

aste

ry00

/03/

2008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y,Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

548

DET

Tenz

in R

inch

enM

17W

oese

r Mon

aste

ry24

/10/

2008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re, "

TAR"

08-1

551

DET

Tenz

in T

serin

g M

19/0

5/20

08D

ingr

i Cou

nty,S

higa

tse P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-155

3D

ETTe

nzin

Yes

hiM

1925

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

555

DET

Than

g-N

geM

Beri

Mon

aste

ry18

/06/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-155

6D

ETTh

ang-

YaM

Than

gsar

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

557

DET

Tha p

khey

M30

Labr

ang

Mon

aste

ry1/

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, M

alho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

560

DET

Tha p

khey

M45

20/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

561

DET

Tha p

khey

M31

24/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-156

3D

ETTh

arch

inM

25/0

3/20

08D

ron g

o C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

564

DET

Thay

ae ?

M17

Dre

ngva

Sum

do M

onas

tery

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-156

8D

ETTh

inle y

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

ry11

/5/2

008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-157

0D

ETTh

inley

M20

-21/

03/2

008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-157

1D

ETTh

inle y

(Che

wa)

M30

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

572

DET

Thin

le y (c

hung

wa)

M22

A-Kh

or M

onas

tery

23/0

3/20

08C

hone

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

574

DET

Thin

le y D

orjee

M16

/06/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-157

5D

ETTh

inle y

Nam

gyal

M18

/03/

2008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

579

DET

Thoe

kay

M21

/03/

2008

Luch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-158

0D

ETTh

oepa

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-158

1D

ETTh

oesa

mM

23A-

Khor

Mon

aste

r y23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-158

3D

ETTh

okm

e yM

2820

/03/

2008

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-158

5D

ETTh

rukp

a Kha

rM

9/4/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-158

6D

ETTh

ruk p

a Kha

rM

21/0

3/20

08Lu

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

587

DET

Thum

aM

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

589

DET

Thu p

chok

M38

Rato

e Mon

aste

ry16

/04/

2008

Chu

shul

PSB

DC

Chu

shul

Cou

nty,

Lhas

a Mun

icipa

lity "

TAR"

08-1

590

DET

Thu p

don

M24

Sera

Mon

aste

ry10

/3/2

008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

592

DET

Thu p

kho

M20

/03/

2008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-159

4D

ETTh

u pte

nM

40's

Dar

gay M

onas

tery

10/7

/200

8Ka

rdze

, "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-159

9D

ETTh

u pte

nM

2519

/03/

2008

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,G

olog

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-160

4D

ETTh

upte

n N

amgy

alM

Bhum

sar M

onas

tery

00/0

3/20

0808

-160

8D

ETTh

upte

n Ts

erin

gM

3100

/03/

2008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

609

DET

Thu p

ten

Tser

ing(

thup

khoM

20-2

1/03

/200

8M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

612

DET

Thu p

wang

M30

Palyu

l Tha

rthan

g M

onas

tery

10/3

/200

8Kh

orm

o Pr

ison

Gad

e Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-161

4D

ETTi

n gha

F20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-161

6D

ETTo

pden

M25

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-161

5D

ETTo

pden

?M

Jam

mey

Mon

aste

ry25

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

618

DET

Topg

yal

M19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

619

DET

Troe

ma

M18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce

Appendices

187

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-162

0D

ETTr

ulku

Gan

dun

MN

obsu

r Mon

aste

r y28

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-162

1D

ETTr

ulku

Jan g

chup

MH

orsh

ul M

onas

tery

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

622

DET

Trul

ku K

hen p

oM

32D

arlag

Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-162

5D

ETTr

ulku

Ten

pa R

igsa

ngM

26Vi

sitin

g St

uden

t Of D

repu

ng M

onas

tery

19/0

3/20

08G

orm

oy P

rison

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-162

6D

ETTr

ulku

Thu

pten

Nyi

ma

MYa

ngdh

en M

onas

tery

3/5/

2008

Nya

gchu

ka C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

629

DET

Tsan

gpa

M17

Woe

ser M

onas

tery

13/5

/200

8M

arkh

am C

ount

y,Cha

mdo

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

631

DET

Tsan

gyan

gF

3521

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-163

7D

ETTs

eden

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

639

DET

Tsed

or M

arda

n gm

a00

/03/

2008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-164

0D

ETTs

edu p

MTh

angs

ar M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-164

1D

ETTs

e gya

l Palb

astsa

ng

M74

29/0

6/20

08Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Prfe

ctur

e, "T

AR"

