-
GEORGIA
Ministry of Environment Protection and Natural Resources
(MEPNR)
Agency for Protected Areas (APA)
Ecoregional Programme III (Georgia), Kazbegi Project
ANNEX of the DRAFT FINAL REPORT
Feasibility Study for the Ecoregional Programme III (Georgia),
Kazbegi Project
ANNEX German Financial Cooperation with Georgia
1 April 2010
Deutsche Forstservice GmbH AGEG Consultants eG
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LIST OF ANNEXES
Annex 1 Situation Analysis
Annex 1.1: List of Contacts
Annex 1.2: Biophysical Framework
Annex 1.3: List of Plant Species
Annex 1.4: List of Vertebrates of Kazbegi District (excl.
birds)
Annex 1.5: List of Birds
Annex 1.6: List of Mammals of Kazbegi Region
Annex 1.7: List of Endangered Species
Annex 1.8: Summary List of Village Profiles
Annex 1.9: Report on the Tourism Sector of the Kazbegi
Region
Annex 1.10: Waste Management State and Environmental
Pollution
Annex 1.11: Legal Framework Analysis Biosphere Reserve
Annex 1.12: Stakeholder Analysis Annex 2 Options for Meeting
Goals and Objectives
Annex 2.1: Decision Support Tool Discussion Biosphere Reserve
vs. National Park and Support Zone
Annex 3 Proposed Project Area and Zoning
Annex 3.1: Gudauri SWOT Analysis
Annex 3.2: Setting Site-Based Conservation Priorities Annex 4
Proposed Project
Annex 4.1: Logframe
Annex 4.2: Midterm Report: Quick-Start Measures and Priority
Interventions
Annex 4.3: Recommendations on the Waste Management
Annex 4.4: Recommendations on the Toursm Sector Development
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Annex 4.5: Other Proposed Interventions
Annex 4.6: Co-Management Structure Annex 5 Project
Implementation
Annex 5.1: Project Executive Agency (MEPNR) and Project
Implementation Agency (APA
Annex 5.2: Implementation Schedule
Annex 5.3: Draft Budget
Annex 5.4: Flow of Funds
Annex 5.5: Caucasus Protected Area Fund Annex 6 Reports and
Minutes of Meeting
Annex 6.1: Inception Report
Annex 6.2 Minutes of Meeting:
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Annex 1.1:
List of Contacts
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LIST OF CONTACTS
Institution Unit Person Position Phone Date Ministry of
Environment Protection and Natural Resources
Agency of Protected Areas Mariam Mrevlishvili Deputy Head
832752356 05.окт
Forestry Department Papuna Khachidze Head of Department
895167777 07.окт
Department of Policy and International Relations
Ninko Tkhilava Head of Department 832727250 08.окт
Environmental Inspectorate Maia Chkhobadze Head of Biodiversity
Control Division
832727271 07.окт
Biodiversity Protection Division Soso Kartsivadze Head of
Department 895119795 21.окт
Ministry of Econonmic Development
Department of Tourism and Resorts
Natalia Partskhaladze Deputy Head 83220222 or 895117477
09.окт
Department of Transport Mamuka Vatsadze Head of Department
832991108 6-Oct, E-mail
Department of Natural Resource Licensing
Nino Kvernadze Chief Specialist 832991125 09.окт
Ministry of Justice National Agency of Public Registry
Eka Meshkhidze Manager, Head of Internal Dvision
- 28.окт
Ministry of Regional Development and Infrastructure
Department of Reforms and Innovations
David Chichinadze Head of Department 832282334 07.окт
Tamar Pataridze
Project Associate (Environment and International Cooperation of
Regions)
832250041/92 06.окт
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Institution Unit Person Position Phone Date
Ministry of Agriculture Department of Regional Management
Omar Tedoradze Head of Department 832961934 29.окт
Ministry of Culture Georgian National World Heritage
Committee
Irakli Metreveli President 895260110 06.окт
Office of State Representative - Governor in Mtskheta-Mtianeti
Region
Nunu Mgebrishvili Deputy of Representative 832244552 16.окт
Marina Zurabishvili State Advisor 899290062 12.окт
Dato Tabatadze Specialist 244553 or 244552
16.окт
Kazbegi Municipality Gamgeoba Gocha Malania Gamgebeli 824552489
16.окт
Georgian Academy of Sciences
Tbilisi Botanical Garden and Institute of Botany
Prof. Dr. George Nakhutsrishvili
Principal Scientist 899114034 19.окт
Dr. Otar Abdaladze Head of Department of High Mountain Plant
Ecology
- 19.окт
Ilia Chavchavadze Tbilisi State University
Institute of Zoology Dr. Alexandre Gavashelishvili
Associate Professor 899496552 10.окт
Ivane Javakhelishvili Tbilisi State University
MAB National Committee Prof. Dr. Tengiz Urushadze
Vice Chair 832290807 20.окт
Ministry of Internal Affairs Border Police, Land Border Defense
Department
Koba Bochorishvili Director 832381501 19.окт
Mindia Arabuli Commanding Officer Kazbegi District
- 11.окт
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Institution Unit Person Position Phone Date
UNDP Energy and Environment Team Mariam Shotadze Team Leader
23.окт
IUCN Programme Office for the Southern Caucasus
Ramaz Gokhelashvili Director 832473070/71 09.окт
NGO Georgian Center for the Conservation of Wildlife
Nata Dolidze Managing Director 893932568 09.окт
Regional Environmental Centre for the Caucasus
Mountain Programme Nina Shatberashvili Manager 877748392
28.окт
NGO NACRES Irakli Shavgulidze Director 832537125 08.окт
Transboundary Joint Secretariat for the Southern Caucasus
Mike Garforth Director 832225263 08.окт
NGO ELKANA Mariam Jorjadze Director 832536485
NGO CENN Kakha Bakhtadze GIS Expert 832751903 20.окт
NGO Sustainable Tourism Centre
Vano Vashakhmadze Board Member 899578449 07.окт
NGO CUNA Georgica Udo Hirsch Director 832774811 11/20/2009,
Email
NGO People in Need Georgia Office Pavel Pinkava Head of Mission
832986039 09.окт
WWF Caucasus Programme Office Dr. Nugzar Zazanashvili
Conservation Director 832330154/55 08.окт
Dr. Gogi Sanadiradze Director 8323301454/55 07.окт
KfW South Caucasus Regional Office
Carsten Kilian Director 832776109/10 21.окт
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Institution Unit Person Position Phone Date
Levan Tsitskishvili Local Project Coordinator 832776109/10
27.окт
Nino Shanidze Local Project Coordinator 832776109/10 27.окт
GTZ Regional Office South Caucasus
Dr. Gabriele Böhringer
Office Director 832201800 09.окт
Frank Flasche Programme Head 895745107 09.окт
USAID Energy and Environment Section
Mariam Ubilava Programme Officer 832544174 04.ноя
US Department of the Interior
International Technical Assistance Program
Paata Shanshiashvili In-country Coordinator 899572184 21.окт
SDC Derek Mueller Director - 12/5/2009, E-mail
EC Delegation to Georgia Michal Nekvasil Second Secretary
832943763/68 21.окт
Philippe Bernhard Project Manager 832943763/68 21.окт
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Georgian National Committee for
UNESCO
Ketevan Kandelaki Secretary General 899551215 28.окт
Asian Development Bank Georgia Resident Mission Giorgi Kiziria
Country Coordination Officer
895512244 22.окт
Georgian Tourism Association
Soso Mekvrevrishvili Project Coordinator 897298297 30.окт
NGO Spectri Keti Tskhakaia Director - 30.окт
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Annex 1.2:
Biophysical Framework
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BIOPHYSICAL FRAMEWORK OF KAZBEGI DISTRICT
Introduction
Kazbegi region (Khevi) situated on Kavkasioni ridge was called
Tsanareti in Middle Ages. In chronicle “Moktsevai Khartlisai” (IX
century) is mentioned “Khevi Tsanaretisa” (Khevi of Tsanareti) when
describing events of sixth (VI) century. Later the name
“Tsa-nareti” was not used and remained general name “Khevi”. At the
same time “Tsaneri-ans” are now called as “Mokhevians”. Description
of Kazbegi Region
Physical-Geographical location of Khazbegi (Khevi) region is the
north slope of Cauca-sus Mountains ridge, between the central and
the east Caucasus, near the beginning of the river Tergi. The whole
size of the region is 1081, 9 km2. The regional centre
Stephantsminda (Kazbegi) (coordinates: north latitude -
42039/40,53//; east longitude - 44038/37,54//) and 45 villages (26
villages among them are abandoned) belong to the region. Distance
from Tbilisi to Stephantsminda is 152 km. From north and north-east
sides Russian Federation borders Kazbegi region; from south and
south-east sides – Dusheti region and from south-west – Java and
Akhalgori regions. The geographical coordinates of the borders
are:
Border North latitude East longitude
West 42038/42,66// 44030/48,55//
North 42045/05,89// 44030/55,15//
East 42036/02,29// 44051/09,66//
South 42028/44,62// 44029/57,48//
The south border of Khevi landscape follows top of Great
Caucasus ridge from Zilgaik-hokhi mountain to Bursachiri pass; the
west border follows Ardon-Tergi watershed from Zilgaikhokhi
mountain to Siverauti mountain and separates Khevi from South
Osetia (Dvaleti cave). The north boarder coincides with top of
Khokhi and other massifs of Caucasus lateral ridge. It follows
Siatisi, Jimara and Mkhinvartsveri mountain peaks, crosses Dariali
rock (between the villages of Gveleti and Larsi (Russia)), then
follows the mountain peaks of Mgvirgala, Shavana and Gvelis Mta.
The east border follows the watershed of rivers Tergi and
Khevsureti Aragvi from the mountain Gvelis Mta passing by Chaukhi
mountain to Bursachiri pass.
