Annex A A1. Geographical descriptions of countries in ...pomrac.nowpap.org/fpm/annex a for nowpap ad report_1.pdf · The south and the west have an irregular coastline. One of the

Annex A

A1. Geographical descriptions of countries in NOWPAP region

A1.1. Geographic overview on Korean peninsula

The Republic of Korea (ROK) covers an area of 98,480 km2, around 44% of the total Korean peninsula.

Located in Eastern Asia, South Korea lies on the southern half of the Korean peninsula sharing a land

border only with North Korea. The ROK’s land is covered by three water bodies. To the east is the East

Sea (Sea of Japan), to the west is the Yellow Sea, and to the south is the South China Sea. These three seas

together share a border of 2,413 km2 with South Korea. The south and the west have an irregular coastline.

One of the important features of the Korea geography is the large number of islands. Situated in the

southwestern corner, Jeju is the largest island with a land area of 1,825. The South Korean geography

holds a very important position as a bridge between China and the Japanese archipelago (Figure A1.1).

The topography of South Korea is covered with a large number of mountains. The highest mountain in

South Korea is the 1,950 m Halla Mountain in Jeju Island. The Taebaek Mountains, the Sobaek

Mountains, and the Jiri Massif are the three other important mountain ranges in Korea. The Korean

peninsula is stable with no active volcanoes and no strong earthquakes. According to the history of the

Republic of Korea there was a volcanic activity on Mountain Halla between 918 AD and 1392 AD.

Figure A1.1 Map on NOWPAP area (left map) and Korea Peninsular (right map).

The Nakdong River is South Korea's longest river (521 km). The Han River, which flows through Seoul,

is 514 km long, and the Kum River is 401 km long. Other major rivers include the Imjin, which flows

through both North Korea and South Korea and forms an estuary with the Han River; the Bukhan, a

tributary of the Han that also flows out of North Korea; and the Seomjin. The major rivers flow north to

south or east to west and empty into the Yellow Sea or the Korea Strait. They tend to be broad and shallow

and to have wide seasonal variations in water flow.

The ROK climate during winters is long, cold and dry. January is the coldest month of the year. Seoul's

average temperature during the winters is between -5°C and -2.3°C. The climate of Korea ranges from -

5°C to 5°C during this time of the year. However, Jeju, the largest island of South Korea, has an average

temperature around 2.5°C in January. The reason for this bitter cold is mainly the cold Siberian air. The

Korea climate during the short summer is hot and humid. The average temperature in August ranges from

20°C to 26°C. This is hottest time of the Korea climate. The average temperature of Jeju in July is around

25°C. According to the climate of Korea, the rainy season is for a month. It is usually from late June to

late July. The southern part of Korea is the first to receive the Monsoon which then slowly moves north.

There is some rainfall during the retreating of the Monsoon in September. The average annual

precipitation in Seoul and Busan, which are the major cities in Korea, is 1370 mm and 1470 mm,

respectively. From June to September there are two to three typhoons that hit the Korean peninsula.

Humidity is between 80% and 90% during July, and between 30% and 50% from January to April. Two of

the mild season of the Korean climate is spring and autumn.

Figure 3-2 Map showing Masan Bay and Jinhae Bay (enlarged map) in Korea.

A1.2. Geographic overview on Chinese part of NOWPAP region

Changwon

Masan

Jinhae

N

0 2 km

35 10'

o

35 05

'No

Haengam

128 25'Eo 128 30'o

Masa

n B

ay

Jinhae Bay

JINHAE

Haengam Bay

Danghangpo

Dangdong

GEOJE

MASAN

Gaduk Is.

35 10'N

o 3

4 55

'o

128 45'Eo

128 25'o

Jinhae Bay

5 10 km0

KOREA

Study area

The NOWPAP region that surrounds Jiaozhou Bay mainly includes the five north-eastern provinces:

Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong and Jiangsu from North to South (Figure A1.2). The total land

surface area of the basin and the total length of the coastline is about 1.0 million km2 and 6054 km,

respectively. The terrestrial area of NOWPAP region of China accounts for 10.8% of the entire area of

country.

Figure A1.2 Geographical Outline of the Chinese part of NOWPAP Region

There are seven major rivers of the region, namely Songhua River, Liao River, Yellow River, Yangtse

River, Huai River and Hai River. Their average total water discharge in the major harbors of this region

was calculated about 1193.4 billion tons/year (Table A1.1, Fig. A1.3).

