Page 1
WEST POMERANIAN UNIVERSITY OF
TECHNOLOGY, SZCZECIN,POLAND
THE FACULTY OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING AND MECHATRONICS
DEPARTMENT OF THERMAL ENGINEERING
Anna Majchrzycka
CONVERSION OF BIOMASS TO BIOPOWER
IV RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS WINTER SCHOOL 14-18 of January 2015
AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY
Page 2
1. Introduction
2. Statistics and future in EU and Poland
3. Biomass and biomass processing
4. Technologies of biomass conversion
5. Biofuels technology
6. Combustion and co-combustion of biomass
7. CHP technologies
Page 4
Ecological Footprint
• is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.
• is a standard measurement of a unit’s influence on its habitat
based on consumption and pollution
• it compares human demand with planet Earth's ecological
capacity to regenerate.
• it represents the amount of biologically productive land and
sea area needed to regenerate the resources a human
population consumes and to absorb and render harmless
the corresponding waste.
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Using this assessment, it is possible to estimate how much of the
Earth it would take to support humanity if everybody lived a
given lifestyle.
Mean ecological footprint:
EU COUNTRIES 4,5 gha/ capita,
POLAND - 3,9 gha/capita ( 20 in EU)
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Carbon footprint
It is "the total set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
caused by an organization, event, product or person”.
Greenhouse gases can be emitted through transport, land
clearance, and the production and consumption of food,
fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads,etc.
For simplicity of reporting, it is often expressed in terms of
the amount of carbon dioxide, or its equivalent of other
GHGs, emitted.
Efectt of 1 t CH4 = 25 t of CO2.
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N=300 W
1,5H / 24H
5 kg CO2 / DAY
166 kg CO2 / MONTH
1 933 kg CO2 / rok YEAR
N=2000 W
10 min / 24H
7 kg CO2 / DAY
209 kg CO2 / MONTH
2 511 kg CO2 / YEAR
N= 1500 W
0,5 H/24H
7 kg CO2 /DAY
226 kg CO2 /MONTH
2 717 kg CO2 /YEAR
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HDI (Human Development Index ).
• determines level of life: income /capita, level of education,
length of life .
• is a composite statistic used to rank countries by level of
"human development" and separate "very high human
development", "high human development", "medium human
development", and "low human development" countries.
• in POLAND HDI = 0,86.
Sustainable development is possible if countries will fulfill
pararelly two criteria:
ecological footprint < 1,8 gha/capita and HDI> 0,8.
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http://www.theecologist.org/siteimage/scale/800/600/108286.png
Currently in the world over than 80 % energy is being
produced from fossil fuels.
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The 20-20-20 targets.
This ‘climate and energy packet’ includes the following targets
for 2020:
• reduce CO2 emission by 20%,
• reduce energy consumption by 20%,
• increase renewable sources energy consumption up to
20% by 2020 (in comparison to 1990).
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Demand for the gross final energy from the RES divided according to the energy types [TJ]
Method of use Year
2006 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Electric energy 370.6 715.0 1516.1 2686.6 3256.3 3396.3 Solid biomass 159.2 298.5 503.2 892.3 953.0 994.9 Biogas 13.8 31.4 140.7 344.5 555.6 592.6 Wind 22.0 174.0 631.9 1178.4 1470.0 1530.0 Water 175.6 211.0 240.3 271.4 276.7 276.7 Photovoltaics 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 2.1 Heat 4312.7 4481.7 5046.3 6255.9 7048.7 7618.4 Solid biomass 4249.8 4315.1 4595.7 5405.9 5870.8 6333.2 Biogas 27.1 72.2 256.5 503.1 750.0 800.0 Geothermics 32.2 80.1 147.5 221.5 298.5 348.1
Solar 3.6 14.2 46.7 125.4 129.4 137.1
Source: Ministerstwo Gospodarki [Ministry of Economy], http://www.mg.gov.pl, 2010
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3 E
ENERGY
ECOLOGY
EFFECTIVITY
Page 15
BIOMASS
Biomass is any living or recently dead material that can be
used as fuel.