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The physical and geographical characteristics of Kazbegi (Khevi)
region are very de-veloped high mountainous relief; existence of
old granite outlets and young volcanic constructions; significant
glaciations and glacier regime of rivers; great number of min-eral
waters; comparatively dry climate; and full lack of forests in high
mountainous ra-vines. The described characteristics make
distinguish very much Kazbegi relief from neighboring regions.
Relief
Great Caucasus and lateral ridges and their braches, as well as
three large flat-bottomed ravines of Khevi, Truso and Sno
constructed built young river sediments make the relief of Kazbegi.
Khokhi ridge
Khokhi ridge is one of the great massifs of Caucasus lateral
ridge. It borders the region only with its east side. It is
connected to main ridge with cross-cut hill where the Thruso pass
is located (3150 m). On this ridge, from west to east Midargrabini
pass and Siv-erauti (3785 m), Suatisi (4480 m), Jimara (4777 m),
Maili (4622 m) and Mkhinvartsveri mountains are located. (the
highest peak of Khokhi ridge is at 5047 m). An axial zone is
constructed with diorites and dolerites. The mountains group of
Khda
The mountains group of Khda is located at the east of meridional
section of Tergi ra-vine and at the north of Sno ravine. It is a
part of the lateral ridge. From its slopes be-gins the right
tributary of the river Tergi – called “Khdis Tskali” (Water of
Khda). This group includes three meridional ridges: Khuro, Shavana
and Kidegani. Their east ends are connected with each other
longitudinally. Khuri ridge is the watershed of the river Tergi and
Khdis Tskali, where the peak of Khuro mountain (4091 m) and
mountain Shino are located. Shavana (Shana) ridge is the watershed
of Khdis Tskhali and Armkhi (Ingushetia). It is higher than Khuro
ridge. The highest peak of Shavana ridge is at 4430 m. On the
Kidegani ridge bordering Khevsureti mountains Kideganis Maghali
(4219 m) and Gvelis Mta (3881 m) are located. Above motioned three
ridges are constructed with clay shale of early Jurassic period and
saturated with quartz veins. On the both slopes of Shavana ridge
and east slope of Khuro ridge there are several hanging and
circular glaciers. At the longitudinal hill connecting the three
ridges mentioned above there are two sad-dle-like lowlands – Khibe
(staits) and Samtrekhloghele passes. Through the paths they connect
the Sno ravine to Khda and Armkhi ravines.
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The main hydro artery of the region is the river Tergi. It
begins in Thruso ravine, follows narrow places till the village
Kobi, sharply turns to the north and flows to the border of Georgia
to Russia. Description of ravines of the region
Thruso ravine
Thruso high mountainous ravine is located from the beginning of
the river Tergi to the the village Kobi, between the main and
Khokhi ridges and is directed to the south-east. Its altitude at
the village Kobi is 1950 m, at the village Abano – 2200 m and at
the out-fall of the river Siverauti – 2450 m. According
geomorphologic features Thruso ravine can be divided in four parts.
From the beginning to the Siverauri outlet (7 km) it has U-like
form. A bit lower the ravine is directed to the south-east, widens
and has a large bottom covered with plane alluvion. The length of
this plane hill is over 15 km and the width – about 1-2 km. Ever
more low begins Kasari erosive rock. Its creation is related to the
volcanic eruption of Kharisari. The length of these narrow places
is about 3-4 km. The right side of the river is con-structed with
lava outflow rocks, and the left side – with schist. After the
Kasari narrow places the ravine widens again and has a large bottom
covered with plane alluvion. Travertine accumulated by mineral
waters is well represented at the upper end of Ka-sari narrow
places, in the ravine of the river Suatisi, near the village
Okhrokhana and other places. Thickness of travertine is about 12 m.
Sno ravine
Like Thruso ravine, Sno ravine is a longitudinal cave. It is
mainly constructed with clay shale and sand rock layers of early
and middle Jurassic periods. They make isoclinal lines system moved
forward to the south direction like scales. Dolerites make certain
island at south-east of the main ridge, between the passes of
Bursachiri and Sadzelis-ghele. Geo-morphological formation of Sno
water basin is influenced by normal erosion and accumulation
processes. It appears that at the beginnings of the river and its
tributaries significant role played the mechanical work of
quaternary glaciers that was resulted in formation of different
forms (Trog, Tsirk, Kar, Morine forms). The whole lower part of Sno
ravine, oriented to north-west from Nadarbazevi to Tergi tributary,
is represented with large hill. The right tributaries of the river
Snos Tskhali are: Shinos Tskhali, Khoras Tskhali, Jortkhorkha; the
left tribitaries are: Khorkhi, Khve-namtis Tskhali and Chaukhis
Tskhali.
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Khevi ravine
Khevi ravine is the part of Tergi ravine from the village Kobi
to Staphantsminda. It is directed to the east and formed in Lias
schist. Some places at the left side of the ravine are covered
quaternary lava coming from Mkhinvartsveri (lava outflows of Mna,
Pkhel-shi, Arshi and Chkheri). The large, plane bottom of the
ravine is filled with cobble-stones and sand rocks, formed though
accumulation of Ckheri lava outflow. Tkharcheti lava outflow and
fossil (buried) forest is the unique for Khevi ravine. There are
two barriers in Tergi ravine (Sioni-Goristsikhe and
Stephantsminda-Gergeti) that make narrow ways. From Stephantsminda
begins antecedent part of Tergi called Dariali ravine. On its way
of 11 km length it is lowering on 1000 m, cuts Caucasus axial zone
and lateral ridge with rocky corridors. There is no soil and plant
cover in most part of steep precipices of Tergi. Khde ravine
The river Khdis Tskhali begins from the Kibe glacier and flows
to north-west direction. Khde ravine is surrounded by Shavana and
Khuro ridges and represents the kingdom of rocks, glaciers, alpine
meadows and waterfalls. The upper part of the ravine is stepped
woodless place with marshland and watersheds. Due to full absence
of wind the ravine is rich with butterflies. During winter period
there are many aurochs living in the form of herds. The middle part
of the river Khdis Tskhali enters in the erosive ra-vine, cuts the
Dariali granite massif and creates continuous steps of 4 km length.
Dis-tance between the steps is 300 m. The main river in Kazbegi
region begins from glaciers. That’s why inundation occurs in summer
and low level of water is observed in winter period. The rivers are
maintained through underground water, snow and rain water. Small
marshlands are observed in bottomlands of the river Tergi. The main
tributaries of Tergi are: Suatisi, Mna, Bidara, Snos Tskhali,
Chkheri, Devdoraki, Khde, ect. Climate
In the lower zone of Kazbegi region (altitude 2000 m) the
climate is moderately damp. Winter is comparatively dry and cold
and the summer is prolonged and cool. The aver-age temperature in
January is between -3˚C and -8˚C; in July – between 14˚C and 19˚C;
Atmospheric precipitations – between 650 mm and 1000 mm a year
(maximal – in May and minimal – in January). Snow cover exists
during 3-4 months. At the zone of 2000 – 2600 m altitude the
climate is moderately damp. Winter is com-paratively dry and cold
and the summer is short and cool. Snow cover exists during 3-4
months. The temperature is higher than 10˚C only for 1-3 months and
higher than 5˚C only for 4-5 months. The temperature of the warmest
month is about 10-14˚C. Winds are characteristic for mountains and
gorges. Atmospheric precipitations are between 1000 mm and 1200 mm
a year. Snow cover exists during 5-7 months.
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At the zone of 2600 – 3600 m altitude the climate is moderately
damp. There is no real summer. The average temperature in winter is
between -11˚C and -15˚C; in July – less than 10˚C. At the zone
higher than 3600 m there is mountainous moderately damp climate,
per-manent snow and glaciers. The average temperature in January
and February is 13-15˚C; in July and August – positive temperature.
Precipitates are mainly snow. West-erly winds predominate.
Geology
Kazbegi region is characterized with complex geological
structure. The oldest rocks in Tergi ravine are Paleolithic (330
million years) granites of Gveleti and Dariali. Sediment rocks are
mainly of Jurassic period and are represented with early, middle
and upper Jurassic period. Early Juristic period starts with
Kistink layers transgressively laying on Dariali and Gveleti
Granites and are represented with small-grained grey quartzite,
sand rocks, siltstones and black phylites. Often dolerite dykes
(5-6 m) cut the layers. The power of Kistink layers is 1500 m. It
gradually transforms in Tsiklauri layer that is represented with
silk-like sparkling dark Aspidic schist sometimes with quartz-like
sand rock and tuff inclusions. Dolerite dykes (5-6 m) cut the
layers. The power of the layer is 2500 m. Kistink and Tsiklauri
layers belong to Sinemalic-Plinsbakhic layers. Tsiklauri layer is
followed by Kazbegi layer, represented with dark grey clay shale
and grey quartz-like sand rock. They often alternate with each
other and give the layer stripy look. Quartz viens and pyrite cubic
crystals as well as dolerite dykes are fre-quently observed. Their
number decreases at the Tsiklauri layer. The power of Kazbegi layer
is 1500 m. Kazbegi layer is followed by Ghudushauri layer,
represented by dark grey/black clay shale. Sometimes small-grained
grey sand rocks intermediate layers occur. The power is 1500-1700
m. Ghudushauri layer is followed by Shevardeni layer, represented
by dark grey shale and sand rocks. The power is 200 - 400 m.
Kazbegi, Gudushauri and Shevardeni layers belong to Toarsik-Alenic
layers. Shevardeni layer is followed by Byrsachiri layer,
represented by black clay shale and sand rocks. Pyrite and siderite
concretions are also observed. The power is 1000 – 3000 m. Belong
to Buyosic-Bathik layers. Bursachiri layer is followed by
clay-shale layer. It is under the upper Juristic carbonate flysch.
It is represented with grey marly and small-grained carbonate sand
rock. Some-times limestone is observed. The power is 600 m.
