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111��ÙÙÙ Python000�� 1

§1.1 m© . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

§1.1.1 XÛ$1Python§S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

§1.2 ��é� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3 Ä�a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3.1 �.(integer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3.2 2:.(float) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3.3 Nonea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.3.4 Ü6L�ª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

§1.4 �L(list) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

§1.4.1 Mïlist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

§1.4.2 list�eIÚflist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

§1.4.3 flist�J� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

§1.4.4 ?nlist��{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

§1.4.5 ^list �[Ù¦~^êâ(� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

§1.4.6 list comprehension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

§1.5 iÎG(string) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

§1.5.1 iÎG�L« . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

§1.5.2 =�¤�Ù¦a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

§1.5.3 iÎG�ö� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

§1.6 �|(tuple) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

§1.7 S�(sequence) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

§1.8 i;(dictionary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

§1.8.1 {ü~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

§1.8.2 dictionary�ö� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

§1.9 §S6§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

§1.9.1 ©|(�if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

§1.9.2 Ì�(�for§while§break§continue§range() . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

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§1.10 ¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

§1.10.1 Ä�¼ê�^{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

§1.10.2 ëê�ê�À§ëêk%@� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

§1.10.3 UC¼êëêD�^S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

§1.10.4 �ê�Cëê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

§1.10.5 Doc String ¼ê£ã . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

§1.10.6 lambda¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

§1.10.7 ¼ê��^�(scope) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

§1.10.8 i@¼ê(nested) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

§1.10.9 function�ëêD4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

§1.11 �¬(module)Ú�(package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

§1.11.1 Mï��module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

§1.11.2 No�émodule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

§1.11.3 package(�) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

§1.12 name space(·¶�m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

§1.13 a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

§1.13.1 Ð©z¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

§1.13.2 �{(method) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

§1.13.3 á5(property) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

§1.13.4 U«(inherit) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

§1.13.5 1(overload) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

§1.13.6 class �attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

§1.13.7 Abstrace Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

§1.13.8 Python�¡�é�?§ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

§1.13.9 Python ¥class AÏ�methord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

§1.14 É~?n(exception) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

§1.14.1 �o´É~?n§��o�kÉ~?n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

§1.14.2 Ó¼exception(É~) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

§1.14.3 �Ñexception . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

111��ÙÙÙ mmmuuuPython ¦¦¦^��óóóäää 66

§2.1 ¦Êmacs ?6Python §S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

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§2.1.1 SCpython mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

§2.1.2 python mode �Ä�A5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

§2.1.3 ~^õUÞ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

§2.2 Ù¦?6ì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

§2.3 NÁ§S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

§2.3.1 ¦^DDD Úpydb NÁpython §S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

111nnnÙÙÙ Python ��~~~^��¬¬¬ 71

§3.1 S��¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

§3.1.1 ~^¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

§3.1.2 a.=�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

§3.1.3 û�1§S�S�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

§3.2 Úö�XÚ�'�N^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

§3.2.1 �m©� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

§3.2.2 Ö�©� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

§3.2.3 '4©� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

§3.3 regular expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

§3.3.1 {ü�regexp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

§3.3.2 iÎ8Ü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

§3.3.3 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

§3.3.4 ¦^�©iÎG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

§3.3.5 ¦^re �¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

§3.3.6 p?regexp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

§3.3.7 ©|(Group) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

§3.3.8 Compile Flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

§3.4 ^struct�¬?n�?�êâ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

§3.5 ^Cmd �¬?�{ü�·-1�� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

§3.5.1 {ü�~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

§3.5.2 ½Â%@·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

§3.5.3 ?nEOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

§3.5.4 ?n�·- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

§3.5.5 ·-1gÄÖà . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

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§3.5.6 UCIOÑ\ÑÑ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

§3.5.7 UCJ«Î . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

§3.5.8 Jø3��ÏõU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

§3.5.9 $1Shell �õU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

§3.5.10 getattr õU�¦^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

§3.6 ?n·-1À� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

§3.6.1 ��{ü�~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

§3.6.2 �këê�·-1À� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

§3.6.3 optparser �¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

§3.7 'u�m��¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

111oooÙÙÙ Tkinter ???§§§ 111

§4.1 Tkinter0� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

§4.1.1 �o´Tkinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

§4.2 Hello Tkinter §S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

§4.2.1 {ü�~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

§4.2.2 ,��{ü§S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

§4.3 Widget �� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

§4.4 Geometry Manager(AÛ+nì) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

§4.4.1 Pack +nì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

§4.4.2 Grid +nì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

§4.5 Widget ��ª . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

§4.5.1 ôÚ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

§4.5.2 iN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

§4.5.3 ©i�ªz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

§4.5.4 >µ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

§4.5.5 àI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

§4.6 ¯�Ú¯��½ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

§4.6.1 ��{ü�~f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

§4.6.2 ¯�?n¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

§4.6.3 ¯��g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

§4.6.4 Ó��¯��õ�?n¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

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§4.6.5 ÚWM �'�¯��½ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