612622 OHCOH6CO6
BIOMASS
CHLOROPLASTS
GLUCOSE
Page 16
Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen ,P.Oleskowicz-Popiel: The future of biogas in Europe:visions and targets 2020.
Page 18
Energy crops (Miscanthus,
Switch Grass, Reed Canary
Grass,grasses oilseed,
willow, poplar ,etc.)
Agriculture wastes (straw,
hay, flax, tobacco, leafy
tops, haulms, manure,
dunghill, etc.)
Wastes (cartboard, cotton,
selected garbage )
Organic industrial byproducts
(cellulose,lignine,fruits,meat,etc)
Wood ( forest ,waste wood
products) B
IOM
AS
S
Page 22
THE MOTIVATION FOR USING BIOMASS & BIOFUELS
• Reducing dependence on imported oil,
• Making non-fossil fuel (RES) available,
• Reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions
and maintaining agricultural land in production,
• Increasing demand for domestic agricultural products,
maintaining rural employment, etc.
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Biofuels
Liquid or gaseous fuels used primarily for transport produced
from biomass.
Biofuels comprise biogasoline, biodiesel and other liquid
biofuels.
Second generation biofuels refer to biofuels produced from
wastes, residues, non-food cellulosic material and lingo-
cellulosic material.
Page 28
SPARK IGNITION ENGINES
• GASOLINE,
• BIOGASOLINE,
• ALCOHOLS,
• ETHERS,
• GASOLINE + ALCOHOLS
• GASOLINE + ETHER
• BIOGAS
Otto cycle
Source: http://www.szymkrzysztof.republika.pl/silnik.htm, 11.01.2015l
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DIESEL ENGINES
• PETROLEUM OIL
• FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester)
• FAEE (Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester)
• RME (Rape Methyl Ester)
• RME + Petroleum OIL
• RME+ ALCOHOL
• DME (Dimethyl Ether)
• METHYL ALCOHOL
• ETHYL ALCOHOL
• BIOGAS
Sabathe cycle
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• PURE VEGETABLE OIL (PURE PLANT OIL - PPO)
Production of vegetable oils for use as fuels is theoretically
limited only by the agricultural capacity of a given economy.
• WASTE VEGETABLE OIL
Waste vegetable oil, as byproducts from industrial deep
fryers in potato processing plants, snack food factories and
fast food restaurants.
• ANIMAL FAT
Waste industrial animal fat, fatty byproducts etc.
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OXYGEN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• ALCOHOLS
• ETHERS
Page 32
ETHANOL AND METHANOL CAN BE USED AS A GASOLINE
EXTENDER OR SUBSTITUTE .
ALCOHOLS ARE FEEDSTOCKS TO MAKE GASOLINE ADDITIVES:
• ETHANOL FOR ETHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (ETBE),
• METHANOL IS FEEDSTOCK TO MAKE METHYL TERTIARY
BUTYL ETHER (MTBE),
Page 33
ETHANOL AND METHANOL CAN BE PRODUCES
FROM :
• CARBOHYDRATES
• SUGAR
• STARCH,
• CELLULOSE
BY FERMIENTTION USING YEAST OR THE OTHER
ORGANISMS
Page 34
© INRA,
culture of
Pycnoporus
cinnabarinu STRAW
WOOD
BREAKDOWN
OF LIGNINS
CELULOSE &
HEMICELULOSE
Trichoderma
reseli fungus
HYDROLYSIS
E
T
H
A
N
O
L
FERMENTATION
+ SUGAR
PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC
FEEDSTOCK
YEAST
Page 35
ALCOHOLS (R-OH)