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Clay-shale layer is followed by Kasara layer, dark grey shale
with black marly. Some-times grey limestone and black clay shale is
met. The power is 500 m. Shale – sand rock and Kasara layers belog
to Kaloviar and Oxford layers. The following is the Kimerijic
Dumatskho layer, represented by pseudo-oolite, oolite and sand rock
limestone, conglomerate middle layers. The power is 150 – 200 m.
Dumatskho layer is followed by lower limestone layer, represented
by homogenous dark grey sandy limestone and shale marly, often
pyrite concretions are met. The power is 350-400 m. The layer
belongs to Titonic layer. Tectonics
In the region from the north to the south complex tectonic
elements are met: I . Anticline of lateral ridge II. Syncline of
Bejitini III. Anticline of main ridge IV. Chiauri (Gudamakhari
zone) syncline I. In structure of lateral ridge anticline in
important role plays compressed isoclinic wrin-kles. They are
inclined at the south and complicated with frequent breaks. The
breaks have a regional character are observed in the core. Dykes
and ledges are related to it. In anticline core Gveleti and Dariali
granites and gneiss are striped. They have tectonic contact with
Kistinka and Tsiklauri layers at the north and south. At the
village Tsdo strong break is observed, where Plinsbackhi layer lays
on Tuarsik one and is called Adaikom-Kazbegi break. II. Bejineti
syncline is represented with strong shale layers from Kazbegi and
Gudushauri layers. At the south of syncline, near the village
Sioni, Ameli break is lo-cated. Here Kazbegi layer lays on
Gudushauri layer. III. The main ridge anticline represents the
narrow stripe of early and middle Juristic metamorphic-terrigenous
rocks. At the north side Bejinta syncline and at the south – Thruso
break borders it. At this place anticline is lowering
significantly. IV. Chiauri (Gudamakhari zone) syncline is
characterized with asymmetric and over-turned wrinkles with small
breaks. The geological development history of the region we can
consider as the following: In early and middle Juristic periods the
geo-syncline pit was located here. It was filling with sandy and
clay sediments. Movement inducing formation of wrinkles and partial
upheaval of the territory is related to the prekalovial phase of
wrinkling that caused the appearance of underwater upheavals and
chain of islands in the central part of the pit and formation of
two independent pits at the north and south. Evidently dolerite
dykes are related to this wrinkling phase. From the beginning of
Malm till late Eocene sub-
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platform sediments were accumulated in the north pit, and flysch
sediments – in the south pit. The main wrinkling of the south pit
took place at the enc of Eocene. From the beginning og Oligocene
upheaval of divided pits started and the land was united. But the
high mountainous relief was not formed yet. During the late
orogenesis (recent phase) the central upheaval significantly raised
and high mountainous relief was formed. Volcanic activities were
expressed in multiple volcanic explosions and multiple glaciations.
There are several layers of minerals in the region:
copper-polymetallic layer in Devdoraki, Elia antimonite (St) layer,
small crystal layers in Khde and building stone layers (dolerite,
granite, diorite, andesite and travertine). There are also many
inert materials. From the above mentioned resources only Devdoraki
copper-polymetallic layer had an industrial importance, managed by
Belgians in 1900 years. The region is also rich with mineral
waters. In certain circumstances their output is very big. For
example, the mineral water near the village Khetrisi is rich with
calcium hydro carbonate and its output is 25-30 million liters a
day (24 hours). Mineral lake of Abano is raised from accumulated
spring water enriched with carbon dioxide. It belongs to
calcium-hydro carbonate-sulfate type. Daily output of this spring
is 2,5 million liters. Also Fansheti and Goristsikhe mineral waters
are known. Quaternary (recent) sediments
Khevi is very diverse in point of view of geo-morphological
characteristics. The back-ground of high mountainous
tectonic-erosive relief is complicated with glacier, volcanic,
karst and other forms. On the territory of the region diverse
quaternary (recent) sediments are widely spread. Alluvial,
proluvial and deluvial sediments are observed. Alluvial sediments
in Tergi ra-vine makes four terraces. In high mountainous places
Alluvial sediments are aggre-gated with fluvioglacial lake-glacier
and morenic forms. In Kazbegi and Kheli volcanic regions there are
quaternary period volcanic eruption products of different ages:
lava outflow, pyroclastic accumulations, andesite-dacite and
andesite-basalt. There are many dead volcanoes in the region, among
them are: • Mkhinvartsveri (5047 m) – the best-known is Caucasus.
It has a complicated
structure. It was developing more than one million years, from
late Pliocene to Holocene. Its central part is the caldera situated
from the west to the east. There is an upheaval of the central two
peak cone on it, constructed with dacite lava. If we count its
height from Jurassic period pedestal, the west side is raised on
600 m, and the east – on 1500 m. The east peak is at 5047 m and the
west – at 5025 m. Mkhinvartsveri volcano has three craters, from
where the outflows took place in different periods. At present
volcano is not active.
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• Tkharsheti (3431 m) – is located at the left bank of the river
Tergi and is repre-sented with threefold dome of Holocene age. In
Tergi ravine Andesite period lava streams of 7 km length are
presented. At present volcano is not active.
• Khabarjina (3140 m) – is located at the right bank of the
river Tergi. It has a com-plicated structure of middle and upper
Pleistocene andesite-dacite strato-volcano. The main peak is at 900
m height. Volcano is deformed with young breaks. Vol-cano is not
active.
There are also some young volcanoes on the main ridge, at the
north-west and north-east of Jvari pass. Among them is Small
Kharisari located at the noth-west and repre-sents a volcanic cone
with crater. At the north the very beautiful lava stream of 8 km
length is located and borders the right side of the river Tergi in
lower part of Truso ra-vine. More higher is Big Kharisari volcano
cone extrusion. It is characterized with ab-sence of lava outflows.
At the north-east are located the following volcanoes: a) Sa-kokhe,
Sadzele, lava stream of which is directed to the south, to
Mtiuleti; b) Miliona, making lava stream of 3 km length in the
ravine of the river Narovani; c) Tsiteli (red), which is situated
at the left side of the river – Artkhmos Tskali. Artkhmos Tskhal is
the left tributary of the river Snos Tskhali. Glaciers in the
region
According to some authors the total number of glaciers is about
104. The main glaciers are met at the main and lateral ridges of
Great Caucasus. The height of the main ridge is over 3500 m. The
lateral ridge consists with some mountain massifs and has its own
name: Kazbegi-Jimarai and Khuro-Shani. Most of the glaciers in the
region have the door-like and hanging form. Most of them have
north-west, north-east and south-west exposition. The longest
glacier of the basin is Gergeti glacier (7,1 km). The broadest are
glacier is Suatisi (10,2 km2); The average lenth of glaciers is 1,3
km. Devdoraki glacier is known with its catastrophic destructions
caused by intensive movement of the glacier. It is located at the
north slope of Mkhinvartsveri. The length is 5,1 km, size –
7,13km2. The glacier tongue (ice stream) goes downward till 2260 m
altitude.
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Table 1: Glaciers complex in Kazbegi-Jimarai ridge 1
Altitude Name of
the glacier
Basin of the river
Morphological type Exposition
Length (km)
Size (km2) Lower
point Glacier snow line
Upper point
Chata Amali Hanging - ravine North-east 3,2 2,8 3230 3660
4430
Devdoraki Amali Hanging - ravine North-east 7,3 7,0 2260 3260
5047
Abano Chkheri Hanging - ravine South-east 4,1 2,0 2950 3700
5047
Gergeti Chkheri Hanging - ravine South-east 8,5 8,3 2870 3650
5047
Denkra Mna Hanging - ravine South-west 2,3 2,4 3500 3770
4230
Mna Mna Hanging - ravine South-east 4,1 4,6 2860 3480 4600
East Suatisi Suatisi Hanging - ravine South-west 5,4 10,2 3000
3500 4580
Middle Suatisi Suatisi Hanging - ravine South 4,7 2,5 2850 3520
4760
West Suatisi Suatisi Hanging - ravine South-west 3,5 2,4 3070
3600 4460
The main landscapes of the region
1) Canyon-like ravines with rock plants and washed out
soils;
2) Middle mountains with pine-tree and birch wood, and with
brown forest soils;
3) Landscape of mountains and ravines with forest/meadow plants
and alluvial soils;
4) Subalpine forests and meadows, with mountain-forest and
mountain-meadow soils;
5) Glaciers and rocks with weakly developed plant cover and
soils. Important monuments of non-organic nature requiring special
care and protection: • “Bethlemis Beri” – column of 12 m height
situated at the beginnings of the river
Chkheri;
• Khde ravine – Example of first-born nature;
• Lava outlet and buried forest of Tkharsheti;
• Ramura cave under “Lava Organ” – Andesite columns of beautiful
shape;
• Kharisari volcanic outlet – Classical form of lava stream;
• Thruso travertine;
1 Besides the listed above the complex of glaciers also include
6 small glaciers with total size
of 5 km2
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• Abano mineral lake;
• Mineral voclus of Khetrisi Short history of Khevi and main
monuments
The old historical “Tsanareti Khevi” was the organic part of
Georgia since ancient times. It had a great strategic importance
for security of Khartly Kingdom, protecting from nomadic people
living in North Caucasus. “Tsanareti Khevi” was always under
special care of zGeorgian government. The road connecting the south
Caucasus to the north Caucasus crossed Dariali ravine since ancient
times. The strategic importance of the ravine caused existence of
fortress system. During centuries Khevi by its political and
administrative status had been sub-ordinated to the kingdom
governance, besides the period when it was subordinated to Aragvi
Eristavies (from 20th of XVII century till 1742 – the year of
cancellation of Aragvi feudal unit – “Saeristavo”). In XVIII Khevi
was divided in Stephantsminda, Sno, Fan-sheti and Mne
administrative units (Samourao). Mokhevians actively participated
in 1804 Mtiuleti uprising against Russian politics. Architectural
monuments existed in Khevi are: Garbani church of IX-X century,
Sioni basilica, Thruso Archangel church, basilica of village
Akhaltsikhe, monastery complex of Betlemi, constructions of Middle
Ages – Sno, Arshi and Dariali castle; Gergeti temple of XIV
century, etc.
