Contents · Anne Marie LaRosa, Robert F. Doren, and Lance Gunderson Alien Plants at Channel Islands National Park 64 William L. Halvorson STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF 97 SOME IMPORTANT

CONTENTS

Preface ix

Acknowledgments x

Explanatory Notes xi

Authors xiii

PERSPECTIVES i

An Overview of Problems with Introduced Plant Species 3in National Parks and Biosphere Reserves of the United States

Lloyd L. Loope

Effects of Alien Plants on Native Ecosystems 29Peter M. Vitousek

Characteristics of Invading Plant Species 42Richard N. MackAlien Plant Management in Everglades National Park: 47An Historical Perspective

Anne Marie LaRosa, Robert F. Doren, and Lance Gunderson

Alien Plants at Channel Islands National Park 64William L. Halvorson

STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF 97SOME IMPORTANT ALIEN PLANTS IN HAWAI'I

Origin and Distribution of 99Adventive Alien Flowering Plants in Hawai`iLyndon Wester

Distribution of Six Alien Plant Species 155in Upland Habitats on the Island of Hawai`i

James D. Jacobi and Fredrick R. Warshauer

Alien Plants on the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands 189DerralR Herbst and Warren L. Wagner

Firetree (Myricafaya) Distribution in Hawai`i 225Louis D. Whiteaker and Donald E. Gardner

Distribution, Status, Phenology, Rate of Spread, 241and Management of Clidemia in Hawai`i

Clifford W Smith

Contents vi

Mullein (Verbascum thapsus): the Spread and Adaptation 254of a Temperate Weed in the Montane Tropics

James O. Juvik and Sonia P. Juvik

The Status of Banana Poka in Hawaii 271Anne Marie LaRosa

Distribution and Spread of Alien Plants in Klpahulu Valley, 300Haleakala National Park, above 2,300 ft Elevation

Stephen J. Anderson, Charles P. Stone, and Paul K Higashino

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CONTROL 339

Herbicidal Control of Selected Alien Plant Species 341in Hawaii Volcanoes National ParkGregory L. Santos, DinaKageler, Donald E. Gardner,Linda W. Cuddihy, and Charles P. Stone

Fountain Grass Control in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: 376Management Considerations and Strategies

/. Timothy Tunison

Fire and Alien Plants in Hawaii: 394Research and Managementlmplications for Native Ecosystems

Clifford W. Smith andJ. Timothy Tunison

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 409

Biological Control of Lantana, Prickly Pear, and Hamakua Pamakani 411in Hawaii: a Review and UpdateClifton J. Davis, Ernest Yoshioka, and Dina Kageler

Plant Pathogens as Biocontrol Agents in Native Hawaiian Ecosystems 432Donald E. Gardner

Review and Status of Biological Control of Clidemia in Hawaii 452Larry M. Nakahara, Robert M. Burkhart, and George Y. Funasaki

Status of Biological Control of Weeds in Hawaii and 466Implications for Managing Native EcosystemsGeorge P. Marian, Po-Yung Lai, and George Y. Funasaki

AGENCY, ORGANIZATION, 483AND LANDOWNER APPROACHES

Alien Plant Control Strategies in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 485/. Timothy Tunison

Contents vii

Success in Controlling Localized Alien Plants in 506Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

/. Timothy Tunison and Nicholas G. Zimmer

Control of Alien Plants on Nature Conservancy Preserves 525R. Alan Holt

Alien Plant Control on State Lands Including Natural Areas 536Victor M. Tanimoto and Winona P. Char

Alien Plants in Haleakala National Park 551Lloyd L. Loope, Ronald J. Nagata, and Arthur C. Medeiros

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Rural Development Approach 577to Alien Plant Control in Hawaii: a Case Study

Mike Tulang

Introduced Plant Control on Private Lands in Hawaii 584Carl "Soot"Bredhoff

Public/Private Sector Partnerships to Preserve Native Ecosystems: 589The Department of Hawaiian Home Lands Experience

Hardy Spoehr

INTRODUCED PLANTS 595IN THE ABSENCE OF UNGULATES

Relationships among Native and Alien Plants on Pacific Islands 597with and without Significant Human Disturbance and Feral Ungulates

Mark D. Merlin and James O. Juvik

Alien and Native Plant Response to Release 625from Feral Sheep Browsing on Mauna Kea

Paul G. Scowcroft and C Eugene Conrad

Responses of Hawaiian Ecosystems to 666Removal of Feral Pigs and GoatsCharles P. Stone, Linda W. Cuddihy, andJ. Timothy Tunison

CHOOSING WHICH PLANTS TO INTRODUCE 705

Plant Importation Rules and Regulations 707Stan Higa

Activities and Needs of the Horticulture Industry 712in Relation to Alien Plant Problems in Hawaii

Rylan S.N. Yee and Wayne C. Gagne

Plant Introduction Needs of the Hawaiian Sugar Industry 726Robert V. Osgood and Robert D. Wiemer

Contents viii

Choosing Plant Introductions: Needs of Graziers 732Gordon Cran and Ken Dillingham

CHOOSING WHICH PLANTS TO CONTROL 737IN NATIVE ECOSYSTEMS

Modelling to Predict the Fate of Invading Plants 739Richard N. Mack and Michael E. Moody

Rule-Based Decision Making: a Way to Determine 743which Alien Species to Control

Kent W. Bridges

Controlling Weeds in Natural Areas in Hawaii: 752a Manager's Perspective

Dan Taylor

Evaluating Proposed Biological Control Programs 757for Introduced PlantsGeorge P. Marian and Ernest Yoshioka

ECOSYSTEM APPROACHES, EDUCATION, 779AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

Special Ecological Areas: An Approach to Alien Plant Control 781in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park

/. Timothy Tunison and Charles P. Stone

Environmental Education in Hawaii: History and Overview 799Charles P. Stone

Environmental Education in the Schools 807John W. Hawkins

The Use of Volunteers for Alien Plant Control 813at Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and The Nature Conservancy'sKamakou Preserve

/. Timothy Tunison and Edwin T. Misaki

IN CONCLUSION... 819

ALIEN PLANT MANAGEMENT IN Hawaii: 821CONCLUSIONS

/. Timothy Tunison, Clifford W. Smith, and Charles P. Stone

INDEX 835