§4.7.1 Ä�I� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

§4.7.2 èü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

§4.7.3 óä9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

§4.7.4 G�9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

§4.7.5 IOé{µ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

111ÊÊÊÙÙÙ Python��***ÐÐÐ 149

§5.1 ^C?�*Ð�¬ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

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1.5-1 iÎG¥�=¿iÎ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.5-2 iÎG=��Ù¦a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1.5-3 �äiÎG´Äáu,«aO�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3.1-1 Python �^S�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

3.1-2 a.=�¼ê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

3.2-3 XÚN^Þ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

3.4-4 struct �¬¥��ª½Â . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

3.4-5 i!^S½Â . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

3.5-6 ·-1?6�¯$� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

3.7-7 L«�m� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

4.5-1 tkFont |±�option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

4.6-2 ¯�£ãÞ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

4.6-3 £ã¯��ëê . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

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None,0,0.0,"" (�iÎG),[](�list),()(�tuple),{}(�dictionary)

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and Ü6�or Ü6½not Ü6�

>>> def getTrue():

... print "debug: true"

... return 1

...

>>> def getFalse():

... print "debug: false"

... return 0

...

>>> if getTrue() and getFalse():

... print "ok"

... else:

... print "bad"

...

debug: true # k$1 getTrue

debug: false # XJ getTrue �£ý,@o$1getFalse

bad # ��(J´ getFalse ��£(J.

>>> if getFalse() and getTrue():

... print "ok"

... else:

... print "bad"

...

debug: false #k$1 getFalse

bad #XJ getFalse �£b,@oÒØ$1 getTrue

>>>

��5¿�ánd Úor §éuand 5`§~Xexpr1 and expr2§XJexpr1 ´Ü6b§@oÒo�L�ª��£expr1 §�N´�iÎG§½ö�list§ Ø2O�expr2§�Ò´èxpr2 ¥XJk¼êN^�{§�Ø¬�1"XJexpr1 ´Ü6ý§@oâ¬O�expr2

§��Ü6L�ªÒ�£expr2"éuor 5`§~Xexpr1 or expr2§XJexpr1 ´Ü6ý§@oÒo�L�ª��£expr1 § Ø2O�expr2§�Ò´èxpr2 ¥XJk¼êN^�{§�Ø¬�1"XJexpr1 ´Ü6b§@oâ¬O�expr2 §��Ü6L�ªÒ�£expr2"ù�Òk�«~^�AÏL��ª:


§1.3 Ä�a.

<cond> and <expr_true> or <expr_false>

¦k��ék^��Â´: XJcond ¤á§@o�£expr_true§ÄK�£expr_false"¦vk��o5K§�´l��m�g"4·�5u��e��o:

cond expr_true expr_false o�(Jý ý ?Û(ØO�) expr_true

b ?Û(ØO�) ý expr_false

b ?Û(ØO�) b expr_false

ý b b expr_false

ý b ý expr_false

lù�Lþ�±w�:

• Þ�|`²§XJcond ´ý§@o��L�ªÒéxpr_true

• 1�|`²§XJcond ´b§@o��L�ªÒéxpr_false

• ��|`²§·`�"P4XJexpr_true k�U´b��ÿ§Ø�ùo�§Ï�k�U�»�5��Â§cond ´ý��ÿ§��L�ª%éxpr_false")ûù�¯K��{Ò´:

(<cond> and (<expr_true>,) or (<expr_false>,))[0]

�¡�)Òr��L�ª)å5§UCO�`k?§ÄK[0] �`k?�p"¥m�)ÒÚÏÒ§´��tuple �L�ª"ù�(<expr_true>,)[�´ý§Ï�¦´¹k��tuple§��[0] L«J�Ñù��5"3$�´§Ï~ù�L�ª´^3'�{ü��¹e§{ü�D��é§expr_trueÚexpr_false ��Ñ´~þ§ �´ý"

>>> x= cond and "OK" or "BAD"

>>> x

’OK’

>>> cond = 0

>>> x= cond and "OK" or "BAD"

>>> x

’BAD’

>>>

Ó��n:

<cond> or <expr_false> and <expr_true>

�kaq��Â§�´Ø��¦^ù«L��ª§Ø´Ï�ù�L�ªØÜ{§ ´Ï�¦ØÎÜS."?§�óÚg,�ókaq�/�§Ò�·�²�¬`§“r§¯��”§


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� Python0�

�´·�Ø¬`§“r§?ê�”§½ö“r§? ”§Ø´Ï�@o`Ò´��§´Ï�ØÜS."@Ò¬¯§��oØÜS.§S.l=p5º�Ï´lC �ó¥5"C �ó¥k

cond ? true_expr: false_expr

ù´��n�ö�Î§¯õ�C�ó�¦^öÂ�c§Ú1�«�Âáq�"o�§#�¡@«�ª§��1�«ÒÐ"

§1.4 �L(list)

list aquC++¥�vector§C �ó¥�ê|§û�;^S(�"X§

�c¥z��Uê§�±L«�[ 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ]