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Annex 1.3:
List of Plant Species
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PLANT SPECIES OF KHEVI – KAZBEGI REGION
Based on Gia Nakhutsrishvili, Otar Abdaladze, Archil Kikodze
(2005). The flora of the Khevi region numbers more than 1100
species of vascular plants, while there are about 6350 species
registered in the whole Caucasus, and 4130 of them oc-cur in
Georgia. Most of the genera and species of the Khevi flora belong
to the family Aseraceae. Floral diverse is also emphasized by the
presence of 6 of 11 Caucasian endemic genera: these are: •
Agasyllis Hoffm.,
• Symphyoloma C. A Mey.,
• Cladochaeta DC. (the existence of the genus in the region has
become dubious recently),
• Dolichorrhiza (Pojark.) Galushko,
• Trigonocaryum Trautv.,
• Pseudovesicaria (Boiss.) Rupr. The following endemic species
of the Georgian flora must be mentioned: • Heracleum
latifolium,
• Arabis kazbegi,
• Campanula darialica
• Gladiolus tenuis,
• Lilium georgicum,
• Heracleum osseticum,
• Jurinea exuberans,
• Scorzonera charadzeae,
• Isatis reticulata,
• Vicia sosnowskyi,
• Ranunculus baidarae,
• Alchemilla laeta,
• Rosa ermanica,
• Rosa marschalliana,
• Sorbus buschiana. Gradually are extincting the species: •
Delphinium caucasicum,
• Primula bayernii,
• Eritrichium caucasicum,
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• Glanthus platyphyllus from the Kazbegi region raises
particular alarm Such Caucasian endemic species as Cladochaeta
candissima, Primula darialica and Lilium georgicum have also become
rare. The vegetation of rocks and scree predominate there.
Principal species are the follow-ing: Pinus kochiana, Juniperus
hemisphaerica, Heracleum liskowii, Campanula sar-matica, etc.
Communitis of the Caucasian endemic species Campanula bellidifolia
described from Kazbegi are very interesting floristically. The
endemic of Georgia Astragalus kazbeki described from the same
region is also worth mention. Two endemic varieties, Hera-cleum
roseum var. latilobum beghi, occur only in the Kazbegi region. The
Kobresia capilliformis meadows and the Dryas caucasica communities
characteris-tic of the Truso region (the Truso gorge) are of
special interest. Biotopes of woody plants:
1. Biotop type: Birch forest (Betula litwinowii) Characteristic
species: • Betula radeana
• Salix caprea
• Heracleum roseum
• Aconitum nasutum
• A. orientale
• Swertia iberica
• Geranium silvaticum
• Campanula latifolia
• Dolichorrhiza caucasica
• Senecio propinquus
• Aquilegia caucasica
• Vicia balansae
• Lathyrus roseus
• Cephalanthera longifolia
• Platanthera chlorantha 2. Biotop type: Elfin birch forest
Characteristic species: • Sorbus caucasigena
• Salix kazbekensis
• Rhododendron caucasicum
• Vaccinium myrtillus
• Anemone fasciculata
• Swertia iberica
• Aconitum nasutum
• Calamagrostis arundinacea
• Dolichorrhiza renifolia
• D. caucasica
• Cicerbita racemosa
• Cephalanthera longifolia 3. Biotop type: Rose bay shrubbery
(Rhododendron caucasicum) Characteristic species: • Vaccinium
myrtillus
• V. vitis-idaea
• Empetrum caucasicum
• Daphne glomerata
• Pyrola minor
• P. rotundifolia
• Anemone fasciculata
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4. Biotop type: Shrubbery with the dominant Rhododendron luteum
Characteristic species: • Brachypodium silvaticum
• Calamagrostis arundinacea
• Melissa officinalis
• Geranium silvaticum
• G. palustre
• Rhynchocorys elephas
• Linea borealis
• Anemone caucasica
• Senecio propinquus 5. Biotop type: Low scrub with the dominant
Dryas caucasica Characteristic species: • Deschampsia flexuosa
• Daphne glomerata
• Vaccinium vitis-idaea
• Selaginella helvatica
• Primula amoena
• Polygonum viviparum
• Leontodon danubialis
• Parnassia palustris 6. Biotop type: Scrub withe the dominant
Juniperus hemisphaerica Characteristic species: • Artemisia
sosnovskyi
• Astragalus kazbeki
• Festuca ovina
• Pulsatilla violacea
• Veronica petraea
• Carex buschiorum
• Iris taurica 7. Biotop type: Elfin birch forest Characteristic
species:
• Ephedra procera
• Spiraea hypericifolia
• Bromopsis biebersteinii
• B. riparia
• Stipa tirsa
• Artemisia sosnovskyi
• Thymus collinus
• Agropyron gracillinum
• Scutellaria leptostegia Biotopes of herbaceous plants:
1. Biotop type: Subalpine tall herba-ceous vegetation.
Characteristic species: • Heracleum sosnowskyi
• Aconitum nasutum
• A. orientale
• Cephalaria gigantea
• Angelica tatiannae
• Cecerbita macrophylla
• Seneceio rhombifolius
• Agasyllis latifolia
• Doronicum macrophyllum 2. Biotop type: Meadowes with the
dominant Bromopsis variegata Characteristic species: • Agrostis
tenuis
• Anthoxanthum odoratum
• Festuca ovina
• Koeleria luerssenii
• Trifolium ambiguum
• T. trichocephalum
• Ranunculus oreophilus
• Alchemilla sericata
• Leontodon hispidus
• Lotus caucasicus
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• Platanthera chlorantha 3. Biotop type: Dry meadows with the
dominant Agrostis tenius Characteristic species in the subalpine
belt: • Bromopsis variegata
• Festuca ovina
• Phleum phleoides
• Koeleria luerssenii
• Helictotrichon asiaticum
• Pedicularis chroorrhincha
• Ranunculus oreophilus
• R. caucasicus
• Trifolium ambiguum
• Alchemilla sericata
• Gymnadenia conopsea
• Coeloglossum viride Characteristic species in the alpine belt:
• Poa alpina
• Phleum alpinum
• Carum caucasicum
• Taraxacum confusum
• Sibbaldia semiglabra 4. Biotop type: Dry meadows with the
dominant Festuca varia Characteristic species: • Calamagrostis
arundinacea
• Oxytropis cyanea
• Betonica macrantha
• Inula orientalis
• Polygonum carneum
• Pyrethrum roseum
5. Biotop type: Cold dry meadows with the dominant Kobresia
capilli-formis: Characteristic species: • Kobresia persica
• Alchemilla elisabethae
• Thalictrum alpinum
• Polygonum vivaparum
• Carum caucasicum
• Campanula biebersteiniana 6. Biotop type: Humid broadleaved
meadows with the dominant Trollius ranunculus Characteristic
species: • Veratrum lobelianum
• Dactylorhiza euxina
• Poa alpina
• Swertia iberica
• Deschampsia flexuosa
• Pedicularis crassirostris 7. Biotop type: Broad-leaved
meso-philous meadows with the dominant Anemone fasciculata
Characteristic species: • Trollius patulus
• Geranium ibericum
• Scabiosa caucasica
• Betonica macrantha
• Veratrum lobelianum
• Polygonum carneum 8. Biotop type: Dry meadows with the
dominant Astragalus captiosus Characteristic species: • Campanula
bellidifolia
• Carex buschiorum
• Thymus collinus
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• Sempervivum pumilum
• Festuca ovina
• Chamaesciadium acaule 9. Biotop type: Dense-turf meadows withe
the dominant Nardus stricta Characteristic species: • Agrostis
tenius
• A. planifolia
• Luzula pseudosudetica
• Anthoxanthum odoratum
• Trifolium trichocephalum
• T. ambiguum
• Leontodon danubialis
• Phleum alpinum
• Poa alpina
• Sibbaldia semiglabra
• Hieracium pilosella
• Carum caucasicum
• Dactylorhiza euxina 10. Biotop type: Rare-turf dry mead-ows
with the dominant Trisetum fla-vescens Characteristic species: •
Festuca ovina
• Bromopsis variegata
• B. riparia
• Medicago glutinosa
• Onobrychis petraea
• Salvia tesquicola
• Scrophularia variegata 11. Biotop type: Dry rare-turf mead-ows
withe the dominant Brachypo-dium pinnatum Characteristic species: •
Bromopsis riparia
• Agrostis tenuis
• Trisetum flavescens
• Trifolium trichocephalum 12. Biotop type: Dense-turf steppe
meadows with the dominant Festuca ovina Characteristic species: •
Carex buschiorum
• Bromopsis riparia
• Pulsatilla violacea
• Koeleria caucasica
• Medicago glutinosa
• Alchemilla tephroserica
• Stipa tirsa
• Artemisia sosnowskyi 13. Biotop type: Dense-turf steppe
meadows with the dominant Festuca vallesiaca Characteristic
species: • Koeleria caucasica
• K. luerssenii
• Stipa tirsa
• Artemisia chamaemelifolia
• Teucrium nuchense 14. Biotop type: Mesophilous rare-turf
meadows with the dominant Calamagrostis arundinacea Characteristic
species: • Agrostis planifolia
• Deschampsia flexuosa
• Geranium ibericum
• Anemone fasciculata 15. Biotop type: Mesophilous mead-ows with
the dominant Hordeum violaceum Characteristic species:
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• Festuca pratensis
• Phleum praense
• Ph. phleoides
• Trifolium ambiguum
• T. repens
• Agrostis planifolia
• Ranunculus caucasicus
• R. elegans
• Heracleum asperum
• Carum carvi
• Cerastium arvense
• Pastinaca armena
• Pedicularis chroorrhincha
• Centaurea cheiranthifolia
• Anthriscus nemorosa
• Seseli transcaucasica 16. Biotop type: Swamp meadows with the
dominant Deschampsia caesptosa Characteristic species: • Blysmus
compressus
• Calamagrostis pseudophragmites
• Phragmites australis
• Equisetum palustre
• E. arvense
• Juncus articulatus
• J. bufonius
• Parnassia palustris
• Gladiolus caucasicus
• Ligularia siberica
• Dactylorhyza euxuna
• D. urvilleana Alpine belt biotopes:
1. Biotop type: Dense-turf meadows with the dominant Carex
tristis
Characteristic species: • Cobresia capilliformis
• Thalictrum alpinus
• Poa alpina
• Gnaphalium supinum
• Nardus stricta
• Luzula spicata
• L. multiflora
• Festuca supina
• Antennaria caucasica
• Polygonum viviparum
• Alchemilla caucasica
• Campanula saxifraga. 2. Biotop type: Dense-turf meadows with
the dominant Festuca supina Characteristic species: • Kobresia
capilliformis
• K. persica
• Thalictrum alpinum
• Antennaria caucasica
• Sibballia semiglabra
• Polygonum viviparum
• Astragalus supnus
• Alchemilla caucasica
• Leoydia serotina 3. Biotop type: Dense-turf xerophi-lous
meadows with the dominant Festuca varia Characteristic species: •
Korbesia schoenoides
• Carex tristis
• Alopecurus dasyanthus
• Anthoxanthum odorarum subsp.