methanol CH3OH,
ethanol C2H5OH,
izopropanol C3H7OH,
butanol C2H5CH(OH)CH3,
izobuthanol (CH3)2CHCH2OH,
tertbutanol (CH3)3COH
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Ethers (R1-O-R 2) or (R-O-R )
Methyl tertiary buthyl ether (MTBE)
•Ethyl tertiary buthyl ether (ETBE)
• Methyltertamyl ether (TAME)
• Ethylterthamyl ether (TAEE)
•Diizoprophyl ether (DIPE)
Page 37
Oxygen compound FORMULA Density
t=15°C
kg/m3
RON MON V.P
(Reid’s
method),
kPa
T boiling
poimt, °C T
freezing
point,
°C
Qi
MJ/kg
O2
% m
Solubitiy
in water,
% m
C/H Heat of
evaporation
, kJ/kg
Methyl alcohol CH,OH 795,6 107 91 32 64,7 -97,7 19,9 49,93 oo 1/4 1100
Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH 793,2 108 92 16 78,3 -114,1 26,8 34,73 oo 1/3 910
Isoproyl alcohol
(IPA) C3H7OH 788,5 118,0 102 14 82,3 -87,8 29,9 26,63 oo 1/2,76 700
Butyl alcohol II C2H5CH(OH)CH3 811,9 6 100,0 -114,0 33,8 21,59 oo 1/2,5
Butyl alcohol
(IBA)
(CH3),CHCH2OH 809,6 110 90 4 108,7 -88,5 32,4 21,59 10,0 1/2,5 680
Tertbutyl alcohol
(TBA)
(CH3)3COH 792,6 109 93 7 82,8 +25,6 33,8 21,59 oo 1/2,5 544
Methylotert-butyl
ether (MTBE)
(CH,)OC(CH3), 743,0 116 101 54 55,0 -109,8 35,1 18,15 4,8 1/2,4 337
Ethylotert-butyl
ether (ETBE)
C,H5OC(CH3), 750,0 118 102 28 72,0 36,7 15,66 1,2 1/2,33 321
Disopropyl ether
(DIPE)
(CH3)2CHOC(CH3)3 733,0 110 100 24 68,0 36,4 15,66 2,0 1/2,33 410
Tertamylobutyl
(TAME)
CH3OC(C2H5)(CH,)
2 770,0 111 98 16 85,0 37,9 15,66 2,0 1/2,33 410
Eter izopropylo-
tertbutylowy
(PTBE)
(CH3),CHOC(CH3)
3 757,0 20 88,5 37,5 13,77 0 1/2,28 410
Dimethyl carbonate
(DMC)
CO(OCH3), 1082,0 (LOB + LOM)/2 = =
104
11 90,2 4,0 53,30 1/2 410
Gasoline Super
EN228
C4 - C12 720...775 min. 95 min. 85 45...105 25...215 <-40 <-41,0 O...2/7 0 350...380
PROPERTIES OF THE OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
Page 38
BIODIESEL
Source: http://www.afdc.energy.gov/
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1900 - the first known use of vegetable oil as fuel
1912 - Rudolf Diesel investigated using vegetable oil to fuel
engines of his design.
Rudolf Diesel
"The fact that fat oils from vegetable sources can be used
may seem insignificant today, but such oils may perhaps
become in course of time of the same importance as some
natural mineral oils and the tar products are now."
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BIODIESEL
• is a clean burning renewable fuel made using natural
vegetable oils and fats,
• is intended to be used as a replacement for petroleum diesel
fuel, or can be blended with petroleum diesel fuel in any
proportion,
• does not require modifications to a diesel engine to be used,
• is safer to handle compared to petroleum diesel fuel and
biodegradable.
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+ +
VEGETABLE OIL
FATTY ACID
GLYCEROL
ALCOHOL
(C1-C5)
CATALYST
GLYCEROL FAME
TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
PARAMETERS OF TRANSESTERIFICATION PROCESS
• Moderate temperature - alcaline catalyst (KOH,NaOH)
• t =100oC – acid catalyst
• t >250oC – without catalyst , pressure p=10MPa, excess of CH3OH.
