Announcements

No class Mon – Happy Labor Day!Final Presentation Wed

Iris Oscar Sanam

Final Exam Study Guide Part 1 = short answers testing understanding of key

concepts Part 2 = essay on last two readings in relation to major

textsOffice hours – Wed 12:30 to 1:30 or by appointment.

Send email.

ANNOUNCEMENTS

“a neoliberal strategy that is comprised of institutional and discursive practices through which the Philippine state mobilizes its citizens and sends them abroad to work for employers through the world while generating a ‘profit’ from the remittances that migrants send back to their families and love ones remaining in the Philippines” (x)

Institutional: Negotiating with receiving countries Formalization of migration

Representational/Discursive Ensures temporary, flexible and disciplined

labor Advertising workers & reformulating

citizenship

LABOR BROKERAGE STATE

Filipina overseas worker = bagong bayani & source of national shame. Ex. Maricris Sioson (94-95)

Conflict between patriarchal Philippine nationalism and Philippine participation in neoliberal global capitalism

Resolution paternal state & moral education/values Education & decision-making

takes responsibility from state and puts it on individual women (105)

Self-policing and re-enforcing of heteropatriarchal norms (114)

THE INTERNATIONAL DOMESTIC

May 2001 – Filipina garment workers strike (123) Malaysian-owned factory Under Brunei jurisdiction Contracted by US-based companies Negotiated by private Philippine-based

recruitment agencies “Protected” by Philippine government

repatriation “Nationalism and citizenship have

become the modalities through which the labor brokerage state mobilizes people to work as low-wage, temporary, gendered, and racialized laborers globally and secures their persistent relations to the nation-state” (143)

MIGRANT CITIZENSHIP’S CONTRADICTIONS

Ex. Migrante International:Global network linking

diaspora and country of origin (150)

Dynamic use of electoral politics & radical social movements

Redefining citizenship from bottom up (151) migration & remittances vs justice & accountability Place consciousness

Emphasis on workers’ dignity & respect

ANTICAPITALIST TRANSNATIONAL CITIZENSHIP

How can we radically revision citizenship so that it is not based

on a nation-state defined by capitalist logic?

Economic Penetration in the New World Order

SEXUAL ECONOMIES

Post-Cold War = neoliberal new world order assumption that the free

market automatically leads to civic order and economic prosperity

freedom to accumulate will guarantee all other freedoms

Formal, extractive colonialism replaced by neocolonial associations & idea of international community (40)

Japan = no longer imperial enemy but international partner in leading the economies of the Pacific Rim

PACIFIC RIM NEW WORLD ORDER

“It has been claimed that the idea of a Pacific community is ‘a baby whose putative parents are Japanese and American and whose midwife is Australian.’ This marriage between Japan and the US, however, masks as well as reveals the particular global desires and tensions still at play in the Free World. War has been consummated in a sexual relationship that stabilizes the tenuous unity of the international community. In this arrangement, sexual union is war through economic incorporation. Indeed, what this marriage evinces is an unequal and potentially antagonistic relation at the heart of the economic union” (40)

GENDERED NEW WORLD ORDER

“I say her, because in this heteronormative sexual scenario, Japan is the wife and the US her husband” (41)

Economic, political and national relationships are articulated in gendered and sexualized terms

US occupies masculine position of dominance in affairs of the Pacific

Japan’s dominance derives from partnership with US Masculine position in relation to other

countries in Asia Feminine position in relation to US

“masculine and feminine are defined against each other and function according to the specific historical relation at work” (42)

THE PACIFIC MARRIAGE

“In the case of Japan, clearly some leverage, that is, some bargaining power, is gained in her marriage of interests with the US. In the case of the Philippines, that ‘security’ is at least questionable. For the ‘special relationship’ of the Philippines and the US is no marriage, and the Philippines is no wife; she is, rather, America’s mistress” (43) RP supplies “inexhaustible labor”

and “abundant natural resources” which stokes US economy

US provides “security” & guidance

THE PACIFIC MISTRESS

RP elite benefit from and pursue this arrangement “this open relationship

which economically means letting down of protectionist barriers and ‘liberalization of imports, that is, easy entry and exit” (44)

“Who is penetrating whom – in translated terms, which countries export capital, technology and finished products to which countries – hence becomes a gauge by which to measure economic strength” (48)

(ECONOMIC) PENETRATION

US-Japan penetration of RP vs Japanese protectionist

strategies

“the hyperfeminization is not merely metaphorical but translates into the concrete exploitation and abuse of actual women” (50)

SAP programs and courting foreign investment sacrifices women in the name of development

“With intangible services, information and technology dominated by multinational production, nations such as the Philippines and other Southeast Asian countries are reduced to providing physical labour, which makes the national government no more than a recruiting agency for the sale of its feminized labour to markets in more advanced economies” (58)

The consequence? Filipinas living in a time of war

“IMPERIAL SONS, NATIONAL PIMPS”