�c¥z��¶¡§�±L«�[ ’January’, ’February’, ’March’, ’April’, ’May’,

’June’, ’July’, ’August’, ’September’, ’October’,

’November’, ’December’ ]

z�(Ï�¶i§�±L«�[ ’Monday’,’Tuesday’, ’Wednesday’, ’Thursday’ ,

’Friday’, ’Saturday’, ’Sunday’]

§1.4.1 Mïlist

a=[’1’,’2’]

^[])å5§L«��list§¥m��±´?Ûa.§^ÏÒ©�"

§1.4.2 list�eIÚflist

list�eIl0m©§ÚC�óaq§�Ó\KeI�¦^"

-len 1��... ...-2 �ê1��-1 ��0 1��1 1��... ...

len-1 ��

>>> a=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6]


§1.4 �L(list)

>>> i=-len(a)

>>> while i < len(a):

... print "a[",i,"]=",a[i]

... i=i+1

...

a[ -7 ]= 0

a[ -6 ]= 1

a[ -5 ]= 2

a[ -4 ]= 3

a[ -3 ]= 4

a[ -2 ]= 5

a[ -1 ]= 6

a[ 0 ]= 0

a[ 1 ]= 1

a[ 2 ]= 2

a[ 3 ]= 3

a[ 4 ]= 4

a[ 5 ]= 5

a[ 6 ]= 6

5¿while�é� ?"¬3�¡0�"a[-8] Úa[9] Ñ¬Úå�."

>>> a[-8]

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?

IndexError: list index out of range

>>> a[7]



IndexError: list index out of range

§1.4.3 flist�J�

�ÏLeI�½��§ûJ�Ñ��list��Ü©"eIL² �§��å© �§��(å �§¥m^kÒ©�"XJØ�½å© �§å© �´0 §XJØ�½(å �§(å �´−1"flist L«�)å© �?��§��(å �§�´Ø�)(å ��"

KeI��±ë�½Âå© �§½ö(å �"

>>> a[1:4]


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� Python0�

[1, 2, 3]

>>> a[:]

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> a[1:]

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> a[:3]

[0, 1, 2]

>>> a[:]

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> a[1:-1]

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

��flist ´�5list ��§��B�§UCflist Ø¬UC�5�list"

§1.4.4 ?nlist��{

• L.append(var) §J\��"

>>> a=[0,1,2,3,4,5]

>>> a.append(6)

>>> a

[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>>

• L.count(var) O�var 3L¥Ñy�gê"

>>> a=[0,2,2,2,3,3]

>>> a.count(2)

3

>>> a.count(3)

2

• len(L) �£L ��Ý"

>>> a=[1,2,3]

>>> len(a)

3

• L.extend(list) §òlistJ\3L�¡"

>>> a=[1,2,3]

>>> a.extend([4,5,6])


§1.4 �L(list)

>>> a

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

• L.index(var) �£var3L¥� �§eÃ§K�ÑÉ~"

>>> a=[1,2,3,4,4,5]

>>> a.index(4)

3

>>> a.index(6)



ValueError: list.index(x): x not in list

• L.insert(index,var) 3index?§�\var§Ù{��í"XJindex�ulist��Ý§Ò3��V\"XJindex�u0§Ò3�m©?V\"

>>> a=[1,2]

>>> a.insert(0,1)

>>> a

[1, 1, 2]

>>> a.insert(100,100)

>>> a

[1, 1, 2, 100]

>>> a.insert(2,3)

>>> a

[1, 1, 3, 2, 100]

• L.pop() �£��§¿�íØ��"L.pop(index) �£index?��§¿�íØT��"

>>> a=[0,1,2,3,]

>>> a.pop()

3

>>> a.pop(0)

0

>>> a

[1, 2]

>>>

• L.remove(var) é�var§¿�íØ�§eÃ§�ÑÉ~"


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Comment on Text

这里的index<0满足条件为：L为空，ex:L=[]，或者L为负下标LIST， ex:L=[-2,-4,-6]。在正整数下标的LIST中插入index<0，则会从max(len(L))往min(len(L))方向插入。

� Python0�

>>> a=["a","b","a","c","a","d"]

>>> a.remove("a")

>>> a

[’b’, ’a’, ’c’, ’a’, ’d’]

>>> a.remove("a")

>>> a

[’b’, ’c’, ’a’, ’d’]

• L.reverse() òL�S"

>>> a=[1,2,3,4,5]

>>> a.reverse()

>>> a

[5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

• L.sort() §òaüS§a¥��ea.ØÓ§(JgCw�wj"��Ø¬ùo�"Q,\ÑØ(½list¥��a.´Ä��§\��üS§@o\Ï�´�o(J?