Table A1.1 Annual discharges of major rivers of NOWPAP region in China

Items Songhua

River

Liao

River

Hai

River

Yellow

River

Huai

River

Yangtse

River

Area (104 m2) 55.7 22.9 26.4 75.2 26.9 180.9

Length(km) 2,308 1,390 1,090 5,456 1,000 6,300

Annual precipitation(mm) 527 473 559 475 889 1,070

Average discharge( billion m3) 76.2 14.8 22.8 66.1 62.2 951.3

Figure A1.3 The scheme of major rivers and cities of China in NOWPAP region

Climate of Jiangsu province and Shandong province belong to warm temperate zone half moist continent

monsoon climate, four seasons distinct. South wind is popular in Summer of Shandong province and

Jiangsu province is often attacked by Typhoon. The average value of annual temperature of the two

provinces is above 5 ℃. The annual precipitation value of Jiangsu province is about 1000mm, while

550～950mm of Shandong province.

The other three provinces belong to temperate continental monsoon climate with more drought and cloudy

Mohe

Heihe

Hailaer

Daqing

Jiamusi

Harbin

Changchu

n

Jilin

Shenya

ng

Tonghu

a

Pyongyan

g

Seoul

Jinzh

ou

Beijing

Zhangjiako

u

Qinhuangda

o Dalian

Yantai

Qingda

o

Lianyungang

Shangh

ai

Nanjing Hefei

Xiangfa

n

Nanyan

g

zhenzh

ou

Changz

hi

Taiyuan

Shijiazhuan

g

Datong

Huanghai Sea

Bohai Sea

Heilongjiang

Jilin

Liaoning

Jinan

Hebei

Shandong

Henan Anhui

Jiangsu

Shanxi

Heilongjiang

River

Songhua

River

Shileke

River Erguna

River

Yellow

River

Yangtz

e River

Huaihe

River

Liaohe

River

Inner Mongolia

Tianjin

days in spring and hot and rainy days in summer. The winter days last longer than other provinces of

China. Among these three provinces, annual precipitation of Liaoning province is most abundant with

600-1,100 mm.

The relief of Jiangsu province, Shandong province and Liaoning province are mainly hilly and plain while

mountainous areas cover vast parts in the other two provinces. The difference of terrain in the surrouns of

study area, Quingdao, is presented at the satellite image picture below (Fig. A1.4). Besides, water area of

Jiangsu province is quite large with 17% of the whole province.

Figure A1.4 Terrain in the region surrounding Jiaozhou Bay

The vegetation rate of Liaoning province, Heilongjiang province and Jilin province is separately 31.8%,

43.6% and 42.5%. Contrast with the three provinces, the vegetation rate of the other two provinces is

much lower with 23.0% of Shandong province and 14.8% of Jiangsu province.

Of the five provinces, Heilongjiang and Liaoning province is abundant in protected natural areas with a

total number of 190 and 95 separately, covering 6.18 million hectares occupying 13.6% area of whole

province and 2.65 million hectares occupying 10.4% area of the whole province separately (2008).

Secondly, there are 75 protected natural areas with 1.10 million hectares in Shandong province, covering

about 6.6% area of whole province. At last, number of Jilin and Jiangsu provinces is relatively fewer with

34 and 30 separately covering 2.24 million hectares and 0.57 million hectares.

A2. Economics of countries in NOWPAP region

A2.1. Economical overview on Korea

A2.1.1. Population

The Republic of Korea's total population was estimated to be 48,456,369 with a density of 498 people/km2

in 2007. Seoul, the capital city in Korea, is one of the most populated cities in the world with a population

of over 10 million. Korea’s population grew by an annual rate of 3% during the 1960s, but growth slowed

to 2% over the next decade. In 2005, the rate stood at 0.21% and is expected to further decline to 0.02%

by 2020 (Figure A2.1). In the 1960s, Korea's population distribution formed a pyramid, with a high birth

rate and relatively short life expectancy. However, age-group distribution is now shaped more like a bell

because of the low birth rate and extended life expectancy. Those aged 15 and younger will make up a

decreasing portion of the total, while senior citizens (65 and older) will account for some 15.7% of the

total population by the year 2020.

Survey year

1960 1966 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Po

pu

lati

on

(th

ou

san

d)

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

Figure A2.1 Changes in total Korean populations from 1960 to 2005.

The rapid industrialization and urbanization in the 1960s and 1970s has been accompanied by continuing

migration of rural residents into the cities, particularly Seoul, resulting in heavily populated metropolitan

areas. However, in recent years, an increasing number of Seoulites have begun moving to suburban areas.

