ANNEXURE II A - AITDGOA

ANNEXURE II A

GUIDELINES FOR APA STYLE OF CITATION AND REFERNCING

APA (American Psychological Association) style is most frequently used within the social sciences, in order to cite various sources. This APA Citation Guide,

revised according to the 6th edition of the APA manual, provides the general format for in-text citations and the reference page.

Part A: End Citation or Referencing or Bibliography

APA Format Structure APA Format Example Notes

APA Book Citation

Citing a book in print

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Publisher City, State: Publisher.

Finney, J. (1970). Time and again. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster.

When citing a book in APA, keep in mind: Capitalize the first letter of the first word of the title and any subtitles, as well as the first letter of any proper nouns. The full title of the book, including any subtitles, should be stated and italicized.

Citing an e-book from an e-reader

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work [E-Reader Version]. Retrieved from http://xxxx or DOI:xxxx

Eggers, D. (2008). The circle [Kindle Version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com/

E-book is short for “electronic book.” It is a digital version of a book that can be read on a computer, e-reader (Kindle, Nook, etc.), or other electronic device.

Citing a book found in a database

Author, A. (Year of Publication). Title of work. Retrieved from http://xxxx or DOI:xxxx

Sayre, Rebecca K., Devercelli, A.E., Neuman, M.J., & Wodon, Q. (2015). Investment in early childhood development: Review of the world bank’s recent experience. DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0403-8

When citing an online book or e-book in APA, keep in mind: A DOI (digital object identifier) is an assigned number that helps link content to its location on the Internet. It is therefore important, if one is provided, to use it when creating a citation. All DOI numbers begin with a 10 and are separated by a slash.


APA Magazine Citation

Citing a magazine article in print

Author, A. (Year, month of Publication). Article title. Magazine Title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp.

Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15), 3-40.

When citing a magazine in APA, keep in mind: You can find the volume number with the other publication information of the magazine. You can typically find page numbers at the bottom corners of a magazine article. If you cannot locate an issue number, simply don’t include it in the citation.

Citing a magazine article found online

Author, A.A.. (Year, Month of Publication). Article title. Magazine Title,Volume(Issue), Retrieved from http://xxxx

Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15) Retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1179361,00.html

When creating an online magazine citation, keep in mind: The volume and issue number aren’t always on the same page as the article. Check out the other parts of the website before leaving it out of the citation.


APA Newspaper Citation

Citing a newspaper article in print

Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Newspaper Title, pp. xx-xx.

Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an effective legal weapon.The New York Times, p. D5.

When creating you newspaper citation, keep in mind: Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. (for a single page) or pp. (for multiple pages). If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma (e.g., pp. B1, B3, B5-B7).

Citing a newspaper article found online

Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Newspaper Title, Retrieved from newspaper homepage URL

Rosenberg, G. (1997, March 31). Electronic discovery proves an effective legal weapon.The New York Times, Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

When citing a newspaper in APA, keep in mind: APA does NOT require you to include the date of access for electronic sources. If you discovered a newspaper article via an online database, that information is NOT required for the citation either. Multiple lines: If the URL runs onto a second line, only break URL before punctuation (except for http://).


APA Website Citation

Citing a general website article with an author

Author, A. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article title. Retrieved from URL

Simmons, B. (2015, January 9). The tale of two Flaccos. Retrieved from http://grantland.com/the-triangle/the-tale-of-two-flaccos/

Citing a general website article without an author

Article title. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Retrieved from URL

Teen posed as doctor at West Palm Beach hospital: police. (2015, January 16). Retrieved from http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local/Teen-Posed-as-Doctor-at-West-Palm-Beach-Hospital-Police-288810831.html


APA Journal Article Citation

Citing a journal article in print

Author, A. (Publication Year). Article title. Periodical Title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp.

Nevin, A. (1990). The changing of teacher education special education. Teacher Education and Special Education: The Journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children, 13(3-4), 147-148.