08-1

642

DET

Tse g

yam

M22

Sera

Mon

aste

ry10

/3/2

008

Kash

i Mon

aste

ry08

-164

3D

ETTs

ehog

MKa

rdze

Mon

aste

ry18

/05/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-164

6D

ETTs

ekya

bM

2210

/3/2

008

Pem

a Cou

nty P

rison

Pem

a Cou

nty,

Gol

og"T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce08

-165

1D

ETTs

ensa

n gM

Dre

pung

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

08-1

652

DET

Tse p

ak K

yap

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-165

3D

ETTs

e pak

Nam

gyal

M15

Khen

pa L

ung

Mon

aste

ry12

/5/2

008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-165

8D

ETTs

erin

gM

Mar

u M

onas

tery

22/0

3/20

08M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

663

DET

Tser

ing

Lhas

a "TA

R"08

-166

4D

ETTs

erin

g

M22

31/0

6/20

08Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Prfe

ctur

e, "T

AR"

08-1

665

DET

Tser

ing

Dho

ndup

M20

17/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

667

DET

Tser

ing

Dor

jeeM

2216

/04/

2008

Mac

hu C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-167

0D

ETTs

erin

g G

yatso

M22

10/3

/200

8Lh

asa "

TAR"

08-1

671

DET

Tser

ing

Logy

a ?M

3022

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

674

DET

Tser

ing

Tash

iM

Mar

u M

onas

tery

22/0

3/20

08M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

675

DET

Tser

ing

Ten

?M

1919

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

681

DET

Tset

enM

17Th

angg

ya M

onas

tery

3/4/

2008

Gon

jo C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-168

5D

ETTs

eten

Phu

ntso

kM

45 D

harg

yal M

onas

tery

18

/03/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-168

7D

ETTs

eten

Wan

gmo

F25

3/8/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

688

DET

Tsew

ang

MD

repu

ng M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

0808

-169

0D

ETTs

ewan

gM

20's

26/0

3/20

08Ts

igor

than

g C

ount

y, Ts

olho

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

08-1

691

DET

Tsew

ang

M

20Ka

rdze

Mon

aste

ry18

/05/

2008

Kard

ze C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

692

DET

Tsew

ang

Dho

ndup

M24

/03/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-169

5D

ETTs

ewan

g G

yatso

M25

/03/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-169

6D

ETTs

ewan

g Kh

ando

F38

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

28/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-169

7D

ETTs

ewan

g Te

nzin

M19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

698

DET

Tsew

ang

Thap

key ?

M4/

20/2

008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

702

DET

Tsoe

ma

F18

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-170

3D

ETTs

o gne

yiM

25/0

3/20

08D

arlag

Cou

nty,G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

188


Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TCH

RDSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filiat

ion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-170

4D

ETTs

okho

?M

4022

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

707

DET

Tsok

n yi

MRa

btsa

Gya

lmo

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-170

9D

ETTs

olo

M6/

7/20

08Se

rtha C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

711

DET

Tson

due

FSh

ugse

b N

unne

ry28

/4/2

008

Chu

shul

Cou

nty,

Lhas

a Mun

icipa

lity "

TAR"

08-1

715

DET

Tsul

kho

M19

24/0

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-171

4D

ETTs

ulkh

o ?

M19

/03/

2008

Chi

gdril

Cou

nty,G

olog

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-171

6D

ETTs

ulto

pM

3020

/03/

2008

Serth

a Cou

nty,

Kard

ze"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-171

7D

ETTs

ultri

mM

26A-

Khor

Mon

aste

r y23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

" Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-171

8D

ETTs

ultri

mM

Mish

i Tha

n gsa

r Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

719

DET

Tsul

trim

MRa

btsa

Gya

lmo

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-172

0D

ETTs

ultri

mM

Rabt

sa G

yalm

o M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

724

DET

Tsul

trim

M10

/3/2

008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-172

5D

ETTs

ultri

mM

1621

/03/

2008

San g

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-172

6D

ETTs

ultri

mM

1921

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-172

7D

ETTs

ultri

m

MAc

hog

Tsen

yi M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-172

9D

ETTs

ultri

m G

othr

ak ?

M22

/03/

2008

San g

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-173

1D

ETTs

ultri

m G

yatso

M37

Labr

ang

Mon

aste

rySa

ngch

u C

ount

y, Ka

nlho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

733

DET

Tsul

trim

Gya

tsoM

Sogt

sang

Mon

aste

ry5/

4/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-173

7D

ETTs

ultri

m G

yatso

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovin

ce08

-174

0D

ETTs

ultri

m P

alden

M20

Sera

Mon

aste

r y10

/3/2

008

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, Ka

rdze

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

741

DET

Tsul

trim

Phu

ntso

kM

26Zi

than

g To

wnsh

ip3/

4/20

08Ka

rdze

Cou

nty,

Kard

ze "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-174

5D

ETTs

undu

eM

Mar

u M

onas

ter y

22/0

3/20

08M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kanl

ho "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vince

08-1

746

DET

Tsun

due

FSh

ugse

b N

unne

ry28

/04/

2008

Chu

shul

Cou

nty,

Lhas

a Mun

icipa

lity"

TAR"