Page 42
PRODUCTION OF RAPE-SEED OIL METHYL ESTER
(RME)
R1, R2, R2 – ALKYL GROUPS
GLYCEROL
RME
RAPE OIL
CH3OH
Page 43
Source: ://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/images/Biodiesel-production-schematic.png
Page 44
RAPE OIL 470 l CH3OH 79 l CATALYST KOH
7,8 kg
CATALYTIC
MIXTURE
PURIFICATION
REACTOR
RME – 400 l
GLYCEROL -135 kg
Page 46
Grams CO2 Equivalent / Km
Page 47
http://www.biofuel.be/whatisbiodiesel.html
Emission of B20 and B100 compared with Petroleum diesel
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** B100 (100% biodiesel) with NOx adsorbing catalyst on vehicle
Comparison of emissions
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Total Unburned HCs
CO
Particulate Matter
**NOx
Sulfates
PAHs
n-PAHs
Mutagenicity
CO2
%
B100 **
B20
Petroleum Diesel
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
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1ha - 10 ton biomass - 5 ton hard coal
[www.energetyka.most.org.pl ]
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http://www.renewableenergy.no/sitepageview.aspx?articleID=177#anker_1
PROPERTIES OF BIOMASS
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PROPERTIES OF BIOMASS
*DRY BIOMASS
GROSS CALORIFIC
VALUE
DENSITY
ASH MELTING
POINT
5- 60
>70
0,4-0,5
Based on : W.Rybak -Spalanie i wspólspalanie biopaliw stałych, Wrocław, OW PW2006
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WOOD CHIPS FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION
consist of wood mechanically reduced to small pieces for
the generation of energy
• dimensions: length at edge max. 60 mm
• free from paint, varnish, coating, impregnation
• free from chipboard
• free from plastics and metals of any kind
• no contamination of any kind
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PELLETS & BRIQUETTES
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Source: J.Frączek, S.Kuropaska, B.Ł, Łapczyńska –Kordon: Thermal conversion of biomass ,Kraków 2011
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z 1 t of saw dust gives 600-900 kg of pellets
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Preparation of saw dust Drying
Grinding
Cooling
Packaging Transportation Compacting
Scheme of pellet production line
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Briquettes c
Briquettes cylinders
Grill briquettes
Fireplace briquettes
http://www.paliwadrzewne.pl
Page 59
Source: Final report on producers , traders and consumers of mixed biomass pellets.October 2009, Ed.Baltic Energy Conservation Agency, E.Wach.M.Bastian
Page 60
BC ( Biomass+Coal) briquettes Qi = 19 – 26 MJ/kg
Emission from BC i hard oal
Parameter
Haed caol
Cal size-pea
Briquette
BC
Efficiency of the boiler [%]
80,9
85,5
Emission indicator CO [mg/m3]
2347
2361
Emission indicator SO2 [mg/m3]
315
308
Emission indicator NOx [mg/m3]
311
144
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• Moisture content in straw depend upon logging proces
• Straw used for burning contain 14-20% of moisture,
• Remainded dry mass contains 50% of coal, H 2 = 6%
O 2 = 42% , small amount of N 2 ,S, Si.
STRAW
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Straw ballots
Peat briquettess
Flax straw briquettes
http://www.paliwadrzewne.pl
Page 63
• Yellow straw is not recommended for combustion as it
contains a large contents of S, Cl and alkaline compounds
• Because of removal S,Cl and alkaline compounds gray
(wilted straw ) straw is recommended for combustion
burning.
Page 64
THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF
BIOMASS
• PYROLYSIS
• GASIFICATION
• COMBUSTION
Page 65
PYROLYSIS
AIR
PYROLISIS B
I
O
M
A
S
S
DIESEL ENGINE
PYROLYTIC OIL
PYROLYTIC OIL
DRIER
EXHAUST
GASES
PYROLYSIS
high-temperature process, where the biomass is heated in the oxygen -
free atmosphere, generating vapours and some charcoal.