The other populated cities in Korea are Busan, Incheon, Daegu, Daejeon, Gwangju, and Ulsan. The

majority of the South Korean population is concentrated to the northwest of the country. As shown in

Table A2.1, the urbanization in Korea have been progressed for the last decades.

Table A2.1 Temporal trend of urbanization in Korea for the past decade

Survey year Urban population (thousand) Urbanization rate (%)

1998 41,200 87.5

1999 41,579 87.6

2000 42,375 88.3

2001 42,805 88.7

2002 43,256 89.3

2003 43,713 89.8

2004 43,853 89.9

2005 43,959 90.1

2006 44,233 90.3

2007 44,610 90.5

A2.1.2. Economic and industrial activities

The Republic of Korea developed rapidly from the 1960s, fueled by high savings and investment

rates, and a strong emphasis on education. The nation became the 29th

member country of the Organization

for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1996. An outward-oriented economic

development strategy, which used exports as the engine of growth, contributed greatly to the radical

economic transformation of Korea. Based on such a strategy, many successful development programs

were implemented. As a result, from 1962 to 2007, Korea's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased

from US$ 2.3 billion to US$ 970 billion, with its per capita GNI soaring from $87 to about $20,045

(Figure A2.2).

Korea is the world's largest shipbuilding nation; for semiconductors, the third largest; digital

electronics, the fourth. Korean textile, steel and petrochemicals are fifth in terms of volume, and

automobiles are also fifth in the world. Korea's shipbuilding sector has been the industry leader for the

past four years, accounting for 40% of the world's total shipbuilding orders. As a major auto manufacturer,

Korea produces over 3.8 million vehicles annually. Since Korea first started exporting cars in 1976, the

nation's auto industry has developed at a remarkable speed. Riding on the increased popularity of Korean

automobiles all over the world, some Korean car companies have begun extending manufacturing bases to

overseas locations.

Survey year

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2007

GD

P (

US

$ b

illi

on

)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Figure A2.2 Changes in annual average of the gross domestic product (GDP) growth in Korea from 1960

to 2007.

A2.1.3. Energy consumption

Because of rapid economic growth propelled by the heavy and chemical industries, Korea’s energy

consumption has increased sharply since the mid-1970s. Total primary energy consumption, which stood

at 43.9 million tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) in 1980, increased nearly five-fold to 231.5 million TOE in

2006, to rank Korea as the 10th largest energy consuming country in the world. Energy consumption per

capita also increased rapidly from 1.1 TOE in 1980 to 4.8 TOE in 2006.

With poor indigenous energy resources, Korea has to rely almost entirely on imports to meet its energy

needs. In 2006, the dependency rate on imported energy, including nuclear energy, was 96.8%, and its cost

amounted to 66.7 billion USD, which accounted for 22.1% of total inbound shipments. Korean energy

resources are limited to low-quality anthracite, which accounted for less than 1% of total primary energy

supply.

Demand for oil has been growing since the 1970s, except immediately after the two oil crises of 1973 and

1979 (Figure A2.3). Coal consumption has increased at an annual average rate of 6.9 percent for the past

thirty years, but the main use of domestic anthracite has shifted dramatically from residential heating to

power generation. Gas was introduced in 1986 in the form of LNG imports and now accounts for 13.3%

of final energy consumption. Petroleum is Korea’s primary source of energy, which accounted for 76% of

the total energy consumption in Korea surveyed in 2007 (Figure A2.4). The next dominant energy group

was nuclear with a proportion of 14%. The others occupied about 10%.

Figure A2.3 Changes in annual pattern of energy cosnumption in Korea from 1980s to 2006.

Figure A2.4 Primary energy consumption in Korea surveyed in 2007.

Over the past decade, consumption growth was led by the commercial, public service, industry and

transport sectors although all sectors recorded decreases in final consumption during the 1997-1998 Asian

economic crisis. Energy conservation and efficiency policies are aimed at all components of primary

energy production to enduse. In public procurement, the government gives preference to commodities that

are produced using clean technology. Despite nationwide efforts by the government to encourage energy

conservation and higher energy efficiency, the high rate of increase in energy demand is expected to

persist in the future because further economic growth is expected.

A2.1.4. Transportation

Mobile vehicle is the most important pollution source in the air through combustion and fuel evaporation.