08-1

751

DET

Tulk

u Ph

urbu

Tse

ring

MTe

hor K

ardz

e Mon

aste

ry18

/05/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-175

5D

ETVe

n C

hoed

hen

MSh

elkar

Cho

edhe

Mon

aste

ry19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

756

DET

Ven

Dho

ndu p

MSh

elkar

Cho

edhe

Mon

aste

ry19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

758

DET

Ven

Khen

rab

Nyi

ma

MSh

elkar

Cho

edhe

Mon

aste

ry19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

759

DET

Ven

Khen

rab

Tash

iM

Shelk

ar C

hoed

he M

onas

ter y

19/0

5/20

08D

ingr

i Cou

nty,S

higa

tse P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-176

0D

ETVe

n Kh

enra

b Th

arch

enM

32Sh

elkar

Cho

edhe

Mon

aste

r y19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

761

DET

Ven

Lobs

ang

Jigm

eM

Shelk

ar C

hoed

he M

onas

tery

19/0

5/20

08D

ingr

i Cou

nty,S

higa

tse P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-176

2D

ETVe

n Sa

mte

nM

Shelk

ar C

hoed

he M

onas

tery

19/0

5/20

08D

ingr

i Cou

nty,S

higa

tse P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-176

4D

ETVe

n Te

npa

MSh

elkar

Cho

edhe

Mon

aste

ry19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

765

DET

Ven

Tenz

in G

a yph

elM

Shelk

ar C

hoed

he M

onas

tery

19/0

5/20

08D

ingr

i Cou

nty,S

higa

tse P

refec

ture

"TAR

"08

-176

6D

ETVe

n Te

nzin

Tse

ring

MSh

elkar

Cho

edhe

Mon

aste

ry19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

767

DET

Ven

Tenz

in W

angd

onF

23D

arga

y Har

du N

unne

ry23

/05/

2008

Kard

ze P

SB D

CKa

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

768

DET

Ven

Toph

gyal

MSh

elkar

Cho

edhe

Mon

aste

ry19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

769

DET

Ven

Tsew

ang

Khan

doF

38D

harg

yal N

unne

ry28

/05/

2008

Kard

ze,"T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-177

0D

ETVe

n Ts

ewan

g Te

nzin

MSh

elkar

Cho

edhe

Mon

aste

ry19

/05/

2008

Din

gri C

ount

y,Shi

gatse

Pre

fectu

re "T

AR"

08-1

771

DET

Ven

Yesh

i Lha

don

F24

Dha

r gya

l Nun

nery

28/0

5/20

08Ka

rdze

,"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

Appendices

189

Lis

t of K

now

n C

urre

nt P

olit

ical

Pri

sone

rs

TC

HR

DSt

atus

Nam

eSe

xAg

eAf

filia

tion

Arre

stPr

ison

Orig

in08

-177

5D

ETW

angc

hen

M20

/03/

2008

Sang

chu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TAP

", G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e08

-177

6D

ETW

angc

hen

M22

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-177

7D

ETW

angc

hen

Gar

dro

F14

/05/

2008

Kar

dze

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-177

9D

ETW

angc

huk

M22

Khe

npa

Lung

Mon

aste

ry12

/5/2

008

Mar

kham

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TAR

"08

-178

1D

ETW

angc

huk

M21

17/0

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-1

782

DET

Wan

gchu

kM

25/0

3/20

08D

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

783

DET

Wan

gchu

k D

orje

eM

39Be

ri M

onas

tery

24/6

/200

8K

ardz

e,"T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

785

DET

Wan

gdue

?M

3022

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-178

7D

ETW

angl

oM

Tac

hok-

Tsa

ng V

illag

e00

/06/

2008

Sert

har C

ount

y,K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

789

DET

Wan

gpo

M25

/03/

2008

Dar

lag

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "

TAP

" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

08-1

791

DET

Wan

gtop

M32

20/0

3/20

08Se

rtha

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze"

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-179

2D

ETW

angy

alM

21T

hang

gya

Mon

aste

ry3/

4/20

08G

onjo

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure

"TAR

"08

-179

4D

ETW

ochu

ng K

yiF

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze"

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-179

5D

ETW

oedo

nF

18/0

3/20

08Se

rtha

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze"

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-179

7D

ETW

oese

r Tha

yai

M20

Gad

en C

hoko

rling

Mon

aste

ry23

/03/

2008

Cho

ne C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-1

800

DET

Wok

ay ?