The vapours are cooled and condensed, forming pyrolytic oil ,
PURIFICATION
Wood
Straw
Based on: W.Rybak:Spalanie i wspólspalanie biomasy, OW PW, Wrocław ,2006
Page 66
WOOD PYROLYSIS
• I period t > 170°C – release of water
• II period t = 170 – 270°C release of CO2 i CO;
• III period t = 270 – 290°C exotermic reactions, release
of: methanol, acetic acid, hydrocarbons, hydrogen
• IV period t = 280 – 400°C intensive release of
hydrocarbons, hydrogen.
In case of charcoal, contents of carbon in the final product
depends upon of the process temperature.
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PYROLYSIS
Source ADRIAN LOENING:Landfill Gas and Related Energy Anaerobic Biomass Energy Systems
Page 69
Gasification
thermochemical conversion of a solid or liquid
carbon-based material (feedstock) into a
combustible gaseous product (combustible gas)
by the supply of a gasification agent (another
gaseous compound).
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GASIFICATION
Gasification is a partial oxidation process whereby a carbon
source such as coal, natural gas or biomass, is broken down
into CO , H2 and CO2 and possibly hydrocarbon molecules
such as CH4.
Page 71
GASIFICATION PROCESS
POSSIBLE GASYFYING MEDIUM: AIR, OXYGEN, STEAM
GAS
GENERATOR
BIOMASS
CRUDE GAS PURIFICATION GAS
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OXIDIZER OXIDIZER
BIOMASS
GAS GAS
GAS
BIOMASS OXIDIZER
BIOMASS
1. Gas generators with a stable bed 2. Gas generator with
bubble fluidized bed Based on: W.Rybak:Spalanie i wspólspalanie biomasy, OW PW, Wrocław ,2006
Page 73
BIOMASS
BIOMASS
OXIDIZER OXIDIZER
GAS GAS
4. Stream gas generator 3. Gas generator withcirculating fluidised bed
Based on source : W.Rybak:Spalanie i wspólspalanie biomasy, OW PW, Wrocław ,2006
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m=1500kg/h, t=600-800OC
Photo;M.Markowski
Page 76
CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF BIOMASS
Page 77
BIOMASS
ACID HYDROLYSIS
HCl, H2 SO4
TEMPERATURE
PENTOSE SUGAR
HEXOSE SUGAR
LIGNIN
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS
CATHALYST
ETHANOL
HYDROLYSIS OF BIOMASS:
• CORROSION
• RECOVERY OF ACIDS USED IN PROCESS IS
COSTLY
FERMENTATION
Page 78
BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF
BIOMASS
Page 79
BIOGAS
. http://gim44.home.pl/prace_uczniow/tym/images/smok3.jpgjpg
Page 80
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
is the process whereby bacteria break down organic
material in the absence of air, yielding a biogas.
PRODUCTS
• Biogas: CH4 and CO2.
• A solid residue - digestate that is similar, but
not identical, to compost,
• A liquid liquor that can be used as a fertilizer.
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Mesophilic digestion
takes place between t =20ºC - 40ºC and can take a
month or two to complete.
Thermophilic digestion
takes place t=50-65ºC and is faster, but the bacteria are
more sensitive.
Page 83
TYPICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOGAS
http://www.kolumbus.fi/suomen.biokaasukeskus/en/enperus.html
GAS COMPONENT CONTENTS
Methane, CH4 55 - 75 %
Carbon dioxide, CO2 25 - 45 %
Carbon monoxide, CO 0 - 0,3%
Oxygen, O2 0,8%
Nitrogen, N2 1 - 5 %
Hydrogen, H2 0 - 3%
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 0,1-0,5 %
Oxygen, O2 Traces
Page 84
Manure
Corn drying
Digestor
Raw biomaterial: maize, animal
droppings,ensilage,crop
residue, feed residue
Gas
purification
Gas analysis Buildings
Grid
CHP
Failure cooling Internal load
Tank for the
fermented
substance
file:///G:/images/Schemat_biogazowni1.jpg
Page 85
Fot. www.flickr.com
Mikro biogasplants
Autogenous microbiogas plants,
where boigas is produced by
bacteries of proliferation at
t=15 – 20oC.