These emissions contribute greatly to air pollution nationwide and are the primary cause of air pollution in

many urban areas. The numbers of motor vehicles in Korea have rapidly increased since 1980. The

number of motor vehicles in Korea totaled about 16.5 million in 2007 (Figure A2.5). The Ministry of

Environment’s goal is to reduce 14 ton of the air-polluting substances in the vehicle sector by 2014, to

dramatically improve the air quality of the metropolitan area. To accomplish this action, the Ministry of

Environment has carried out a program to reduce emissions from in-use diesel vehicles running on the

road. In accordance with the special act, the Ministry of Environment conducted a pilot project for in-use

diesel vehicles owned by public and non-profit organizations from 2004 to 2005. Since 2006, this program

has been implemented in the fullfledged manner. Under the special act, the in-use diesel vehicles in Seoul

are obligated to undergo stricter and more detailed vehicle inspections under new emission standards. The

Ministry of Environment has also started operating natural gas vehicles (NGVs) in replacement of diesel

buses with long operation length and high emissions discharge. As of May 2004, 4,876 diesel vehicles

were replaced with NGVs, and 20,000 diesel vehicles, which account for 48% of the total diesel vehicles

nationwide, will be replaced with NGVs by 2007. Also, as a policy to control in-use diesel vehicles that

are not subject to the replacement, the Ministry is promoting another project to encourage the attachment

of Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) and Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC).

Survey year

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Mo

tor

veh

icle

reg

istr

ati

on

(th

ou

san

d)

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

Figure A2.5 Changes in number of registered motor vehicles in Korea.

A2.2. Economical overview of China

The major cities include Harbin, Changchun, Shenyang, Dalian, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang and

Shanghai, whose locations have been noted in Figure 3.6. The red line is the coastline of the appointed

region. The GDP from the related provinces is up to 8,958 billion RMB, which 29.6% of the nationwide

total, and industrial output keep increasing up to now.

The areas of the five Provinces are 102,000 (Jiangsu) to 469,000 (Heilongjiang) km2, GDP per capita are

3,103 (Heilongjiang) to 5,640 (Jiangsu) USD/person, Population are 27.34 (Jilin) to 94.17 (Shandong)

million, referring to Table A2.2.

Table A2.2 Territory and major economic index of the main provinces in 2008 (exchange rate

approximately about 1 US$ : 7 RMB)

Province Area (km2) GDP per capita, USD/person Population (million)

Jiangsu 102,000 5,640 76.77

Shandong 157,000 4,714 94.17

Liaoning 148,000 4,457 43.14

Jilin 187,000 3,357 27.34

Heilongjiang 469,000 3,103 38.25

The GDP of Heilongjiang Province is 831 billion RMB in 2008, which had increased by 17.4% than year

2007. Heilongjiang Province is abundant in green food, which is the major industry in this region.

The GDP of Jilin Province is 642.4 billion RMB in 2008, among which the wealth from enterprises

accounts for 22.8%. The preponderant industry of Jilin Province is resources exploitation and

manufacturing industry, including petrol and natural gas exploitation, tobacco manufacturing, black metal

smelt, and transportation devices manufacturing, etc.

The GDP of Liaoning Province is 1,346 billion RMB in 2008, which had increased by 22.2% than year

2007. The major industries of Liaoning Province are metallurgy industry, oil and petrifaction industry and

electronics manufacturing industry, etc.

The GDP of Shandong Province is 3,107 billion RMB in 2008, which had increased by 19.6% than year

2007. The branch industry includes petroleum and natural gas exploitation industry, food manufacturing

industry, textile industry, chemical materials manufacturing industry, non-metal mineral manufacturing

industry, and wiring manufacturing industry, whose production value account for the 57.0% of the whole.

The GDP of Jiangsu Province is 3,031 billion RMB in 2008, which had increased by 18.6% by the year

2007. The added production value of heavy industry is beyond that of light industry, focused on textile

industry, electronics industry, chemicals manufacturing industry, etc.

The Gross Domestic Product refer Table A2.3 by five Provinces in 2008

Table A2.3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Region in 2008 (unit in billion RMB)

Province

Gross

domestic

Product

Primary

Industry

Secondary

Industry

Tertiary

Industry Industry Construction

The total energy consumption in 2008 is equivalent to 2.85 billion tons standard coal, that is 1.46 billion

tons more than that in 2000 with an average annual rate of 9.39%. Of which, coal occupies 68.7%,

petroleum occupies 18.7%, natural gas occupies 3.8% and water-electricity and nucleus energy occupies

8.9%. The changes of total consumption of energy of China refer to Figure A2.5.