M40

22/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba"T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

802

DET

Yakn

aF

20/0

3/20

08M

achu

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TAP

" G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e08

-180

4D

ETYa

ngch

en K

hand

oF

38Pa

ngrin

a N

unne

ry14

/05/

2008

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-180

5D

ETYa

ngch

uk G

ham

MN

obsu

r Mon

aste

ry28

/03/

2008

Sert

ha C

ount

y, K

ardz

e"T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

806

DET

Yang

doM

3220

/03/

2008

Sert

ha C

ount

y, K

ardz

e"T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

808

DET

Yang

haF

25/0

3/20

08D

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

809

DET

Yang

kyi

F28

Dra

gkar

Nun

nery

12/5

/200

8K

ardz

e,"T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

812

DET

Yang

zom

F31

Yart

eng

Mon

aste

ry18

/06/

2008

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-181

9D

ETYe

loF

Yatse

k N

unne

ry17

/06/

2008

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-182

6D

ETYe

shi

M00

/04/

2008

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-182

8D

ETYe

shi C

hoet

soF

36G

aden

Cho

elin

g N

unne

ry14

/5/2

008

Kar

dze,

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-183

0D

ETYe

shi D

orje

eM

32K

hang

mar

Mon

aste

ry9/

6/20

08K

ardz

e,"T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

831

DET

Yesh

i Dor

jee

M43

Sera

Mon

aste

ry20

/03/

2008

Sert

ha C

ount

y, K

ardz

e"T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

833

DET

Yesh

i Gyu

rme

M17

/05/

2008

Tha

mey

Vill

age,

Kar

dze

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-183

5D

ETYe

shi L

hado

nF

24D

ragk

ar N

unne

ry28

/05/

2008

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-183

6D

ETYe

shi L

ham

oF

26G

aden

Cho

elin

g N

unne

ry14

/05/

2008

Kar

dze

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-183

7D

ETYe

shi N

yim

aM

26T

ongk

or M

onas

tery

3/4/

2008

Kar

dze,

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-183

8D

ETYe

shi P

alde

nM

27K

hang

mar

Mon

aste

ry14

/6/2

008

Kar

dze,

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-184

0D

ETYi

dor

MSe

rshu

l Cou

nty,

Kar

dze

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-184

2D

ETYo

nten

M34

Labr

ang

Mon

aste

ry1/

4/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, M

alho

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e08

-184

4D

ETYo

nten

Gya

tsoM

Sogt

sang

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

847

DET

Yont

en S

hitr

ukM

Sogt

sang

Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2008

Dzo

ge C

ount

y, N

gaba

"T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

850

DET

Youd

room

MK

oi-T

sa V

illag

e19

/06/

2008

Sert

har C

ount

y,K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

08-1

851

DET

Youg

amM

in 2

0's

21/0

3/20

08Se

rtha

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze"

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-185

3D

ETYo

umay

M17

/03/

2008

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-185

6D

ETYu

mey

M25

23/0

3/20

08N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce08

-185

8D

ETZ

amba

l aM

15/0

5/20

08Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP",

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

08-1

859

DET

Zar

u Ja

mpa

MT

aktsa

ng L

ham

o K

irti M

onas

tery

29/0

3/20

08D

zoge

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce

190


Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans w

ho w

ere

arre

sted

and

det

aine

d in

200

9

TC

HRD

Nam

eAg

e Se

xAf

filia

tion

Dat

e of a

rres

tO

rigin

09-0

01Lo

bsan

g Lh

undu

p38

MN

ekho

r Mon

aste

ry15

/02/

2009

Lith

ang

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-002

Sona

m T

enpa

29M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

03Ja

mpa

Tho

kmey

30M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

04G

elek

Kun

ga26

M16

/02/

2009

Lith

ang

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-005

Lobs

ang

Ten

zin23

M16

/02/

2009

Lith

ang

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-006

Lobs

ang

Phen

dey

37M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

07Ja

mpa

Yon

ten

30M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

08Sa

ngay

29M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

09Ja

mpa

Tse

ring

28M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

10Lo

bsan

g W

angc

huk

30M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

11Lo

bsan

g T

ashi

21M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

12G

endu

n C

hoep

hel

30M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

13D

harg

yal

37M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

14G

endu

n

29M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

15Ja

mpa

40M

16/0

2/20

09Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

16Am

do G

yalts

en41

M16

/02/

2009

Lith

ang

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-017

Dam

dul

M16

/02/

2009

Lith

ang

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-018

Tas

hi D

hond

up27

M12

/3/2

009

Man

gra

Cou

nty,

Tso

lho

"TAP

" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

09-0

19Jig

me G

yatso

40M

Labr

ang

Tas

hi-K

yil M

onas

tery

10/3

/200

9Sa

ngch

u C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

09-0

20Lo

bsan

g K

hand

ro21

FG

ema

Dra

-wok

Nun

nery

6/3/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

21Ja

mpa

Dho

ndup

27M

Tse

-Tsa

ng M

onas

tery

19/0

3/20

09K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-022

Dhu

nka

Dor

jee40

M21

/03/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

23T

serin

g W

angr

ak40

M21

/03/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

24Pa

chen

30M

21/0

3/20

09K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-025

Khe

thar

F27

/03/

2009

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-026

Pem

a Lh

amo

F27

/03/

2009

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-027

Yali

F27

/03/

2009

Dra

ngo

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-028

Palch

enF

27/0

3/20

09D

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

29C

hoek

yiF

27/0

3/20

09D

rang

o C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

30D

okru

Tsu

ltrim

M

Nga

ba G

oman

g M

onas

tery

00/0

4/20

09T

solh

o "T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e09

-031

Kels

ang

Gya

tso36

MLa

bran

g T

ashi

-Kyi

l Mon

aste

ry13

/4/2

009

Labr

ang

Cou

nty,

Kan

lho

"TAP

" G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e09

-032

Khe

nsur

Thu

pten

Tha

pkey

47M

Shap

ten

Mon

aste

ry11

/4/2

009

Nag

chu

Cou

nty,

Nag

chu

Pref

ectu

re "