• Alchemilla caucasica
• Festuca ruprchechtii
• Bromopsis riparia
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• Polygonum carneum
• Primula amoena
• Chaecrophyllum roseum
• Helictotrichon asiaticus
• Podospermum alpigenum
• Cerastium purpurascens
• Betonica macrantha 4. Biotop type: Snowbed carpet-like alpine
meadows Characteristic species: • Veronica gentianoides
• Pedicularis crassirostris
• P. nordmanniana
• Taraxacum porphyranthum
• T. stevenii
• Poa alpina
• Gnaphalium supinum
• Ranunculus oreophilus var. pumilus
• Sibbaldia semiglabra
• Phleum alpinum
• Alchemilla rigida
• A. caucasica
• Cerastium cerastoides
• Minuartia aizoides
• Primula algida
• Antennaria caucasica 5. Biotop type: Snowbed carpet-like
alpine meadows on skeleton sub-strates Characteristic species: •
Sibbaldia semiglabra
• Alchemilla caucasica
• A. retinervis
• Taraxacum porphyranthum
• Plantago saxatilis
6. Biotop type: Secondary carpet-like alpine meadows
Characteristic species: • Alchemilla retinervis
• A. caucasica
• A. elisabethae
• Plantago caucasica
• P. saxatilis
• Poa alpina
• Nardus sticta
• Sibbaldia semiglabra
• S. parviflora
• Taraxacum confusum
• Veronica gentianoides
• Carex medwedewii
• Trifolium ambiguum
• T. trichocephalum
• Trollius patulus Biotops of rocks and scree:
1. Biotop type: Biotope of dry rocks Characteristic species: •
Saxifraga juniperifolia
• Campanula bellidifolia
• C. petrophila
• C. sarmatica
• Astragalus kazbeki
• Asperula albovii
• Oxytropis albana
• Sempervivum pumilum
• Minuartia bieberseinii
• Onosma caucasica 2. Biotop type: Biotope of moist rocks
Characteristic species: • Parietaria micrantha
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• P. judaica
• Campanula sosnowskyi
• C. Hypopolia
• Diphasium alpinum
• Cryptgamma crispa
• Polypodium vulgare
• Woodsia fragillis
• Dryopteris pumila
• Primula darialica 3. Biotop type: Biotope of marly and slaty
scree Characteristic species: • Silene lacera
• Erysimum ibericum
• E. substrigosum
• Linaria vulgaris
• L. meyeri
• Thalictrum foetidum
• Salvia verticillata
• Scutellaria leptostegia
• Thymus collinus
• Bromopsis riparia
• B. biebersteinii
• Trigonocaryum involucratum 4. Biotop type: Biotope of stones
Characteristic species: • Sempervivum pumilum
• Campanula bellidifolia
• Silene ruprechtii
• Thymus collinus
• Pulsatilla violaceae
• Festuca ovina
• Koeleria caucasica
• K. luerssenii
• Carex vuschiorum
• Sedum oppositifolium 5. Biotop type: Riverside biotope with
Trisetum rigidum Characteristic species: • Erigeron caucasicus
• Medicago lupulina
• Trifolium repens
• T. fontanum
• Taraxacum officinale
• Poa compressa
• Sedum acre
• Agrostis tenuis
• Ziziphora puschkinii
• Blysmus compresus
• Asragalus captiosus 6. Biotop tipe: Rock pinetree biotope
Characteristic species: Not known due to the inaccessibility of the
place.
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Annex 1.4:
List of Vertebrates of Kazbegi District (excl. birds)
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LIST OF VERTEBRATES OF KAZBEGI DISTRICT (EXCL. BIRDS)
№№ Latin name Georgian name English name National RL
Category
International RL Category
11.. Talpa levantis mcire Txunela Small Mole LC LC
22.. Sorex raddei rades biga Radde's Shrew NT NNTT
33.. Sorex satunini kavkasiuri biga Caucasian Shrew DD LLCC
44.. Sorex vilnuchini volnuxinis biga Volnuchin's Shrew NT
LC
55.. Neomys teres kavkasiuri wylis biga Caucasian Water Shrew NT
LC
66.. Crocidura gueldenstaedtii grZelkuda kbilTeTra Caucasian
White-Toothed Shrew LC LC
77.. Crocidura leucodon TeTrmucela kbilTeTra Bicoloured
White-toothed Shrew LC LLCC
88.. Myotis mistacinus ulvaSa mRamiobi Whiskered Bat DD LLCC
99.. Pipistrellus pipistrellus Cia Ramori Common Pipistrelle LC
LC
1100.. Pipistrellus kuhlii kiulis Ramori Kuhl's Pipistrelle LLCC
LC
1111.. Plecotus auritus ruxi yura Brown Long-eared Bat LLCC
LLCC
1122.. Eptesicus serotinus megviane Ramura Serotine LC LLCC
1133.. Vespertilio murinus Cveulebrivi Ramura Parti-coloured Bat
DDDD LC
14. Sicista kazbegica yazbegis Tagvana Kazbegian Birch Mouse VU
EENN
15. Dryomys nitedula ttyyiiss ZZiillgguuddaa Forest Dormouse
LLCC NT
1166.. Cricetulus migratorius nacrisferi zazunela GGrreeyy
HHaammsstteerr VU LLCC
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№№ Latin name Georgian name English name National RL
Category
International RL Category
17. Prometheomys schaposchnikovi promeTes memindvria Long-Clawed
Mole-Vole VU NNTT
18. Arvicola terrestris wylis memindvria Water Vole LC LLCC
19. Tericola majori buCqnaris memindvria Bush Vole LC LLCC
20. Tericola daghestanicus daRestnuri memindvria Daghestanian
Vole LC LLCC
21. Microtus arvalis Cveulebrivi memindvria Common Vole LC
LLCC
22. Chionomys gud gudauruli memindvria Gudauri Vole LC DDDD
23. Chionomys roberti mcireaziuri memindvria Robert's Vole LC
DDDD
24. Sylvaemus uralensis mcire tyis Tagvi Lesser Wood-Mouse LC
LLCC
25. Sylvaemus fulvipectus kavkasiuri tyis Tagvi Caucasian Wood
Mouse LC LLCC
26. Mus musculus saxlis Tagvi House Mouse LC LLCC
27. Lepus europaeus evropuli kurdReli European Hare LC LLCC
28. Canis lupus mgeli Wolf. LC LLCC
29. Vulpes vulpes mela Red Fox LC LLCC
30. Ursus arctos mura daTvi Brown Bear EN C2(aI) LC
31. Martes martes tyis kverna Common Marten LC LC
32. Martes foina kldis kverna Rock Marten LC LC
33. Mustela nivalis dedofala Weasel LC LC
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№№ Latin name Georgian name English name National RL
Category
International RL Category
34. Mustela erminae yaryumi Stoat LC LC
35. Meles meles maCvi Badger LC LC
36. Lutra lutra wavi Common Otter VU NNTT
37. Felis silvestris tyis kata Wild Cat LC LLCC
38. Lynx lynx focxveri LLyynnxx CR C2 (aI) LLCC
39. Panthera pardus jiqi Leopard CR D1 NNTT
40. Capreolus capreolus evropuli Sveli European Roe Deer LC
LLCC
41. Capra cylindricornis daRestnuri jixvi East Caucasian Tur VU
NNTT
42. Rupicapra rupicapra arCvi Chamois EN A2a LLCC
43. Anguis fragilis boxmeWa Slow worm LC LC
44. Lacerta medis saSualo xvliki Giant green lizard NT LC
45. Lacerta agilis mardi xvliki Sand lizard LC LC
46. Darevskia caucasica kavkasiuri xvliki Caucasian lizard LC
LC
47. Darevskia rudis qarTuli xvliki Spiny-tailed lizard LC LC
48. Natrix natrix Cveulebrivi ankara Grass snake LC LC
49. Natrix teselata wylis ankara Diced snake LC LC
50. Pelias ursini velis gvelgesla Orsini’s viper LC LC
51. Bufo viridis mwvane gombeSo Green toad LC LC
52. Hyla arborea Cveulebrivi vasaka European tree frog LC LC
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№№ Latin name Georgian name English name National RL
Category
International RL Category
53. Rana ridibunda tbis bayayi Eurasian marsh frog LC LC
54. Rana macrocnemis mcireaziuri bayayi Long-legged wood frog LC
LC
55. Salmo trutta trutta evropuli kalmaxi Brook trout VU A1d
LC
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Annex 1.5:
List of Birds
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LIST OF BIRDS
SPECIES SC Ciconiiformes yaryatisnairni
Ardea cinerea ruxi yanCa M Grey Heron Ardea purpurea wiTuri
(qarci) yanCa M Purple Heron Ardeola ralloides yviTeli yanCa M
Squacco Heron
Anseriformes batisnairni Anas platyrhynchos gareuli ixvi M
Mallard Anas strepera ruxi ixvi M Gadwall Anas crecca stvenia ixvi
(Wikvara) M Common Teal Anas querquedula WaxWaxa ixvi (ixvinja) M
Garganey Anas acuta bolosadgisa (kudsadgisa) ixvi M Northern
Pintail Anas clypeata ganierniskarta ixvi M Northern Shoveler
Falconiformes Sevardnisnairni Milvus migrans Zera M Black Kite
Accipiter nisus mimino YR-R Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter gentilis
qori YR-R Northern Goshawk Buteo buteo Cveulebrivi kakaCa YR-R