>>> a.sort()

>>> a

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

>>> a=[1,"abc",2,"xxx"]

>>> a.sort()

>>> a

[1, 2, ’abc’, ’xxx’]

L.sort(func) §ò^func��'�¼ê§òüS"func(x,y)§�£−1§0§1©OL«�u§�u§�u"

§1.4.5 ^list �[Ù¦~^êâ(�

^list�[æÒstack

>>> a=[]

>>> a.append(0) #ØÒ>>> a.append(1)

>>> a.append(2)

>>> a

[0, 1, 2]

>>> a.pop() #ÑÒ2


§1.4 �L(list)

>>> a.pop()

1

>>> a.pop()

0

>>>

^list�[è�queue

>>> a.insert(-1,0) #\è>>> a.insert(-1,1)

>>> a.insert(-1,2)

>>> a

[2, 1, 0]

>>> a.pop() #Ñè0

>>> a.pop()

1

>>> a.pop()

2

>>> a

[]

½ö

>>> a.append(0)

>>> a.append(1)

>>> a.append(2)

>>> a.append(3)

>>> a

[0, 1, 2, 3]

>>> a.pop(0)

0

>>> a.pop(0)

1

>>> a.pop(0)

2

>>> a.pop(0)

3


� Python0�

^list�[ätree

>>> leaf1=[0,1]

>>> leaf2=[2,3]

>>> leaf3=[4,5]

>>> leaf4=[6,7]

>>> branch1=[leaf1,leaf2]

>>> branch2=[leaf3,leaf4]

>>> root=[branch1,branch2]

>>> root

[[[0, 1], [2, 3]], [[4, 5], [6, 7]]]

§1.4.6 list comprehension

�{:[ <expr1> for k in L if <expr2> ]

�Â:returnList=[]

for k in L:

if <expr2>: returnList.append(<expr1>)

return returnList;

�£��list§list��dz��expr1 |¤§if �éûLÈ§�k�Ã"

>>> a=["123","456","abc","Abc","AAA"]

>>> [ k.center(9) for k in a ]

[’ 123 ’, ’ 456 ’, ’ abc ’, ’ Abc ’, ’ AAA ’]

#��a¥=di1|¤�iÎG§¿r¦C¤��">>> [ k.upper() for k in a if k.isalpha() ]

[’ABC’, ’ABC’, ’AAA’]

#��a¥=d��i1|¤�iÎG§¿r¦C¤��">>> [ k.lower() for k in a if k.isupper() ]

[’aaa’]

#��a¥=kêi�¤�iÎG§¿r¦C¤�êa.">>> [ int(k) for k in a if k.isdigit() ]

[123, 456]

LÈ(filter)§ÚN�(mapping)Ú��"

¦+ù�^{é{ü§�´%�©k^§§SC�{'§�Ö5r"kéõ�ÿ§·�¦^Ì��é§==�é{ü�¯�§�´Ì��é��´éØÐÖ�§Ï�Ì��éØÎ


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Sticky Note

左边例子中 if 后面的属性使用，前提是 L 列表中元素的类型都允许使用该定义属性（比如都是字符符，所以允许使用 isalpha() 属性，左边的例子就是将L列表中的元素全部定义为字符串型）

§1.5 iÎG(string)

Üg,�ó¥�S."~Xµþ¡�~f¥§k��L«“rlist ¥�z�iÎG¥�iÎC¤��”"�´XJ^Ì��éL«Ò´: “Mï��list§éulist ¥�z��§rù�iÎGC¤��§V\�#ï�list¥"”

�kéõ~f§4·�ég,�A^ù«^{"

rlist¥�¤k��\ 1

[ k+1 for k in list]

J�Ñ list ¥¤k�êCþ[ k for k in list if type(k)==types.IntType]

r list ¥�¤k�ê��O\�[ k + 1 for k in list if type(k)==types.IntType ]

·�~U�ù«L��ª�

§1.5 iÎG(string)

§1.5.1 iÎG�L«

^üÚÒ½VÚÒ�¤iÎG

’hello’

"world"

k�iÎ´Ã{^��Ñ\�§¤±îÎ|ÜL«AÏiÎ"XL1.5-1"

ù´ÚC �ó�©aq�§�kecho ·-§Java �óÑ´ùoL«��AÏiÎ�"

XJ�Ñ\��©��iÎG§�1Ø�B§Ò^ü1"ü�iÎG¥md�xiÎë�§L«��iÎG"X

"abc" \

’def’

L«“abcdef”§5¿Ú"abc"+"def"´k«O�§�+�L«ü�iÎGë��å§^�xiÎë��§L«��iÎG"

XJ�Ñ\��©�©��iÎG§Ò^n�ëY�VÚÒG"X

"""

this is a very very long string.

And it contains a lot line.

it is suitable to write document of function.

"""


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� Python0�

�è L«�iÎ ¿Â �5\newline Ã �Ñ ûë�õ�á

1§�¤��1

\\ \ ��m\’ ’ üÚÒ\" " VÚÒ\a 0x07 �$ ASCII ��iÎ\b 0x08 ò� ASCII ��iÎ\f 0x0c Formfeed (FF) ASCII ��iÎ\n 0x0a �1 ASCII ��iÎ\N{name} Unicode iÎ ��éuUnicode\r 0x0d £� ASCII ��iÎ\t 0x09 Y²�LÎ\v 0x0b R��LÎ\u{xxxx} Unicode?è ��éuUnicode\ooo 0xooo ooo L«�l?�iÎ\xhh 0xhh hh L«��8?�iÎ

L 1.5-1: iÎG¥�=¿iÎ

¼ê¶¡ õU ~f (Jfloat(str) C¤2:ê float("1e-1") 0.1int(str) C¤�. int("12") 12int(str,base) C¤base?��ê int("11",2) 2long(str) C¤��. int("12") 12long(str,base) C¤base?��ê int("11",2) 2

L 1.5-2: iÎG=��Ù¦a.