TAR

"09

-033

Tsu

ltrim

Gya

ltsen

34M

Shap

ten

Mon

aste

ry11

/4/2

009

Nag

chu

Cou

nty,

Nag

chu

Pref

ectu

re "

TAR

"09

-034

Tsu

ndue

30M

Shap

ten

Mon

aste

ry00

/04/

2009

Nag

chu

Cou

nty,

Nag

chu

Pref

ectu

re "

TAR

"09

-035

Ten

pa30

M00

/05/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

36Ja

mdo

25M

00/0

5/20

09K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-037

Yang

kyi D

olm

aF

Dra

gkar

Nun

ner

24/0

3/20

09K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-038

Sona

m Y

angc

hen

FD

ragk

ar N

unne

r24

/03/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

39T

sund

ue G

yatso

35M

Labr

ang

Tas

hi-K

yil M

onas

tery

14/5

/200

9La

bran

g C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

Appendices

191

Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans w

ho w

ere

arre

sted

and

det

aine

d in

200

9

TCH

RDN

ame

Age

Sex

Affil

iatio

nD

ate o

f arre

stO

rigin

09-0

40So

nam

Gya

tso38

MLa

bran

g Ta

shi-K

yil M

onas

tery

14/5

/200

9La

bran

g C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e09

-041

Nga

wang

Son

am32

M5/

1/20

09K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

42K

unch

ok D

olm

a31

F28

/12/

2008

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-043

Bhu

Dha

rgya

l23

M20

/01/

2009

Dzo

gong

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR"

09-0

44Th

inley

Ngo

dup

24M

20/0

1/20

09D

zogo

ng C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"09

-045

Nor

bu T

ashi

29M

22/0

1/20

09D

zogo

ng C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"09

-046

Lobs

ang

Kirt

i27

MK

irti M

onas

tery

15/0

1/20

09N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-047

Lung

tok

Gya

tso22

MLu

tsang

Mon

aste

ry25

/02/

2009

Man

gra C

ount

y, T

solh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce09

-048

Kels

ang

Gya

tso21

MLu

tsang

Mon

aste

ry25

/02/

2009

Man

gra C

ount

y, T

solh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce09

-049

Soep

a Gya

tso24

MLu

tsang

Mon

aste

ry25

/02/

2009

Man

gra C

ount

y, T

solh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce09

-050

Soep

a Gya

tso29

MLu

tsang

Mon

aste

ry25

/02/

2009

Man

gra C

ount

y, T

solh

o "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce09

-051

Yulsh

eyF

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-052

Tset

an L

ham

oF

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-053

Gya

ltsan

g D

orjee

MTa

klun

g M

onas

tery

00/0

5/20

09D

erge

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

54Te

nzin

Gya

ltsen

37M

Dhe

n C

hoek

or M

onas

tery

9-10

/1/2

009

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"09

-055

Nyi

shek

50M

Dhe

n C

hoek

or M

onas

tery

9-10

/1/2

009

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"09

-056

Nga

wang

Tas

hi51

MD

hen

Cho

ekor

Mon

aste

ry9-

10/1

/200

9Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR"

09-0

57Ta

shi D

orjee

30M

Dhe

n C

hoek

or M

onas

tery

9-10

/1/2

009

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"09

-058

Jam

yang

She

rab

42M

Dhe

n C

hoek

or M

onas

tery

9-10

/1/2

009

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"09

-059

Tser

ing

Pald

en36

MD

hen

Cho

ekor

Mon

aste

ry9-

10/1

/200

9Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR"

09-0

60N

yim

a Wan

gchu

k20

'sM

1/10

/200

9So

g C

ount

y, N

agch

u Pr

efec

ture

"TAR

"09

-061

Yesh

i Nam

kha

20's

M1/

10/2

009

Sog

Cou

nty,

Nag

chu

Pref

ectu

re "T

AR"

09-0

62Te

nzin

Cho

ephe

l16

MM

era M

onas

tery

29/0

1/20

09D

zogo

ng C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "TA

R"09

-063

Lobs

ang

Gya

ltsen

21M

Mer

a Mon

aste

ry29

/01/

2009

Dzo

gong

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR"

09-0

64An

amM

Mer

a Mon

aste

ry29

/01/

2009

Dzo

gong

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR"