Fot. walbrzych.olx.pl
Page 86
Lanfill gas
1 t of garbage gives approximately 200 m3 of landfill gas
http://www.energiaidom.pl/prad-i-cieplo-z-odpadow
Page 87
Composition of landfill gas according to EPA
(Environmental Protection Agency )
Gas Chemical formula Concentration, EPA, ppm
Methane CH4 500000
Carbon dioxide CO2 500000
Carbon monoxide CO 309,72
Ammonia NH3
Ethylene C2H4
Ethane C2H6 1105
Propane C3H8 11,1
Acetone C2H6CO 7,1
Hydrogen sulfide H2S 35,5
Ethyl mercaptane C2H2SH 2,28
Methyl mercaptane
CH3SH 4,34
Page 88
Landfill gas (LFG) is generated through the degradation of
municipal solid waste (MSW) by microorganisms.
The quality (higher percent methane gases signify higher
qualities) of the gas is highly dependent on the
composition of the waste, presence of oxygen,
temperature, physical geometry and time elapsed since
waste disposal.
Page 89
Composition of landfill gas
GAS COMPONENT CONTENTS
Methane, CH4 54 %
Carbon dioxide, CO2 42 %
Oxygen, O2 0,8%
Nitrogen, N2 3,1%
Chlorine (total Cl2 ) 22 mg/ml
Fluor (total F2 ) 5 mg/ml
Hydrogen sulfide, H2S 81 mg/ml
Net Calorific Value
NCV= 16,785 – 20,495 kJ/m3
Page 90
USE OF LANDFILL GAS
• Boiler, dryer, and process heater
• Pipeline-quality gas, CNG, LNG
• Electricity generation
• Internal combustion engine
• Microturbine
• Fuel cell
• Other purposes
Page 91
The use of landfill gas is divided into:
• electricity generation,
• direct use.
Direct use is the use of the gas for various reasons,
usually within 8.0 km of the landfill.
Page 92
Scheme of degassing instalation at the waste dump
Grid
1st
cumulative
gas station
2- nd
cumulative gas
station
Gas
well
CHP
Condensation
well
Incineration
Compression
station
Transformer
Exhaust-pipe
Gas control station
Page 93
Swedish –Polish project ,, Biogas from algae”
• Trelleborg (Sweden ) spent yearly 0,5 mln crowns (50 000€/year) for
removing algaes( see-weeds)
• Trelleborg i Sopot (Poland) run a project of a biogas plant supplied with
algaes
• 1,2 mln € financed from UE, Project ,, Southern Baltic”
• Now machines for collectin algaes are tested
• Fermentation residues contains a lot of Cd ,
• Now the test of the special biofilters for Cd capture are being performed
http://ekogroup.info/szwedzko-polski-biogaz-z-glonow/
http://ekogroup.info/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/biogaz_algi_glony_energia-300x201.jpg
Page 95
PRIMARY ENERGY
Chemical energy contained in the fuel
FINAL ENERGY
Effective energy obtained from the fuel ,considering
conversion and transportation losses.
EFFECTIVE ENERGY
Effective energy that comes from combustion of fuel.
Page 97
Combustible BALAST
C S H 2 ASH MOISTURE
SOLID AND LIQUID FUELS
Combustible BALAST
C S H 2 CO 2 ,N 2 , H 2 O
GAS
Page 98
iQBQ
Q
B
NCVQi - Net calorific value of the fuel
- Mass rate of combusted fuel
- Heat rate released in combustion process
COMBUSTION
Page 99
Biomass usability in the power plants of the different scale.