§1.5.2 =�¤�Ù¦a.

§1.5.3 iÎG�ö�

é�ü�iÎG

>>> "Hello" + " " + "World"

’Hello World’

��=�

>>> "this is test".capitalize() #Äi1��


§1.5 iÎG(string)

’This is test’

>>> "THIS IS TEST".capitalize()

’This is test’

>>> "THIS IS TEST".lower() #�ÜC¤��’this is test’

>>> "this is test".upper() #�ÜC¤��’THIS IS TEST’

>>> "This Is Test".swapcase() #��p�’tHIS iS tEST’

��iÎG�Ý

>>> len("Hello World")

11

��iÎG�fG

�±r��iÎGw¤��¹kéõiÎ�list§ù��±^Úlist�Ó��ª��fG"eIl0m©"Kê�L��"

>>> str="Hello World"

>>> str="Hello"

>>> i=-len(str)

>>> while i < len(str):

... print "str[",i,"]=",str[i]

... i=i+1

...

str[ -5 ]= H

str[ -4 ]= e

str[ -3 ]= l

str[ -2 ]= l

str[ -1 ]= o

str[ 0 ]= H

str[ 1 ]= e

str[ 2 ]= l

str[ 3 ]= l

str[ 4 ]= o

>>>

kÒ�±L«��§��fiÎG"kÒü>�êL«e.Úþ.§e.Úþ.Ñ´�À§"�þ3�-1§e.�0"


� Python0�

>>> str="Hello"

>>> str[:]

’Hello’

>>> str[1:2]

’e’

>>> str[1:-1]

’ell’

>>> str[-1:2]

’’

Ke.�´�L �§Ø�L��"¤±lù�¿Âþù§−1�'2�"str[-1:2]´�iÎG"AT5¿¦fiÎG´ý��5�iÎG��§UC��iÎG´Ø¬UC�5�iÎG�"Ø�±^fiÎG��ªUC�5�iÎG"X:

>>> a="abcd"

>>> b=a[1:2]

>>> b="x" #UC b

>>> a

’abcd’ #Ø¬K� a

>>> a[1]=’abc’ #



TypeError: object doesn’t support item assignment

>>>

�äiÎG´Äáu,«aO

L1.5-3¥��{�±�äiÎG¥´ÄÎÜ,^�"iÎG÷v^�§Ò�£1§ÄK§�£0"

¶¡ ^�s.isalnum() ¤kiÎÑ´êi0123456789 ½öi1A-Z§a-zs.isalpha() ¤kiÎÑí1a-z ½öA-Zs.isdigit() ¤kiÎÑ´êi0123456789s.islower() ¤kiÎÑ´��i1a-zs.isupper() ¤kiÎÑ´��i1A-Zs.istitle() ¤kücÑ´Äi1��§��titles.isspace() ¤kiÎÑ´�xiÎ\n,\t,\r,’ ’

L 1.5-3: �äiÎG´Äáu,«aO�¼ê


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§1.5 iÎG(string)

3iÎG¥�éfG

• s.find(substring,[start [,end]]) XJé�§�£¢Ú�§L²´3=�ké�"XJéØ�§�£−1

#ok�¡�abc§a �mÞ �� 3,

>>> "ok abc abc abc".find("abc")

3

#l �4±�m©�é"��u s[4:].find("abc")

>>> "ok abc abc abc".find("abc",4)

7

#��u s[4:9].find("abc")

>>> "ok abc abc abc".find("abc",4,9)

-1

#��u s[4:10].find("abc")

>>> "ok abc abc abc".find("abc",4,10)

7

• s.rfind(substring,[start [,end]]) Úfind()aq§�´´��é"

>>> "ok abc abc abc".rfind("abc")

11

• s.index(substring,[start [,end]] Úfind()aq§�´XJéØ�substring§Ò�)��ValueError�É~"ü«�ª�ØÓ3u�Ø?n�ØÓ"

>>> "ok abc abc abc".index("abc")

3

>>> "ok abc abc abc".index("abcd")



ValueError: substring not found in string.index

• s.rindex(substring,[start [,end]]

Ús.index()aq"ØÓ�?3u´��é"• s.count(substring,[start [,end]]) �£é�substring�gê"

>>> "ok abc abc abc".count("abc")

3


� Python0�

�ªziÎG

Ä�^{´ s % <tuple> §tuple L«��ëê�L§aquC�ó¥printf§rtuple ¥�z��îÎGL«§L«��ªds 5(½"