09-0

65Ja

mpa

Lha

mo

36F

5/3/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-066

Than

gzin

20's

MN

gaba

Gom

ang

Mon

aste

ry2/

3/20

09N

gaba

Cou

nty,

Nga

ba "T

AP" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-067

Lobs

ang

Wan

gchu

kM

10/3

/200

9Li

than

g C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-068

Jam

yang

Phu

ntso

k35

MK

irti M

onas

tery

3/3/

2009

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

69M

ewa G

yatso

MK

irti M

onas

tery

5/3/

2009

Nga

ba C

ount

y, N

gaba

"TAP

" Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

70Lo

bsan

g N

yend

ak25

M14

/3/2

009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-071

Daw

a Tse

ring

25M

14/3

/200

9K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

72D

hond

up24

M14

/3/2

009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-073

Cho

etso

17F

11/3

/200

9K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

74Ts

etan

Lha

mo

17F

11/3

/200

9K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

75Ts

erin

g Lh

amo

17F

11/3

/200

9K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

76K

arm

a Nor

bu17

M14

/3/2

009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-077

Nam

sel D

orjee

28M

14/3

/200

9K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

192


Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans w

ho w

ere

arre

sted

and

det

aine

d in

200

9

TCH

RDN

ame

Age

Sex

Affil

iatio

nD

ate o

f arre

stO

rigin

09-0

78Ri

nche

n W

angs

el16

M14

/3/2

009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-079

Sang

ay T

serin

g17

M14

/3/2

009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-080

Gol

ok K

unga

Tsa

ngya

ngM

17/0

3/20

09M

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

09-0

81Th

ugsa

m36

MN

orm

a Mon

aste

ry11

/3/2

009

Mac

hu C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP" G

ansu

Pro

vinc

e09

-082

Jam

pa S

onam

21M

5/4/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-083

Taph

el56

M21

/03/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-084

Gon

po T

sewa

ngM

15/0

4/20

09N

yaro

ng C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-085

Yiga

hF

15/0

4/20

09N

yaro

ng C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-086

Alo

M15

/04/

2009

Nya

rong

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

87D

rakp

ayM

15/0

4/20

09N

yaro

ng C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-088

Daw

a Dra

kpa

M15

/04/

2009

Nya

rong

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

89G

yalsh

ayM

15/0

4/20

09N

yaro

ng C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-090

Kya

lgah

M15

/04/

2009

Nya

rong

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

91N

amlh

aM

00/0

4/20

09D

iru C

ount

y, N

agch

u Pr

efec

ture

"TAR

"09

-092

Tsew

ang

Jigdr

akM

00/0

4/20

09D

iru C

ount

y, N

agch

u Pr

efec

ture

"TAR

"09

-093

Pedo

F7/

6/20

09D

erge

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-0

94Ph

urba

7/6/

2009

Der

ge C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-095

Dol

kyab

7/6/

2009

Der

ge C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-096

Dor

jee T

serin

gM

7/6/

2009

Der

ge C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-097

Pald

en G

yatso

MRa

gya M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

09M

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

09-0

98Ts

ultri

m

MRa

gya M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

09M

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

09-0

99Sa

ngpo

MRa

gya M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

09M

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

09-1

00Ja

mya

ng K

hedr

upM

Ragy

a Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2009

Mac

hen

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce09

-101

Gen

dun

MRa

gya M

onas

tery

21/0

3/20

09M

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

09-1

02Sh

erab

San

gpo

27M

Ragy

a Mon

aste

ry21

/03/

2009

Mac

hen

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce09

-103

Hu-

LoM

21/0

3/20

09M

ache

n C

ount

y, G

olog

"TAP

" Qin

ghai

Prov

ince

09-1

04Ya

ng-K

yab

M21

/03/

2009

Mac

hen

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "T

AP" Q

ingh

ai Pr

ovin

ce09

-105

Dam

choe

14M

29/0

8/20

09Se

rshul

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

06So

nam

Yon

ten

10M

29/0

8/20

09Se

rshul

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

07D

eche

n Th

inley

Rin

poch

eM

Cha

ktsa

Mon

aste

ry29

/08/

2009

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-108

Tham

boM

Cha

ktsa

Mon

aste

ry29

/08/

2009

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-109

Yaga

r29

/08/

2009

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-110

Daw

a29

/08/

2009

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-111

Nem

el29

/08/

2009

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-112

Loya

k29

/08/

2009

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-113

Thin

ley N

yim

a29

/08/

2009

Sersh

ul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "TA

P" S

ichua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-114

Dag

yam

29/0

8/20

09Se

rshul

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

15Th

upo

29/0

8/20

09Se

rshul

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

Appendices

193

Lis

t of K

now

n T

ibet

ans w

ho w

ere

arre

sted

and

det

aine

d in

200

9

TC

HRD

Nam

eAg

e Se

xAf

filia

tion

Dat

e of a

rres

tO

rigin

09-1

16So

nam

29/0

8/20

09Se

rshu

l Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-117

Tha

rsho

ng29

/08/

2009

Sers

hul C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

18Sh

eba

29/0

8/20

09Se

rshu

l Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-119

Tas

hi R

abte

nM

09-1

23K

unch

ok T

seph

el39

M26

/02/

2009

Mac

hu C

ount

y, K

anlh

o "T

AP"