Biofuel/ application Small power plants Large power plants
Wood
Wooden chips
Wooden dust
Pellets
Briquettes
Straw and crop
grasses
Straw briquetts
Recommended
Recommended
Not recommended
Specially recommended
Specially recommended
Not recommended
Not recommended
Not recommended
Specially recommended
Recommended
Recommended
Not recommended
Specially recommended
Specially recommended
Page 100
Conception of biomass co-firing with hard coal
[ Source: H.Kruczek BIOMASA DLA CELÓW ENERGETYCZNYCH, Wrocław 2005]
Hard coal
and biomass
Biomass
Hard coal
Combustible gas
Page 101
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES OF BIOMASS COFIRING
K
biomasapaliwo konwencjonalnePP
spaliny
K
biomasapaliwo konwencjonalneRG
gaz ze zgazowania biomasy
(a)
(b)
Co-firing of biomass witht e use of Dutch –oven PP (a) and the gas generaator RG (b)
b) (Lahden Lampovoima Oy, Lahti, Finland)
Conventional fuel
Flue gas
Conventional fuel
Conventional fuel
Gasification of biomass
SOURCE: H.Kruczek-Prezentacja ,, Biomasa dla celów energetycznych”,Politechnika Wrocławska., h_kruczek - biomasa[1]ppt.
biomass
biomass
Page 102
Kbiomasa (100%)
KK
paliwo konwencjonalne (100%)biomasa (100%)
K
biomasa
paliwo konw.
paliwo
konwencjonalne
K
Direct combustion of biomass
(Kokkolan Voima Oy, Finland)
Direct combustion of biomass in The hybrid installations
(Denmark SK Power - Avedore II, Dania)
Mixed technology of biomass cofiring
(Zespół Elektrowni Pątnów-Adamów-Konin S.A., Poland)
Co-firing of biomass
(Elektrownia Dolna Odra, Szczecin, Poland)
K
biomasa
paliwo konw.
SOURCE: H.Kruczek-Prezentacja ,, Biomasa dla celów energetycznych”,Politechnika Wrocławska., h_kruczek - biomasa[1]ppt.
Page 103
Drying
Ignition Combustion
EXHAUST GASES
After burning
BIOMASS
ASH PRIMARY AIR
Page 104
COMBUSTION OF BIOMASS IN THE BOILER
EQUIPPED WITH THE DUTCH OVEN
AIR II
AIR I
BIOFUEL EXHAUST GASES
W.Rybak: Spalanie i współspalania biomasy,WO PW, 2006
Page 106
Dolna Odra Power Station is a coal-fired power station
It consists of 8 units, 2 with 220 MW and 6 with 232 MW.
Page 107
BIOMASS CO-FIRING
POWER PLANT DOLNA ODRA
NOWE CZARNOWO
Photos: A.Majchrzycka
Page 108
FLUIDISED BED BOILERS
Source : http://www.liberty23.com
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CIRCULATED FLUIDISED BED TECHNOLOGY
ADVANTAGES
•fuel feasibility
•high reliability
•low maintenance
•high efficiency,
•low emission
•staged combustion
•excellent mixing
•long solid retention time’in-furnace sulfur removal
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SZCZECIN POWER PLANT BUILT 1911÷1916
IN POWER PLANT SZCZECIN –GDAŃSKA
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INNOVATION CHP TECHNOLOGY IN POWER PLANT
SZCZECIN –GDAŃSKA
The greatest boiler in Poland
fuelled with biomass:
• steam production 230 t/h,
temperature t= 535 °C,
• pressure p =70 bar .
Power plant with fluidised bed boiler fuelled with biomass.
Commencement of operation
15.12. 2011 r.