>>> print "%s’s height is %dcm"%("Charles",180)

Charles’s height is 180cm

5¿�%s,%dÚC�ó¥�printfáq�§â��conversion specifier§(=�½Â)

y3X?Øconversion specifier"conversion specifier k±eA�Ü©�¤§

%[<mapping key>][<conversion flag>][<Minimum field width>]|

[<precision>][<lenght modifier>]<conversion type>|

wXéE,§Ù¢��%��conversion typeÒ�±"Ù¦�Ñ´�À�"conversion typeXe:

• d L«kÎÒ�?��ê"

>>> "%d and %d" % (-1,2)

-1 and 2

• i Ód

• o L«ÃÎÒl?�ê"

>>> "%o and %o" % (16,8)

20 and 10

• u L«ÃÎÒ�ê"

>>> "%u and %u" %(-10,10)

’4294967286 and 10’

5¿−10 �)º¤�ÃÎÒ�ê�ÿ§L«��é��ê"ù´Ï�3O�Å¥^ÖèL«Kê§Kê��p ´1§3�)º¤�ÃÎÒê��ÿ§Ò¬é�"• x L«ÃÎÒ�8?�(��)

>>> "%x and %x" % (100,200)

’64 and c8’

• X L«ÃÎÒ�8?�(��)

>>> "%X and %X" % (100,200)

’64 and C8’


§1.5 iÎG(string)

• e 2:ê§�ÆL�ª{(��)

>>> "%e and %e"%(-100,200)

2.000000e+02

• E 2:ê§�ÆL�ª{(��)

>>> "%E and %E"%(-100,200)

2.000000E+02

• f L«2:ê

>>> "%f and %f"%(-0.00001,200.0)

’-0.000010 and 200.000000’

• g L«2:ê§XJ´�u0.0001½öØ°Ý§Ò^�ÆL«{"

>>> "%g and %g"%(-0.00001,2000000.0)

’-1e-05 and 2e+06’

• c rASCII �êL«ü�iÎ

>>> "%c and %c"%(67,68)

’C and D’

�ûC�ê�ASCIIiÎ

• r L«��iÎG§ù�iÎG¦^repr()��£�

>>> "%r"%({"one":1,"two":2})

"{’two’: 2, ’one’: 1}"

Úprint expr(obj) �<Ñ5��J��"• s L«��iÎG§ù�iÎG¦^str()¼ê��£�

>>> "%s"%({"one":1,"two":2})

"{’two’: 2, ’one’: 1}"

Úprint str(obj) �<Ñ5��J��"5¿str Úexpr ¼ê�ØÓ"str ´��é��ª�£ã"expr ´��iÎG§´��Ü{�Python L�ª�é§�±��é��"

mapping key� � ^ ´ ^dictionary � Otuple § ^mapping key� �keyL

«dictionary¥Cþ"ù��5�Ð?´§Jp§S��Ö5§%dÚ%(height)'

�§�ö��Ö5�Ð" �§Ó��CþÑyüg±þ§3tuple¥Ò��üg§ ��5¿tuple¥��^SÚ�êØ��§^mapping key��ªÒÐõ"


� Python0�

>>> print "%s’s height is %d cm, %s’s weight is %d kg" % \

... ("Charles",170,"Charles",70)

Charles’s height is 170 cm, Charles’s weight is 70 kg

>>> print "%(name)s’s height is %(height)d cm" \

... ",%(name)s’s weight is %(weight)d kg" % \

... {"name":"Charles","height":170,"weight":70}

Charles’s height is 170 cm,Charles’s weight is 70 kg

nameÑyüg§3mapping key¥§ÒØ^�üg§ �ëê�^S��±�B�"Úlocals()¼ê��Ü§¬k�Ð��J§locals()�£local name space (ÛÜ·¶�m) §´��dictionary§Ù¥keyĆþ�¶¡§valueĆþ��"globals()�£globalname space (�Û·¶�m)ùp�Þ�~f"3�¡�name space(·¶�m)k�[0�"

>>> def fun(a,b):

... print "a is %(a)d,b is %(b)d" %locals()

...

>>> fun(1,2)

a is 1,b is 2

minimum field width L«��Ý"

>>> print "%10d,%10d"%(1,2)

1, 2

precision^5L«°Ý§�é2:êk�^§�ko�Ê\�õU"

>>> print "%10.2f,%10.2f"%(10.123456,20.126456)

10.12, 20.13

conversion flag ´é,a.å�^"#L«âlternate form§XJ´8?�§@oÒ3c¡\0§XJ´�8?�Ò3c¡\0x ½ö0X éÙ¦a.Øå�^"

>>> print "%#x,%#X,%#o" %(16,16,16)

0x10,0X10,020

0 L«^0Ö�§¦�÷vminimum field width"

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0000000001,0000000002

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Hello

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>>> sayHello()

Hello

>>> sayHello


>>>

>>> othermodule=testmodule

>>> othermodule.age=100

>>> testmodule.age

100

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0

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...