Gan

su P

rovi

nce

09-1

24K

unga

Tsa

yang

MLa

bran

g T

ashi

Kyi

Mon

aste

ry17

/03/

2009

Chi

gdra

l Cou

nty,

Gol

og "

TAP

" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

09-1

26N

gags

ung

23M

Tsa

kho

Mon

aste

ry4/

12/2

009

Mat

oe C

ount

y, G

olog

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e09

-127

Nob

ay19

MT

sakh

o M

onas

tery

4/12

/200

9M

atoe

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "

TAP

" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

09-1

28Sh

erab

Nyi

ma

25M

Tsa

kho

Mon

aste

ry4/

12/2

009

Mat

oe C

ount

y, G

olog

"T

AP"

Qin

ghai

Pro

vinc

e09

-129

Tru

lku

Tse

pak

28M

khak

or M

onas

tery

4/12

/200

9M

atoe

Cou

nty,

Gol

og "

TAP

" Q

ingh

ai P

rovi

nce

09-1

30Pe

ma

Yang

zom

FK

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-131

Tse

ring

Dra

kpa

16M

7/3/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

32C

hony

i Gya

ltsen

18M

7/3/

2009

Kar

dze C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

33Ri

nche

n Ph

untso

k15

M7/

3/20

09K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-134

Gyu

rmey

Gon

poM

Tak

lung

Mon

aste

ry00

/05/

2009

Der

ge C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

35D

agah

M00

/04/

2009

Dec

hen

Cou

nty,

Dec

hen

"TAP

" Yu

nnan

Pro

vinc

e09

-136

Tsu

ltrim

M00

/04/

2009

Dec

hen

Cou

nty,

Dec

hen

"TAP

" Yu

nnan

Pro

vinc

e09

-137

Lobs

ang

Nye

ndak

18M

Gur

u G

ewa

Scho

ol28

/07/

2009

Cha

mdo

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR

"09

-138

Passa

ng N

orbu

M00

/08/

2009

Tsa

ngra

l Roa

d, L

hasa

"T

AR"

09-1

39G

yalts

en

20's

M1/

10/2

009

Sog

Cou

nty,

Nag

chu

Pref

ectu

re "

TAR

"09

-140

Gon

pey

M15

/04/

2009

Nya

rong

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-141

Ada

M15

/04/

2009

Nya

rong

Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-142

Pem

a D

emay

7/6/

2009

Der

ge C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

43T

hupp

a7/

6/20

09K

ardz

e Cou

nty,

Kar

dze "

TAP

" Si

chua

n Pr

ovin

ce09

-144

Sona

m P

alm

oF

00/0

5/20

09Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR

"09

-145

Lobs

ang

Pald

enM

00/0

5/20

09Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR

"09

-146

Yesh

i Pal

den

M00

/05/

2009

Jom

da C

ount

y, C

ham

do P

refe

ctur

e "T

AR"

09-1

47N

gagc

hung

MSe

rthar

Lar

ung

Nga

rig M

onas

tery

7/8/

2008

Serth

a C

ount

y, K

ardz

e "T

AP"

Sich

uan

Prov

ince

09-1

48As

hag

Tsa

ng N

orha

47M

22/0

6/20

09Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR

"09

-149

Gon

po D

harg

yal

44M

22/0

6/20

09Jo

mda

Cou

nty,

Cha

mdo

Pre

fect

ure "

TAR

"

194


� The above list contains the names of political prisoners documented by TCHRD from various sources till 27December 2008, utmost care was taken while preparing the list.

� Despite scarcity in sources, TCHRD managed to enlist the names of some 2000 people out of estimated6500 who had been arrested, detained and released since March 2008, Tibetan People’s Uprising across “TAR’and Tibetan areas in Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu and Yunnan Provinces.

� The names of many Tibetan people are not available; TCHRD will try to unearth those names so as to bringforth to the attention of International Community.

� For rectification and information with regard to name, age, sex, affiliation, prison term and origin pleasecontact TCHRD.

Abbreviation:

DET: DetainedDET?: Detained but release status unknownPSB DC: Public Security Bureau Detention CentreD: DayM: MonthY: Year

Note:

Appendices

195

APPENDIX 4

Table Listing Relevant International Human Rights Instruments Signedand/or Ratified by the People’s Republic of China

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.ytiradilosdnaytilauqe

196


GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

“TAP” “Tibet Autonomous Prefecture” (Tib. Bod rang skyong khul); There are 10 ofthese administrative areas (below the level of a province or region) createdoutside “TAR” by the Chinese authorities, located in northern and easternTibet (in the Tibetan provinces of Kham and Amdo)

“TAR” “Tibet Autonomous Region” (Tib. Bod rang kyong lljongs, Ch. xizang Zizique);Formally created by China in 1965, this area of central and western Tibet,covering the area of west of the Yangtse River and south of the KunlunMountains, is the only area recognized by China as being “Tibet”