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VIEW FROM THE BOILER TERRACE-BIOMASS STOCKYARD
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VIEW FROM THE BOILER TERRACE-BIOMASS STOCKYARD
Page 114
BIOMASS STOCKYARD
Page 115
PURIFICATION OF BIOMASS FROM METALS AND
NON-FERROUS MATERIALS
Page 116
SEPARATION OF BIOMASS NON MEETING REQUIREMENTS
Page 117
BIOMASS CONVEYOR
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FLUIDISED BOILER
Page 119
• Production of ,,green electricity” Nel= 440 000 MWh/year
• Heat production NT=1 900 000 GJ/year
• Biomass consumption m = 550 000 ton/year
SZCZECIN - GDAŃSKA POWER PLANT
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SZCZECIN GDAŃSKA POWER PLANT
ECOLOGICAL EFFECT
• Replacement of CO2 emission 550 tys. ton/year from
combustion of hard coal by combustion of biomass
• Reduction of SO2 emission of 69% ,
• Reduction of dust emission - 63%,
• Reduction of waste - 80% .
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ECOLOGICAL EFFECT
• Replacement of CO2 emission 550 tys. ton/year from
combustion of hard coal by combustion of biomass
• Reduction of SO2 emission of 69% ,
• Reduction of dust emission - 63%,
• Reduction of waste - 80% .
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Straw fired boiler in the small rural heat
generating plant
PHOTO:A.MAJCHRZYCKA
Photo:A.Majchrzycka
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Straw boiler
1 10 100 1.000 10.000 100.000 1.000.000 10.000.000
1
thermal capacity in kWth
[ Source: H.Kruczek BIOMASA DLA CELÓW ENERGETYCZNYCH, Wrocław 2005]
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Heat boiler fuelled with:
Heat boiler
"WARMET-
SDS Ceramik"
- coke,
- hard coal, brown coal,
- hard coal dust
- oil fuel
Parameters of heat boiler:
- maximal heat power 13,5 kW,
- efficiency ,when feeded with the solid fuel 80 %
- efficiency when feeded with the fuel oil >92 %
- wood
- wooden briquettes,
- sawdust,
- peat,
- straw.
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Heat boilr fuelled with:
pellets
– eko-pea,
– wood .
Heat boiler parameters:
– maximal heat power 13,5
kW,
– nominal effciency 87 %
Heat boiler -Ling Combi
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Heat boiler fuelled with:
– straw
– wood
Heat boiler parameters:
– nominal heat power 15 kW,
– nominal effciency 80 %
– single load of combustion chamber:
2 straw bricks of 45x40x80 cm
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CHP
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
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ADVANTAGES OF CHP :
• Energetic efficiency about 40% higher than separated
production of electricity and power,
• About 30% less fuel consumption than that in the
conventional boilers,
• Reduced emissions,
• Lower production costs .
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CHP SYSTEMS BASED ON COMBUSTION OF :
• BIOMASS,
• BIOGAS,
• LANDFILL GAS,
• SLUDGE,
• RDF (Residue Delivered Fuel),
• MDF (Municipal Delivered Fuel).
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PLANNING
REALISATION OF THE
PROJECT
EXPLOITATION
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER
CHP
B
I
O
F
U
E
L
S
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Horizontal and
vertical gas well
Horizontal and
vertical gas well
Gas filled well
Compressor
and gas analyser
LANDFILL FIRED CHP SYSTEM
CHP
Transformer
station
Source : S.Kohler: Utilization of the biogaz, Mead west energy Conference 2007,
Page 133
REGULATOR
REGULATOR
GAS
AIR
COOLING
EXHAUST
GAS
HEAT
EXCHANGER
TURBO
COMPRESSOR
GAS FUELLED CHP SYSTEM
Source : S.Kohler: Utilization of the biogaz, Mead west energy Conference 2007,
Mixing
of gas
&
air
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SLUDGE CHP SYSTEMS
CHP
SLUDGE
FERMEN
TATOR
FERTILIZERS
GAS FROM WASTE DUMP
DRIED
SLUDGE
file:///G:/images/P1010017.jpg
Compressor
Gasometer
Source : S.Kohler: Utilization of the biogaz, Mead west energy Conference 2007,
Page 135
file:///G:/images/P1010017.jpgfile:///G:/images/P1010017.jpg
CHP MODULES