Common Buzzard Buteo rufinus velis (grZelfexa) kakaCa M Long-legged
Buzzard LC VU Pernis apivorus krazanaWamia (irao) M European
Honey-Buzzard Hieraaetus pennantus Cia arwivi M Booted Eagle Aquila
heliaca beqobis (TeTrmxreba) arwivi M Imperial Eagle VU VU Aquila
clanga didi myivani arwivi (didi TeTrlaqebiani arwivi) M Greater
Spotted Eagle VU VU
Aquila pomarina mcire myivani arwivi (mcire TeTrlaqebiani
arwivi) M Lesser Spotted Eagle
Aquila nipalensis velis arwivi M Steppe Eagle Aquila chrysaetos
mTis arwivi YR-R Golden Eagle LC VU Neophron percnopterus faskunji
BB Egyptian Vulture EN VU
Gypaetus barbatus batkanZeri (wveriani svavi, yajiri,
kraviWamia) YR-R Bearded Vulture (Lammer-geier) LC VU
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SPECIES SC
Aegypius monachus svavi SV Cinereous Vulture (Eurasian Black
Vulture) NT EN
Gyps fulvus orbi YR-R Eurasian Griffon Vulture LC VU Circus
aeroginosus Waobis Zelqori (Waobis bolobeWeda) M Western Marsh
Harrier Circus cyaneus mindvris Zelqori (mindvris bolobeWeda) M Hen
(or Northern) Harrier Circus macrourus velis Zelqori (velis
bolobeWeda) M Pallid Harrier Circus pygargus mdelos Zelqori (mdelos
bolobeWeda) M Montagu's Harrier Falco peregrinus Savardeni BB
Peregrine Falcon Falco subbuteo marjani M Eurasian Hobby Falco
columbarius alali M Merlin Falco vespertinus wiTelfexa Savardeni M
Red-footed Falcon NT EN Falco tinnunculus Cveulebrivi kirkita BB
Common Kestrel
Galliformes qaTmisnairni Tetrao mlokosiewiczi kavkasiuri roWo
YR-R Caucasian Blackgrouse NT VU Tetraogallus caucasicus kavkasiuri
SurTxi YR-R Caucasian Snowcock Alectoris chukar kakabi YR-R Chukar
Coturnix coturnix mwyeri BB Common Quail
Gruiformes werosnairni Grus grus ruxi wero M Common Crane LC EN
Rallus aquaticus laina M Water Rail Crex crex RalRa BB Corn
crake
Charadriiformes meWvaviasnairni Charadrius dubius mcire wintala
BB Little Ringed Plover Tringa ochropus Savi menapire M Green
Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Cveulebrivi meqviSia (meborne) BB
Common Sandpiper Gallinago media didi Cibuxa (goWa) M Great Snipe
Gallinago gallinago Cibuxa M Common Snipe
Columbiformes mtredisnairni Streptopelia turtur Cveulebrivi
gvriti M Eurasian Turtle-Dove Streptopelia decaocto sayeloiani
gvriti YR-R Eurasian Collared-Dove
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SPECIES SC Cuculiformes gugulisnairni
Cuculus canorus guguli BB Common Cuckoo Strigiformes
busnairni
Bubo bubo zarnaSo YR-R Eurasian Eagle Owl Strix aluco tyis bu
YR-R Tawny Owl
Caprimulgiformes ufexurasnairni Caprimulgus europaeus ufexura M
Eurasian Nightjar
Apodiformes namgalasnairni Apus apus namgala BB Common Swift
Apus melba mekiria (anu TeTrmucela namgala) BB Alpine Swift
Coraciiformes yapyapisnairni Merops apiaster oqrosferi kvirioni
M European Bee-eater Coracias garrulus yapyapi M European Roller
Alcedo atthis alkuni M Common Kingsfisher Upupa epops ofofi BB
Eurasian Hoopoe
Piciformes kodalasnairni Picus viridis mwvane kodala BB Eurasian
Green Woodpecker Dendrocopos major didi Wreli kodala YR-R Greater
Spotted Woodpecker Jynx torquilla maqcia M Eurasian Wryneck
Passeriformes beRurasnairni Eremophila alpestris rqosani torola
YR-R Horned (or Shore) Lark Calandrella brachydactyla didi
mokleTiTa torola M Greater Short-Toed Lark Lullula arborea tyis
torola M Wood Lark Alauda arvensis mindvris torola M Eurasian
Skylark Hirundo rustica soflis mercxali BB Barn Swallow
Ptyonoprogne rupestris kldis mercxali BB Crag-Martin Riparia
riparia menapire mercxali BB Sand Martin Delichon urbica qalaqis
mercxali BB Northern Hause-Martin Anthus trivialis tyis mwyerCita
BB Tree Pipit
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SPECIES SC Anthus pratensis mdelos mwyerCita BB Meadow Pipit
Anthus cervinus wiTelgula mwyerCita M Red-Throated Pipit Anthus
spinoletta mTis mwyerCita BB Water Pipit Anthus campestris mindvris
mwyerCita M Tawny Pipit Motacilla alba TeTri boloqanqara BB White
Wagtail Motacilla cinerea ruxi boloqanqara BB Grey Wagtail
Motacilla flava yviTeli boloqanqara M Yellow Wagtail Motacilla
citreola yviTelTava boloqanqara M, BB? Citrine Wagtail Lanius minor
SavSubla RaJo M Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius collurio Cveulebrivi RaJo
BB Red-backed Shrike Prunella modularis tyis Wvintaka YR-R Dunnock
Prunella collaris alpuri Wvintaka YR-R Alpine Accentor Sylvia
communis didi TeTryela aspuWaka BB Greater Whitethroat Sylvia
curruca mcire TeTryela aspuWaka M Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia nisoria
miminosebri aspuWaka BB Barred Warbler Sylvia atricapilla SavTava
aspuWaka BB Blackcap Phylloscopus collybita Cveulebrivi WivWavi
(yarana) M Eurasian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus lorenzii kavkasiuri
WivWavi (yarana) BB Caucasian Chiffchaff Phylloscopus nitidus
momwvano WivWavi (yarana) BB Greenish Warbler Regulus regulus
yviTelTava narCita (RabuaCiti) BB Common Goldcrest Regulus
ignicapilus wiTelTava narCita (RabuaCiti) ? Firecrest Muscicapa
striata ruxi buziWeria (mematlia) BB Spotted Flycatcher Ficedula
parva wiTelyela (mcire) buziWeria (mematlia) M Red-breasted
Flycatcher Ficedula semitorquata naxevrad-TeTryela buziWeria
(mematlia) M Semi-Collared Flycatcher Saxicola torguata SavTava
ovsadi BB Common Stonechat Saxicola rubetra TeTrwarba (mdelos)
ovsadi BB Whinchat Monticola saxatilis kldis Wreli SaSvi BB
Rufous-tailed Rock-Thrush Oenanthe oenanthe Cveulebrivi meRorRia BB
Northern Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica Savyura meRorRia M Black-eared
Wheatear Phoenicurus ochruros Savi bolocecxla YR-R Black
Redstart
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SPECIES SC Phoenicurus phoenicurus bolocecxla BB Common
Redstart
Phoenicurus erythrogaster wiTelmucela bolocecxla YR-R
Güldenstädt's (or White-winged) Redstart LC VU
Erithacus rubecula gulwiTela BB European Robin Turdus merula
SaSvi YR-R Eurasian Blackbird Turdus torquatus TeTrgula SaSvi YR-R
Ring Ouzel Turdus viscivorus CxarTvi YR-R Mistle Thrush Aegithalos
caudatus Toxitara YR-R Long-tailed Tit Parus ater mcire wivwiva
(wiwkana) YR-R Coal Tit Parus major didi wivwiva (wiwkana) YR-R
Great Tit Parus caeruleus molurjo wivwiva (wiwkana) YR-R Blue Tit
Tichodroma muraria frTawiTeli kldecocia YR-R Wall-creeper Certhia
familiaris Cveulebrivi mglinava YR-R Eurasian Tree-creeper
Troglodytes troglodytes WinWraqa (RobemZvrala) YR-R Winter Wren
Cinclus cinclus wylis SaSvi YR-R White-throated Dipper Miliaria
calandra mefetvia (anu mindvris grata) BB Corn Bunting Emberiza cia
kldis grata BB Rock Bunting Emberiza melanocephala SavTava grata M
Black-headed Bunting Emberiza hortulana baRis grata M Ortolan
Bunting Fringilla coelebs skvinCa (niblia) YR-R Chaffinch Carduelis
carduelis Citbatona YR-R European Goldfinch Carduelis chloris
mwvanula YR-R European Greenfinch Carduelis flavirostris mTis
Wvinta YR-R Twite Carduelis cannabina Wvinta (mekanafia) BB
Eurasian Linnet Pyrrhula pyrrhula stvenia BB Eurasian Bullfinch
Rhodopechys sanguinea frTawiTeli koWobura ? Crimson-winged Finch
Serinus pusillus wiTelSubla mTiula YR-R Red-fronted Serin
Carpodacus erythrinus Cveulebrivi koWoba BB Common Rosefinch
Carpodacus rubicilla didi koWoba YR-R Great Rosefinch LC VU Loxia
curvirostra niskartmarwuxa YR-R Common Crossbill
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SPECIES SC Passer domesticus saxlis beRura YR-R Hause Sparrow
Montifringilla nivalis meTovlia YR-R White-winged Snowfinch Sturnus
vulgaris SoSia (SroSani) M Common Starling Sturnus roseus
vardisferi SoSia (tarbi) M Rose-coloured Starling Oriolus oriolus
molaRuri M Eurasian Golden Oriole Garrulus glandarius Cxikvi YR-R
