Announcements Master of Exam I is available in E-learning. The scores will be posted soon. Class average of 12.46 and standard deviation 3.42 QUESTIONS?

Announcements

• Master of Exam I is available in E-learning.• The scores will be posted soon.

• Class average of 12.46 and standard deviation 3.42

QUESTIONS? PLEASE ASK!

From last time

Temperature dependence of resistivity/resistance

Electrical Energy:

Superconductors Remarkable materials

)]TT(1[ oo )]TT(1[RR oo

QV I V

t

22 V

I RR

Example Problem

17.40 A certain toaster has a heating element made of Nichrome resistance wire. When the toaster (at 20°C) is first connected to 120 V source, the initial current is 1.80 A, but the current decreases when the element heats up. When the toaster reaches it final temperature, the current is 1.53 A. (a) Find the power the toaster produces at its final temperature. (b) What is the final temperature?

Solution to 17.40

Chapter 18

Direct Current Circuits

emf emf maintains the current in a closed

circuit Any device that increases the potential

energy of charges circulating in circuits; e.g., batteries and generators

SI units are Volts The emf is the work done per unit charge

Real batteries have small internal resistance

Therefore, the terminal voltage is not equal to the emf

Internal Resistance internal resistance r

Terminal voltage: ΔV = Vb-Va

ΔV = ε – Ir This is the voltage drop that the

circuit ‘sees’

For the entire circuit, ε = IR + Ir load resistance R When R >> r, r can be ignored Generally assumed in problems

Power: I e = I2 R + I2 r When R >> r, most of the power

delivered by the battery is transferred to the load resistor

Resistors in Series Current is the same in R1 and R2

Conservation of charge

ΔV = ΔV1 + ΔV2 = IR1 + IR2 = I (R1+R2) = I Req

General: Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + …

The equivalent resistance has the effect on the circuit as the original combination of resistors

Equivalent Resistance – Series: An Example

Four resistors are replaced with their equivalent resistance

Resistors in Parallel

Equivalent resistance replaces the two original resistances

Equivalent Resistance – Parallel

Current splits at upper junction: I = I1 + I2 + I3

Write in terms of voltage drop

Equivalent Resistance

The equivalent resistance is always less than the smallest resistor in the group!

Example Problem 18.8

(a) Calculate the equivalent resistance of the 10 Ω and 5 Ω resistors. (b) Calculate the combined equivalent resistance of the 10 Ω, 5 Ω, and 4 Ω resistors. (c) Calculate the equivalent resistance found in part b and the parallel 3 Ω resistor. (d) Combine the equivalent resistance from part c and the 2 Ω resistor. (e) Calculate the total current in the circuit. (f) What is the voltage drop across the 2 Ω resistor? (g) Subtracting the result of part f from the battery voltage, find the voltage across the 3 Ω resistor. (h) Calculate the current in the 3 Ω resistor.

Solution to 18.8 (I)

Solution to 18.8 (II)

Example Problem 18.13

Find the current in the 12 Ω resistor.

Solution to 18.13 (I)

Solution to 18.13 (II)