High-grade energy including petroleum, natural gas, water-electricity and nucleus energy occupied about

30.8% of the whole energy consumption during 2005-2008, among which the clean energy consumption

has increased by 7.0% than in 2000. However, the energy consumption level is still lower than developed

countries such as Japan and USA. The composition of energy consumption of China in 2008 refers to

Figure A2.6.

Figure A2.5 Change of total consumption of energy of China

Fig.3.1 The Change of Total Consumption ofEnergy of China

1.39

2.652.85

2.462.25

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

2000 2005 2006 2007 2008

Year

Billion tons of SCE

Jiangsu 3031.3 210.0 1666.4 1506.9 159.5 1154.9

Shandong 3107.2 300.3 1770.2 1610.2 160.0 1036.7

Liaoning 1346.2 130.2 751.2 673.6 77.6 464.7

Jilin 642.4 91.7 306.5 268.7 37.8 244.3

Heilongjiang 831.0 108.9 436.6 392.8 43.8 285.5

Figure A2.6 The composition of energy consumption of China

The numbers of civil vehicles owned of the five Province are 0.99 (Jilin) to 4.26 (Shandong) million,

including Passenger Vehicles 0.74 (Jilin) to 3.29 (Shandong) million, Trucks 0.22 (Jilin) to 0.83

(Shandong), and others in 2008, referring to Table A2.4.

The Total Traffic Volumes of the five Province are 311.1 (Jilin) to 2445.9 (Shandong) million tons,

including 74.2 (Jilin) to 179.7 (Shandong) million tons by highways, referring to Table A2.5. Total

numbers of passengers are 415.7 (Heilongjiang) to 2135.9 (Shandong) million persons, including 53.2

(Jilin) to 120.0 (Liaoning) million persons by highways, referring to Table A2.5.

Table A2.4 Number of Civil Vehicles Owned in 2008 (Million)

Table A2.5. Traffic Volumes by Region in 2008

Fig.3.2 The Composition of Energy Consumptionof China

Crude Oil18.7%

NaturalGas3.8%

Hydro-power8.9%

Coal68.7%

Province Total Passenger

Vehicles Trucks Others

Jiangsu 3.50 2.92 0.50 0.08

Shandong 4.26 3.29 0.83 0.14

Liaoning 1.95 1.45 0.44 0.06

Jilin 0.99 0.74 0.22 0.02

Heilongjiang 1.26 0.91 0.31 0.04

Province

Freight traffic

(Million ton)

Numbers of passengers

(Million persons)

Total Highways Total Highways

Jiangsu 1397.1 55.8 1833.8 88.5

Shandong 2445.9 179.7 2135.9 56.7

Liaoning 1213.5 191.4 901.1 120.0

Jilin 311.1 74.2 560.3 53.2

Heilongjiang 539.8 177.9 415.7 100.1

A2.3. Economical overview of China

A2.3.1 Population

Population data of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region are listed in Table A2.6. The largest

population in the NOWPAP region is Aichi (7,403 thousand) followed by Hokkaido (5,586 thousand) and

Hyogo (5,535 thousand). Although total population of Japan increased from 94 million in 1960 to 128

million in 2008, trend of population growth varies in regions. Aichi, Hyogo and Fukuoka increased more

than one million while Akita, Yamagata, Shimane and Yamaguchi decreased more than 100 thousand. As

for population density, Aichi (1,447 people km-2

) and Fukuoka (1,043 people km-2

) are by far more

populated than the other prefectures.

Table A2.6 Population data of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region

Prefecture Region Area

(km2)

Population in

1960

( in

thousand)

Population in

2008

(in thousand)

Population

growth from

1960 to 2008

(in thousand)

Population

density in 2008

(people per

km2)

Hokkaido Hokkaido 83,457 5,039 5,535 496 66

Aomori

Tohoku

8,919 1,427 1,392 -35 156

Akita 11,434 1,336 1,108 -228 97

Yamagata 6,652 1,321 1,188 -133 179

Niigata Hokuriku (N) 10,363 2,442 2,391 -51 231

Toyama

Hokuriku (S)

2,046 1,033 1,101 68 538

Ishikawa 4,186 973 1,168 195 279

Fukui 4,190 753 812 59 194

Aichi Chubu 5,116 4,206 7,403 3,197 1,447

Kyoto Kinki

4,613 1,993 2,629 636 570

Hyogo 8,396 3,906 5,586 1,680 665

Tottori

Chugoku

3,507 599 595 -4 170

Shimane 6,708 889 725 -164 108

Yamaguchi 6,114 1,602 1,463 -139 239

Fukuoka Kyushu

4,845 4,007 5,054 1,047 1,043

Saga 2,440 943 856 -87 351

Japan 377,944 94,302 127,692 33,390 338

(Source: JAPAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2010)