Eurasian Jay Pica pica kaWkaWi YR-R Black-billed Magpie Pyrrhocorax
pyrrhocorax wiTelniskarta maRrani YR-R Red-billed Chough
Pyrrhocorax graculus yviTelniskarta maRrani YR-R Yellow-billed
Chough Corvus corax yorani YR-R Common Raven Corvus frugilegus
Wilyvavi YR-R Rook Corvus corone cornix ruxi yvavi YR-R Hooded
Crow
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Annex 1.6:
List of Mammals of Kazbegi Region
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LIST OF MAMMALS OF KAZBEGI REGION
№№ saxeobis laTinuri dasaxeleba
saxeobis qarTuli dasaxeleba
saxeobis inglisuri dasaxeleba Saqar Tvelos wi Telo nusxa
IUCN wiTeli nusxa
11.. Talpa levantis mcire Txunela Small Mole LC LC 22.. Sorex
raddei rades biga Radde's Shrew NT NNTT 33.. Sorex satunini
kavkasiuri biga Caucasian Shrew DD LLCC 44.. Sorex vilnuchini
volnuxinis biga Volnuchin's Shrew NT LC 55.. Neomys teres
kavkasiuri wylis biga Caucasian Water Shrew NT LC 66.. Crocidura
gueldenstaedtii grZelkuda kbilTeTra Caucasian White-Toothed Shrew
LC LC 77.. Crocidura leucodon TeTrmucela kbilTeTra Bicoloured
White-toothed Shrew LC LLCC 88.. Myotis mistacinus ulvaSa mRamiobi
Whiskered Bat DD LLCC 99.. Pipistrellus pipistrellus Cia Ramori
Common Pipistrelle LC LC 1100.. Pipistrellus kuhlii kiulis Ramori
Kuhl's Pipistrelle LLCC LC 1111.. Plecotus auritus ruxi yura Brown
Long-eared Bat LLCC LLCC 1122.. Eptesicus serotinus megviane Ramura
Serotine LC LLCC 1133.. Vespertilio murinus Cveulebrivi Ramura
Parti-coloured Bat DDDD LC 14. Sicista kazbegica yazbegis Tagvana
Kazbegian Birch Mouse VU EENN 15. Dryomys nitedula ttyyiiss
ZZiillgguuddaa Forest Dormouse LLCC NT 1166.. Cricetulus
migratorius nacrisferi zazunela GGrreeyy HHaammsstteerr VU LLCC 17.
Prometheomys
schaposchnikovi promeTes memindvria Long-Clawed Mole-Vole VU
NNTT
18. Arvicola terrestris wylis memindvria Water Vole LC LLCC 19.
Tericola majori buCqnaris memindvria Bush Vole LC LLCC 20. Tericola
daghestanicus daRestnuri memindvria Daghestanian Vole LC LLCC 21.
Microtus arvalis Cveulebrivi memindvria Common Vole LC LLCC
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22. Chionomys gud gudauruli memindvria Gudauri Vole LC DDDD 23.
Chionomys roberti mcireaziuri memindvria Robert's Vole LC DDDD 24.
Sylvaemus uralensis mcire tyis Tagvi Lesser Wood-Mouse LC LLCC 25.
Sylvaemus fulvipectus kavkasiuri tyis Tagvi Caucasian Wood Mouse LC
LLCC 26. Mus musculus saxlis Tagvi House Mouse LC LLCC 27. Lepus
europaeus evropuli kurdReli European Hare LC LLCC 28. Canis lupus
mgeli Wolf. LC LLCC 29. Vulpes vulpes mela Red Fox LC LLCC 30.
Ursus arctos mura daTvi Brown Bear EN C2(aI) LC 31. Martes martes
tyis kverna Common Marten LC LC 32. Martes foina kldis kverna Rock
Marten LC LC 33. Mustela nivalis dedofala Weasel LC LC 34. Mustela
erminae yaryumi Stoat LC LC 35. Meles meles maCvi Badger LC LC 36.
Lutra lutra wavi Common Otter VU NNTT 37. Felis silvestris tyis
kata Wild Cat LC LLCC 38. Lynx lynx focxveri LLyynnxx CR C2 (aI)
LLCC 39. Panthera pardus jiqi Leopard CR D1 NNTT 40. Capreolus
capreolus evropuli Sveli European Roe Deer LC LLCC 41. Capra
cylindricornis daRestnuri jixvi East Caucasian Tur VU NNTT 42.
Rupicapra rupicapra arCvi Chamois EN A2a LLCC 43. Anguis fragilis
boxmeWa Slow worm LC LC 44. Lacerta medis saSualo xvliki Giant
green lizard NT LC 45. Lacerta agilis mardi xvliki Sand lizard LC
LC 46. Darevskia caucasica kavkasiuri xvliki Caucasian lizard LC LC
47. Darevskia rudis qarTuli xvliki Spiny-tailed lizard LC LC 48.
Natrix natrix Cveulebrivi ankara Grass snake LC LC
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49. Natrix teselata wylis ankara Diced snake LC LC 50. Pelias
ursini velis gvelgesla Orsini’s viper LC LC 51. Bufo viridis mwvane
gombeSo Green toad LC LC 52. Hyla arborea Cveulebrivi vasaka
European tree frog LC LC 53. Rana ridibunda tbis bayayi Eurasian
marsh frog LC LC 54. Rana macrocnemis mcireaziuri bayayi
Long-legged wood frog LC LC 55. Salmo trutta trutta evropuli
kalmaxi Brook trout VU A1d LC
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Annex 1.7:
List of Endangered Species
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LIST OF ENDANGERED SPECIES
Animal species listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
or the Red List of Georgia that occur in Kazbegi.
Latin name English name IUCN Georgian RL
Sicista kazbegica Kazbegian Birch Mouse EENN VU
Cricetulus migratorius GGrreeyy HHaammsstteerr LLCC VU
Prometheomys schaposchnikovi Long-Clawed Mole-Vole NNTT VU
Ursus arctos Brown Bear LC EN
Lutra lutra Common Otter NNTT VU
Capra cylindricornis East Caucasian Tur NNTT VU
Rupicapra rupicapra Chamois LLCC EN
Salmo trutta trutta Brook trout LC VU
Buteo rufinus Long-legged Buzzard LC VVUU
Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle VU VU
Aquila clanga Greater Spotted Eagle VU VVUU
Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle LC VVUU
Neophron percnopterus Egyptian Vulture EN VVUU
Gypaetus barbatus Bearded Vulture LC VVUU
Aegypius monachus Cinereous Vulture NT EENN
Gyps fulvus Eurasian Griffon Vulture LC VVUU
Falco vespertinus Red-footed Falcon NT EENN
Tetrao mlokosiewiczi Caucasian Blackgrouse NT VVUU
Phoenicurus erythrogaster Güldenstädt's Redstart LC VVUU
Carpodacus rubicilla Great Rosefinch LC VVUU
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Annex 1.8:
Summary List of Village Profiles
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SUMMARY REPORT OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT
The following report includes the social and economical
development concept of Kazbegi region taking into consideration
environmental and gender-related aspects. In the report is
described the information obtained from different target groups of
Kazbegi population, government representatives and other
stakeholders, as well as from other available materials about the
region.
During the working process the following methodologies were
applied: Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) – the umbrella
methodology that involves a certain assortment of different
approaches and methods; Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA); Participatory
Rural Appraisal (PRA); Participatory Action and Learning
Methodology (PALM); Participatory Action and Research (PAR); Farmer
Systems Research (FMS); etc. The basis of all mentioned approaches
is the full participation of the population in the process of
revealing own needs and possibilities, decision-making and
action.
Participatory evaluation is a creative approach to study the
issue of taking care after the poor inhabitants, action planning
and evaluation of development activities. It enables to analyze the
knowledge of population and avoid mistakes. The main goal of
applying visualization, interviewing and group working methods is
to increase the level of interactive learning, knowledge sharing
and flexible semi-structured analysis. These methods proved their
high value in many situations in both North and South countries. It
enables to mobilize local population for joint efforts and
activities.
This methodology helps to make close contacts between the target
and working groups through conversation with inhabitants,
semi-structured interviews and field works, to develop the common
vision, to obtain the realistic information – maximally acceptable
for target group. The mentioned methodology provokes open and warm
relationship between the local population and the working group. It
maximally increases involvement of population in the ongoing
process.
The working group members: 1) Alexandre Bagdadze – Specialist of
PLA methodology – Tbilisi;
2) Iago Kazalishvili – Geologist – Kazbegi.