Citing a journal article found online

Author, A. (Publication Year). Article title. Periodical Title, Volume(Issue), pp.-pp. DOI:XX.XXXXX or Retrieved from journal URL

Jameson, J. (2013). E-Leadership in higher education: The fifth “age” of educational technology research. British Journal of Educational Technology, 44(6), 889-915. DOI: 10.1111/bjet.12103

When creating your online journal article citation, keep in mind: APA does NOT require you to include the date of access/retrieval date or database information for electronic sources.You can use the URL of the journal homepage if there is no DOI assigned and the reference was retrieved online. Example: Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1467-8535;jsessionid=956132F3DE76EEB120577E99EE74CE9C.f04t01 A DOI (digital object identifier) is an assigned number that helps link content to its location on the Internet. It is therefore important, if one is provided, to use it when creating a citation. All DOI numbers begin with a 10 and are separated by a slash.


APA Film Citation

Citing a film/Citing a movie

Producer, A. (Producer), & Director, A. (Director). (Release Year). Title of motion picture [Motion Picture]. Country of Origin: Studio.

Bender, L. (Producer), & Tarantino, Q. (Director). (1994). Pulp fiction [Motion Picture]. United States: Miramax.

Citing a film from YouTube

Author, A. [screename]. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL

Smith, Rick. (2013, September 20). Favre to Moss!. [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOP_L6hBjn8

When citing a video from YouTube, keep in mind: Screen names are more prominent that actual names on YouTube. If you come across a user whose real name isn’t available, use only their screen name without brackets.


APA Interview Citation

there is a general structure if you want to cite a personal interview as part of your APA works cited list:

Author, A. (Year, Month Date). Interview type.

Marino, B. (2014, October 18). Personal Interview.

Important Note on Personal Interviews: A personal interview should NOT be included in a reference list in APA. They are not considered recoverable data (they cannot be found by a researcher). You should reference personal interviews as in-text citations instead. Example: (J. Doe, personal communication, December 12, 2004)


APA Lecture Citation

Citing online lecture notes or presentation slides

Author, A. (Publication Year). Name or title of lecture [file format]. Retrieved from URL

Saito, T. (2012). Technology and me: A personal timeline of educational technology [Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/Bclari25/educational-technology-ppt

If you want to cite information from your own personal notes from a lecture as personal communication and refer to it only in the body of your essay, you can follow the style guide for personal communication available in the Interview section.


APA TV/Radio Broadcast Citation

Citing an episode from TV or radio show

Writer, A. (Writer), & Director, A. (Director). (Year of Airing). Episode title [Television series episode]. In Executive Producer, A. (Executive Producer), TV series name. City, State of original channel: Channel.

Kang, K. (Writer), & Fryman, P. (Director). (2006). Slap bet [Television series episode]. In Bays, C. (Executive Producer), How I met your mother. Los Angeles, CA: Columbia Broadcasting System.

When citing a TV show or episode, keep in mind: IMDB is a great resource for finding the information needed for your citation (Director, Writer, Executive Producer, etc.) This information can also be found in the opening and closing credits of the show.


APA Encyclopedia Entry Citation

Citing an encyclopedia entry in print

Author, A. (Publication Year). Entry title. In Encyclopedia title, (Vol. XX, pp. XX). City, State of publication: Publisher.

Kammen, C., & Wilson, A.H. (2012). Monuments. In Encyclopedia of local history. (pp. 363-364). Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.

http://www.bibme.org/citation-guide/apa/interview/

http://www.imdb.com/


APA Photograph Citation

Citing a photograph

Photographer, A.. (Photographer). (Year, Month Date of Publication). Title of photograph [photograph].City, State of publication: Publisher/museum.

Roege, W.J. (Photographer). (1938). St. Patrick’s cathedral, fifth avenue from 50th street to 51st street[photograph]. New York, NY: New-York Historical Society.