>>>

>>> testfun()

{}

{’__builtins__’: <module ’__builtin__’ (built-in)>, ’__name__’: ’__main__’,

’testfun’: <function testfun at 0x8174dd4>, ’__doc__’: None}

>>>

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... print "Hello"

...

>>> saidHello=sayHello

>>> saidHello

<function sayHello at 0x8174bb4>

>>> sayHello

<function sayHello at 0x8174bb4>

>>> sayHello()

Hello



>>> saidHello()

Hello

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... def __init__(self):

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...

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>>>

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hello

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hello

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... return "A()"

... def __str__(self):

... return "ok, I am here"

...

>>> x=A()

>>> print x

ok, I am here

>>> print repr(x)

A()

>>> b = eval(repr(x))

>>> b

A()

>>>

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... else: return 0

...

>>> dog = Dog()

>>> if dog > -10 : print "ok"

...

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...

ok

>>> if dog == 0 : print "ok"


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...

ok

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... alive=0

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... if self.alive==0 : return 0

... else: return 1

...

>>> dog = Dog()

>>> dog.alive

0

>>> if dog : print "the dog is alive"

... else: print " the dog is dead"

...

the dog is dead

>>> dog.alive =1

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... else: print " the dog is dead"

...

the dog is alive

>>>

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...

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§1.13 a

>>> len(obj)



AttributeError: EmptyClass instance has no attribute ’__len__’

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... def __len__(self):

... return 1000

...

>>> dog = Dog()

>>> len(dog)

1000

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... elif key == "pig" : return "pig"

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... else : return "unknown"

...

>>> zoo=Zoo()

>>> zoo["dog"]

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>>> zoo["pig"]

’pig’

>>> zoo["wolf"]

’wolf’

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...

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...

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0

debug: key is 1

1

debug: key is 2

4

debug: key is 3

9

debug: key is 4

16

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25

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>>>

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attributes of its bases.

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’__len__’, ’__lt__’, ’__mul__’, ’__ne__’, ’__new__’, ’__reduce__’,

’__repr__’, ’__rmul__’, ’__setattr__’, ’__str__’, ’capitalize’,

’center’, ’count’, ’decode’, ’encode’, ’endswith’, ’expandtabs’,

’find’, ’index’, ’isalnum’, ’isalpha’, ’isdigit’, ’islower’,

’isspace’, ’istitle’, ’isupper’, ’join’, ’ljust’, ’lower’, ’lstrip’,

’replace’, ’rfind’, ’rindex’, ’rjust’, ’rstrip’, ’split’,

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’translate’, ’upper’]

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[1, 2]

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1

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[1, 2, 3, 4]

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<type ’list’>

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’A’

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(’0101’, ’0176750’, ’04657433200’)


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>>> hex(65) , hex(65000),hex(650000000)

(’0x41’, ’0xfde8’, ’0x26be3680’)

>>> str(10),str([1,2]),str({"one":1})

(’10’, ’[1, 2]’, "{’one’: 1}")

>>> list("abc"),list((1,2,3))

([’a’, ’b’, ’c’], [1, 2, 3])

>>> tuple("abc"),tuple([1,2,3])

((’a’, ’b’, ’c’), (1, 2, 3))

>>> dict(),dict([("one",1),("two",2)])

({}, {’two’: 2, ’one’: 1})

>>> dict([ ( str(x), x) for x in [1,2] ])

{’1’: 1, ’2’: 2}

>>> int(1),int("1"),int(1.4),int(1.6)

(1, 1, 1, 1)

>>> int("1.2") #Ø1, 1.2 wå5Ø��êTraceback (most recent call last):


ValueError: invalid literal for int(): 1.2

>>> long(1),long("1"),long(1.4),long(1.6)

(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L)


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>>> float(1),float("1.2"),float("1e-4")

(1.0, 1.2, 0.0001)

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1

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1

>>> max([1,2,3,4,5])

5

>>> max(1,2,3,4,5)

5

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# �UO\�� methord

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[’__builtins__’, ’__doc__’, ’__module__’, ’a’, ’abc’]

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hello

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not int

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ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)

1 0.090 0.090 0.250 0.250 <string>:1(?)

10000 0.160 0.000 0.160 0.000 abc:1(?)

1 0.000 0.000 0.250 0.250 profile:0(for i in

range(10000): exec c)

0 0.000 0.000 profile:0(profiler)

>>> profile.run("for i in range(10000): exec code")

10002 function calls (2 primitive calls) in 0.720 CPU seconds

Ordered by: standard name

ncalls tottime percall cumtime percall filename:lineno(function)

10001/1 0.720 0.000 0.720 0.720 <string>:1(?)

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0

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[’a.txt’]

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[’b.txt’]

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[]

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OSError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: ’/tmp/xx’

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’/home/Charles’

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0

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...

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/home/Charles/tmp/a.c

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’a’

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... else:

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...