Barkhor (Tib) The old Tibetan quarter and market area around the Jokhang Temple inLhasa. In Tibetan it literally means the “middle circuit” or centralcircumambulation

Cadre (Tib. le che pa, Ch. gan bu) Technically applies to staff of the ChineseGovernment administration; also referred to those working on official projectsor in state enterprises

CAT United Nations Convention Against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman orDegrading Treatment or Punishment

CCP (Ch. Zhon Guo Gong Chan Dang) Chinese Communist Party; founded inJuly 1921

CEDAW United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms ofDiscrimination Against Women

Circumambulation A religious ritual circling clockwise around a holy place in order to accumulatemerit

County (Tib. dzong, Ch. xian) The Middle level administrative unit equivalent todistrict

CPL Criminal Procedure Law; the revised CPL came into effect on 1 January1997

CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative CongressCultural Revolution (Tib. rigs-nas-gsar-brje); The campaign initiated in 1966 by Mao Zedong in

order to regain control of the Communist Party by ordering the youth to“bombard the headquarters” (purge opponents within the Party) and toeradicate the “four olds” (old ideas, old culture, old customs and old habits).The Chinese authorities no describe it as “Ten Bad Years”, referring to theentire period of 1966 to 1979.

Detention Centre (Tib. lta srung khang, Ch. kanshoushuo) Place where prisoners are held withoutcharge prior to sentencing

DMC (Tib. u-yon lhan khang, Ch. we yuan hi) Democratic ManagementCommittee; Administrative organs established in 1962 in religiousinstitutions in Tibet and reconstructed under the 1996 “patriotic re-education”campaign

APPENDIX 5

Appendices

197

Drapchi prison Officially known as “Tibet Autonomous Region” PrisonEndangering State Security Charge introduced in the revised CPL to replace “counter-revolutionary”Floating population (Ch. liudong renkou) Term used to refer to Chinese migrants who are

unregistered permanent and temporary residents in TibetGeshe (Tib) Spiritual title and doctorate; monk or lama who has completed the highest

course in metaphysics and other academic monastic studies in the Gelugpaschool

Guanxi (Ch) Literally, “connection”; colloquially a connection to officialdom to acquirepreferential treatment

Gyama (Tib) Unit of measurement equivalent to 500 gramsGyama (Tib) Unit of measurement equivalent to 500 gramsHukou (Ch) Household Registration cardICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsICESCR International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural RightsKhenpo (Tib) Literally abbot. In Nyingma and Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism,

Khenpo is analogous to the Geshe degreeLama (Tib) The Tibetan term for a respected religious teacher, equivalent to the Sanskrit

term guru. A lama is not necessarily a monk, although monasticism is preferredfor all lamas in the Gelugpa School. Chinese politicians use the term incorrectlyto refer to any monk

Mu (Tib) A measure of land equal to 67 square metersNPC National People’s CongressPAP People’s Armed PolicePatriotic re-education Initiated in 1996 in Tibet’s monasteries and nunneries, “patriotic re-education”

campaign was designed to purge the influence of the Dalai Lama, toindoctrinate the monks and nuns with political ideology and to crackdownon dissent activities.

Potala Palace Official winter residence of the Dalai Lama in LhasaPRC People’s Republic of ChinaPrefecture (Tib. sa khul, Ch. diqu) The administrative area below the level of province

or region and above the level of a countyProcuracy (Tib. zhib chu, Ch. jian chayan) A Chinese judicial agency responsible for

investigating and prosecuting criminal cases. It also handles complaints againstpolice, prison officials and other branches of the administration

Prostrate Buddhist practice of lying face down before any sacred bodyPSB (Tib. schi de chus, Ch. Gong An Ju) Public Security Bureau, local level police

force responsible for detaining and arresting suspects and for pre-trial custodyRe-education Indoctrination of Chinese Communist ideology and national unity; carried

out extensively in religious institutions and labour camps in TibetRukhag (Tib) One small unit within a prison, village, school, or military etcSaga Dawa (Tib) The month of Buddha’s birth, Enlightenment and Death

198


Splittism (Tib. Khadral ringlugs) Party term for the movement for Tibetanindependence or any nationalist sentiments

Strike Hard (Tib. dungdek tsanen, Ch. yanda) A PRC campaign targeted at crushingcorruption and crime. Within Tibet, Chinese authorities are aiming thecampaign at “splittists”

Tsampa (Tib) Roasted barley flourTsongkhul (Tib) Detention AreaTsuglhakhang (Tib) Central Cathedral in LhasaUNWGAD United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary DetentionWork Team (Tib. las don ru khag, Ch. gongzuo dui) Specially formed units of government

personnel sent to conduct “patriotic re-education” in an institution or localityYartsa Gunbu (Tib) A Tibetan medicinal plant (Botanical name cordyceps sinensis)Yuan (Ch) Chinese currency (8 Yuan is equivalent to 1 dollar.)