Citing a photograph retrieved online

Photographer, A. (Photographer). (Year, Month Date of Publication). Title of photograph [digital image].Retrieved from URL

Ferraro, A. (Photographer). (2014, April 28). Liberty enlightening the world [digital image]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/afer92/14278571753/in/set-72157644617030616

Part B: In-text APA citation :

When using APA format, follow the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. All sources that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.

In-text citation capitalization, quotes, and italics/underlining

• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names and initials: D. Jones. • If you refer to the title of a source within your paper, capitalize all words that are four letters long or greater within the title of a

source: Permanence and Change. Exceptions apply to short words that are verbs, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs: Writing New Media, There Is Nothing Left to Lose.

(Note: in your References list, only the first word of a title will be capitalized: Writing new media.)

• When capitalizing titles, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word: Natural-Born Cyborgs. • Capitalize the first word after a dash or colon: "Defining Film Rhetoric: The Case of Hitchcock's Vertigo." • Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, television series, documentaries, or albums: The Closing of the

American Mind; The Wizard of Oz; Friends. • Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television series episodes, and song

titles: "Multimedia Narration: Constructing Possible Worlds;" "The One Where Chandler Can't Cry."

Short quotations If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers? If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation. She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

Long quotations Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a new paragraph. Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin. Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after the closing punctuation mark. Jones's (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

Summary or paraphrase If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text reference, but APA guidelines encourage you to also provide the page number (although it is not required.) According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

Citing an Author or Authors

A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses. Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

A Work by Three to Five Authors: List all the authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses the first time you cite the source. Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and use the ampersand in parentheses. (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)

In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in parentheses. (Kernis et al., 1993)

In et al., et should not be followed by a period.

Six or More Authors: Use the first author's name followed by et al. in the signal phrase or in parentheses. Harris et al. (2001) argued...

(Harris et al., 2001)

Unknown Author: If the work does not have an author, cite the source by its title in the signal phrase or use the first word or two in the parentheses. Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks. A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author. Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source. According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations. First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

Two or More Works in the Same Parentheses: When your parenthetical citation includes two or more works, order them the same way they appear in the reference list (viz., alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)

Authors With the Same Last Name: To prevent confusion, use first initials with the last names. (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998)

Two or More Works by the Same Author in the Same Year: If you have two sources by the same author in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation. Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...

Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and Afterwords: When citing an Introduction, Preface, Foreword, or Afterword in-text, cite the appropriate author and year as usual.

(Funk & Kolln, 1992)

Personal Communication: For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal communication, and the date of the communication. Do not include personal communication in the reference list. (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001).

A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (personal communication, November 3, 2002).

Citing Indirect Sources If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102).

Note: When citing material in parentheses, set off the citation with a comma, as above. Also, try to locate the original material and cite the original source.

Electronic Sources If possible, cite an electronic document the same as any other document by using the author-date style. Kenneth (2000) explained...

Unknown Author and Unknown Date: If no author or date is given, use the title in your signal phrase or the first word or two of the title in the parentheses and use the abbreviation "n.d." (for "no date"). Another study of students and research decisions discovered that students succeeded with tutoring ("Tutoring and APA," n.d.).

Sources Without Page Numbers When an electronic source lacks page numbers, you should try to include information that will help readers find the passage being cited. When an electronic document has numbered paragraphs, use the abbreviation "para." followed by the paragraph number (Hall, 2001, para. 5). If the paragraphs are not numbered and the document includes headings, provide the appropriate heading and specify the paragraph under that heading. Note that in some electronic sources, like webpages, people can use the "find" function in their browser to locate any passages you cite. According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter section, para. 6).

Note: Never use the page numbers of webpages you print out; different computers print webpages with different pagination.

References: http://www.bibme.org/citation-guide/apa/ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.html

http://www.bibme.org/citation-guide/apa/

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.html

ANNEXURE II A - AITDGOA

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