The report is consisted with the following: • Introduction
• Short overview of the region
• Analysis of obtained information
• Conclusions and recommendations
• Attachements
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Short overview of the region Kazbegi region is situated on the
north slope of Kavkasioni mountain ringe, between the central and
East Kavkasioni, near the beginning of the river Tergi. The whole
size of the region is 1081, 9 km2. The geographical coordinates of
the borders are:
Border North latitude aRmosavleT West 42038/42,66’’
44030/48,55’’ East 42036/02,29’’ 44051/09,66’’ North 42045/05,89’’
44030/55,15’’ South 42028/44,62’’ 44029/57,48
Kazbegi region is a high mountainous zone. Its average altitude
is 1800 m. The lowest village Gveleti is situated at 1400 m at sea
level, and the altitude of the highest place Juta is 2170 m.
Mkhinvartsveri is also belongs to Kazbegi region. There are 25
settlements in the region. The total size of the settlements equals
to 14 000 hectares. The skiing health resort Gudauri is also under
the governance of the region. It actually comprises two villages,
Khumlistsikhe and Gudauri itself. The regional centre is the
borough Kabuki. According the official statistical data of there
are 47 settlements in the region, 2981 households and 6254
inhabitants. These data were obtained in 2005 and are not updated
since then and probably they did not reflect the real situation at
present. For example, after closing the border with Russia in 2005,
the inhabitant left the settlements in Truso gorge and only one
person lives there for this time. Furthermore, about 500 pensioners
are registered in Russian territorial units: Dzaugi and Orjonikidze
(before the rose revolution due to pension related problems some
inhabitants preferred to register in Russia). Because of these
circumstances, it is impossible to obtain exact demographic data.
Only talk with local population gives general impression of the
situation: At present in Kazbegi region there is 1400 permanent
households with 3000 inhabitants. In summer period, about 600
families of nomadic and summer residents are added. Among the
permanent inhabitants, 45% are capable of working, 37% pensioners
and 18% schoolchildren. Half of the population has high education
and only 3% - incomplete secondary education. Among the population
capable of working 60% is self-employed in their own farms. 7% have
private business, 7% are temporarily employed, and the rest 26% are
servants. Kazbegi region is mainly populated with Mokhevians.
During centuries, Khevi was the north entrance of Georgia and was
populated by free peasants. Each village had its leader –
Khevisberi. Khevisberi together with elders of the village made
decisions that were fulfilled in participation of the population.
We can say that in the region there is a
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good potential for creation of powerful Community Unions and for
active participation of the population in improving their
livelihoods and future. Traditionally animal husbandry is well
developed in Kazbegi region. During the Soviet period there were
about 400 000 heads of sheep in the region (half in private sector
and half in government sector) that affected the ecosystem.
Overgrazing induced gradual elimination of herbage and respectively
number of ecologically threatened places increased. During the last
decades, after destroy of Soviet system, the economic crisis and
inaccessibility to Kizlari winter pastures sharply decreased the
number of sheep. At present only about 20 000 head of sheep is
remained in the whole region. As a result, the number of trees and
herbage has been increased during the last decades. At present, 80%
of population is involved is animal husbandry – the main field of
agriculture in the region. The total number of animals at present
is the following: 15 000 heads of sheep and 5 000 heads of cattle.
80% of sheep and 40% of cattle is nomadic. At the end of October,
the owners move their sheep and cattle to the pastures of Kakheti
and Kartli regions (Due to the lack of winter pastures they hire
pastures in different regions. Only some of cattle-breeders have
own pastures on Iagluja field in Kvemo Kartli region. Some of them
have the houses in suburbs of Dusheti, Tbilisi and Rustavi and
winter their cattle in nearby areas). In May they return back in
Kazbegi. It is important that Arabian businesspersons are
interested in Georgian sheep. They buy sheep because of its low
price and high quality and take in Arabian countries. For the last
period, several thousand heads of sheep have been sold only in
Kabuki region. Due to the development of animal husbandry in the
region, there are good resources of veterinary personnel.
Government programs are implemented against anthrax and malanders,
but due to poor financial resources, it is not possible investigate
distribution of brucellosis – disease that is very frequent in the
region and sometimes occurs among inhabitants. Because of shortage
of agricultural lands, lifestyle of local population and climatic
conditions arable farming is less developed and represented only
with potato growing. Only a small part of population grows potato
for sale. Others use it for own consumption. In the yards there are
some fruit trees: apple, pear, plum and wild plum. (In one of the
villages we also found vine). Average plot size per one household
is 0,43 hectares that include farmstead (0,03 hectare), plot for
potato growing (0,08 hectare), mowing land and pasture. At the
territory of the region there are many medical plants such as
sea-buckthorn, bilberry, barberries, sweetbrier, field-ash, pit,
raspberries, broad-leaved garlic, yellow daisy, touch-and-heal,
marjoram, caraway, thyme, etc. Local population mainly uses
sea-buckthorn, raspberries, bilberry, sweetbrier, caraway, thyme
and broad-leaved garlic. Transcaucasian gas pipelines cross the
territory of the region. The pipeline supplies Armenia and
partially Georgia with gas from Russia. Gas supply in the region
was free
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of charge and greenhouse farms were well developed. Most of
inhabitants of the villages situated nearby the military road had
their own greenhouses (totally over 500 greenhouses in the region).
They generally cultivated cucumber and supplied not only the region
but also the North Osetia. In order to destroy the greenhouse
infrastructure according to the government decision compensation
per 30 GEL on 1 square meters was paid to the greenhouse owners in
2005. After this arrangement, the volume of free of charge gas was
limited to 700 cubic meters for local population. The institutions
pay the whole tax for gas they use. One more additional income for
employees in high mountainous regions was bonus on salary of 25 %
of rate of wages. According to the government decision in 2007 this
bonus was also canceled. The military road connecting Georgia with
Russia had a great impact on economical situation in Georgia. When
the road was open, transit infrastructure was well developed. Easy
market access enabled local population to gain certain income. At
present they can sell their products only via dealers, mostly
through swapping (barter). In economical activities, the duties of
men and women are partially different. Man performs hard work, such
as mowing, transportation of hay, looking after the sheep. The work
of a woman is not so hard: looking after and milking the cattle,
homework. Agricultural works such as potato growing they do
equally. There are no differences in rights and obligations between
man and woman. There are serious problems related to
infrastructure. The roads are destroyed and need repairing
throughout the region. The level of atmospheric precipitations is
high during summer period. Snow slips are frequent. Due to this
fact the settlements (for example the village Jupta) is isolated
from the region the whole summer. Accordingly, arrangements for
cleaning the roads from landslips and snow slips are carried out
each spring. Especially hard situations are in the village of
Khanobi and in the villages situated at Sno ravine. The problem of
dumpsites is also a serious problem throughout the region. In
Stephantsminda and Gudauri this problem is partially solved, but in
other villages there are alarm conditions. The waste is disposed in
ravines near riversides and distributed in the whole territory of
ravine when the river level rises. Only in the village of Jufta, as
inhabitants say, waste is collected and burnt or buried. The
problem related to sewerage system is less in Stephantsminda and
Gudauri. Another serious problem in the villages of the region is a
tax of electricity. Electricity meters are not installed, damages
of electric cables is frequent during summer period. Cost for
repairing of the system is covered by local inhabitants. There are
several layers of minerals in the region: copper-polymetallic layer
in Devdoraki, Elia antimonite layer, crystal layers and building
stone layers (dolerite,
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granite, diorite, andesite, travertin). There are also many
mineral waters. Dirung the Soviet period Mineral Water Plant was
functioning in the borough Kazbegi. This recourse is unused at
present. The fist great negative economic impact for the population
was the loss of winter pastures during the destroy of Soviet Union.
In parallel about 500 greenhouse farms were destroyed in 2005. The
border with Russia was closed at the same year. According to the
government decision this bonus on salary was canceled in 2007.
Unemployment, complicated access to market, insufficient veterinary
service, long and severe winter, complicated wintering for animals,
population orientation on monocultures, incomplete infrastructure
of agriculture are the problems causing hard social and economic
conditions of the population. Besides these problems, there are
good capacities in the region that will enable local population to
improve their living conditions and transform the region in
economically stable and sustainable one. Among the capacities of
the region are the unique location and the beautiful sights for
development of diverse types of tourism: rafting on mountain
rivers; school of alpinism in the village of Gveleti; it is
possible to arrange hunting farm in Devdoraki ravine (that in case
of good management will support to growth in number of aurochs and
chamois). In Khda and Devdoraki ravines it is possible to arrange
specialized geological tours; in Dariali ravine it is possible
formation of so called “bird watching” infrastructure (there are
many endemic bird species on the ravine territory: black-grouse,
eagle, etc.). In the villages of Khanobi and Khurtisi there is a
possibility for development of extremal tourism. It is possible to
develop horse riding tourism from Kobi and Almasiani to the
direction of Truso ravine where there are many travertines with
mineral waters and beautiful sights. The mentioned infrastructure
includes also family guesthouses and nourishment places. Horse
riding tourism and family guesthouses is a good perspective also
for the village Juta. Development of this infrastructure will be
economically profitable for the whole region and for the
population, but due to the political instability, focusing only on
the development of this field contains a certain risk. As it was
already mentioned, the traditional field of agriculture in the
region is animal husbandry (cattle breeding and sheep farming).
During the last period due to the political instability, the issue
of winter pastures is complicated. Number of animals in the region
is sharply decreased. Only a small number of inhabitants have the
possibility of mowing animals during winter period nearby Dusheti,
Tbilisi, Rustavi and Sagarejo territories. Only some have their own
winter pastures on Iagluja fields. For correction of current
situation, it is recommended to establish branch unions of sheep
farmers and cattle breeders that will enable to better organize
wintering of
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animals and improve veterinary service. It desired to promote
mowing crops in the region that will increase hay volume and
decrease the problem of wintering. Selling of the products is also
a serious problem. Creation of small processing enterprises (milk
processing, cheese packaging) will enable local population to sell
their products directly via shops instead of the dealers that will
significantly increase their income. The analogous situation is in
the field of bee-keeping. Wintering of