A2.3.2 GDP

GDP indicates the level of economic activities, and therefore, it is often correlated with atmospheric

deposition of contaminants. GDPs in 2007 of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region are listed in

Table A2.7. The largest GDP is Aichi (315,016 million USD), followed by Hyogo (162,167 million USD),

Fukuoka (156,872 million USD) and Hokkaido (156,427 million USD). According to SNA (system of

national accounts) statistics, main industries of these prefectures consist of the followings; Aichi:

manufacturing (35%), service (18%), wholesale and retail (15%), Hyogo: manufacturing (25%), service

(22%), real estate (14%), Fukuoka: service (25%), wholesale and retail (18%), manufacturing (16%),

Hokkaido: service (25%), government service (16%), real estate (12%).

Table A2.7. Nominal GDP of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region

Prefecture Region Nominal GDP in 2007

(million USD)

Hokkaido Hokkaido 156,427

Aomori

Tohoku

38,731

Akita 32,275

Yamagata 35,667

Niigata Hokuriku (N) 76,097

Toyama

Hokuriku (S)

39,444

Ishikawa 39,908

Fukui 28,035

Aichi Chubu 315,016

Kyoto Kinki

85,532

Hyogo 162,167

Tottori

Chugoku

16,942

Shimane 21,239

Yamaguchi 49,494

Fukuoka Kyushu

156,872

Saga 25,522

Japan 4,368,817

(1 USD=118 JPY)

(Source: Annual Report on Prefectural Accounts)

A2.3.3 Energy

Trend of energy consumption by sector is shown in Figure A2.7. Total energy consumption of three

sectors (transport sector, commercial and residential sector, industrial sector) in 2008 was 14,726 PJ,

which is equivalent to 352 million tones of oil equivalent (TOE). All sectors substantially increased energy

consumption from 1965 to 2008. The increase of transport sector is from 800 PJ in 1965 to 3,475 PJ in

2008 (334%), commercial and residential sector is from 800 PJ to 4,978 PJ (522%), and industrial sector

is from 2,800 PJ to 6,273 PJ (124%).

Figure A2.7 Trend of energy consumption by sector in Japan (Source: Energy in Japan 2008)

Figure A2.8 shows the trend of component ratio of primary energy supply in Japan. In 1965, energy

supply was mostly dependent on coal and oil. In 1970s, nuclear power and natural gas started to be

introduced proactively and in 2008 the share became to account for 10.4% for nuclear power and 18.6%

for natural gas. Consequently, the total share of coal and oil decreased from 85.2% in 1965 to 64.7% in

2008.

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2008

Energ

y consu

mpt

ion (

PJ)

Transport sector

Commercial andresidential sector

Industrial sector

Figure A2.8 Trend of Japan’s primary energy supply component ratio (Source: Comprehensive Energy

Statistics)

A2.3.4 Transportation

Progress of motorization affects the atmospheric environment. The growth of registered motor vehicles in

Japan was remarkable from 1966 to 2008 (Figure A2.9). Some 79 million of motor vehicles were

registered in 2008, which is 71 million or 874% larger than that in 1966.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

1965

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2008

New energy/Geothermal, etc.

Hydro

Nuclear power

Natural gas

Coal

Oil

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

1966 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008

(thousand)

Figure A2.9 Trend of motor vehicles registered in Japan

(Source: Automobile inspection & registration information association)

Table A2.8 lists the number of registered motor vehicles of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region in

2008. The largest number is Aichi (4,974 thousand), followed by Hokkaido (3,668 thousand), Fukuoka

(3,214 thousand) and Hyogo (2,961 thousand).

Table A2.8 Number of registered motor vehicles of Japanese prefectures in the NOWPAP region

Prefecture Region Motor vehicles in 2008

(thousand)

Hokkaido Hokkaido 3,668

Aomori

Tohoku

986

Akita 817

Yamagata 919

Niigata Hokuriku (N) 1,812

Toyama

Hokuriku (S)

878

Ishikawa 873

Fukui 644

Aichi Chubu 4,974

Kyoto Kinki

1,335

Hyogo 2,961

Tottori

Chugoku

454

Shimane 543

Yamaguchi 1,059

Fukuoka Kyushu

3,214

Saga 653

Japan 79,003

(Source: Automobile inspection & registration information association)