[.] is match

[^] is match

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<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x81585e8>

>>> p.match("[")

<_sre.SRE_Match object at 0x8158330>

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... name: Ann

... Address: BUPT

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... r"^name:(.*)\nÂddress:(.*)\n^telephone:(.*)\nêmail:(.*)\n",re.M)

>>> for m in p.finditer(x):

... print "here is your friends list"

... print "%s,%s,%s,%s"%m.groups()

...

here is your friends list

Charles, BUPT, 62281234, [email protected]

here is your friends list

Ann, BUPT, 62284321, [email protected]

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>>> matchs[0].group(’address’)

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>>> matchs[0].group(’email’)

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>>> matchs[1].group(’name’)

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{

FILE * fp = fopen("test.dat","wb");

if(!fp) return 1;

fwrite((void*)&header,1,sizeof(header),fp);

fclose(fp);

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File "/usr/local/lib/python2.3/getopt.py", line 195, in do_shorts

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help="write report to FILE", metavar="FILE")

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action="store_false", dest="verbose", default=True,

help="don’t print status messages to stdout")


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verbose = False

filename = output

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verbose = False

filename = output

%./simplyOptparser1.py --help

usage: simplyOptparser1.py [options]

options:

--version show program’s version number and exit

-h, --help show this help message and exit

-fFILE, --file=FILE write report to FILE

-q, --quiet don’t print status messages to stdout

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• w.cget(option) ��widget �option ��"w ´��widget "¤k�widgetclass Ñkr__getitem__ N��w.cget þ§¤±¦�ü�vk�o«O"¤±^w[option] ��±��option "~X:

w = Label(text="abc")

print w.cget("text")

print w["text"] # vk«O§Ñ�±�� abc

·ú�w[’text’] ��ª�Ðw�"• ^w.configure ½öw.config ��option ��"w.config ´w.configure � �§¤±õUþvk«O"^{ÚMïwidget ��ÿ��"

w.config(option=<value>, ... )

~X:

w.config(text="xxx")


o Tkinter ?§

¤k�widget class r__setitem__ N��w.config þ§¤±

w["text"] = ’xxx’

�J��"XJkéõ�option ��§@o^config �Ðw�"XJ�k��options ��§@o^�¡��ª�Ðw1"

• config ¤¼êXJØ�?Ûëê§@o¬��widget �¤k�±��option�¶¡"w.keys() ��"·�U�¦^w.keys() §¦�¿Â��Ù§{ü"~X:

for k in w.keys():

print "%s = %s"%(k,w[k])

�±�<��widget �¤k�option "

nþ¤ã§�¯��widget �option kü@�{"w.config() w.keys()w.config(optionname=optionvalue,...) w[’optionname’]=optionvaluew.cget(’optionname’) w[’optionname’]

äN¦^@«d�<S.û½§·ú�1�«�ª�Ð"

§4.4 Geometry Manager(AÛ+nì)

�o´Geometry Manager?

?�LGUI �<kù��²{§{�Ðz��Widget ´��é�¡�¯�§ù�N�z��Widget g��§4¦Ué¤��¹Úw«¦SÜ�SN§��ÐÚÙ¦73Widget �m�ål§4¦��m�ål¦þþ!§��Ð¦3Master �¥ �§XJMaster ��UC§ATXÛN�Widget ¤k"

�¡�¯�Ò��O�Å��§Tk JøA�Geemetry Manager"�±�Ï\�¤ùõU§�^é��è§Ò�±4\�.¡wå5é;�"

ùÚDelphi ½öVB ��Àz?§�¸§ké�ØÓ"VB ´�«WYSIWYG§Whatyou see is what you get (¤�=¤�)��ª§Geometry Manager ´�«WYTIWYG§What you think is what you get (¤�=¤�)"k:�TeX(LaTeX) ÚWord �«O"

3VB ¥§\rWidget {�3=§\w��§$1�(JÒÚ\w��§�´\�Øä�ÀJ“�ª/éà” �èü§r¦�éà§�3Ü·� �§�ùI�²â[�"{*gÚ<Nó§Æ�*g§âU4¦�wå5é{"

^Geometry Manager §\I�^�ëêw�¦\��JÒ�±§�½´\��"

��Tk kn«Geometry Manager :1�N\�"{*:Ú·Ø��"



• Pack• Grid• Place

e¡©O0�"

§4.4.1 Pack +nì

kA�â�y0��e"

cavity : master widget þ��m§L«©��Ü©�m��Ü©slave widget ��§master widget þ��e��m§û©��Ù¦�vk{�Ð�slave widget "

parcel : lcavity ¥©�Ñ��m§û{��slave widget "

zg��slave widget ©��m��ÿ§Ñ´lcavity ¥��parcel§,�2rslave widget {�3parcel¥",�lcavity ¥~�parcel ��§��#�cavity §UY©�§��¤k�slave widget Ñ{��."

Pack +nì�¦^�{é{üw.pack(options) "w ´��slave widget"~^�options k:

Pack+nì~^�option

side L«rw �3@�>þ"�±´TOP (þ) §BOTTOM( e)§LEFT( �)§RIGHT(m)"

padx ÚÚÚpady L«parcel �z��>Úw �mý3��m"

ipadx ÚÚÚipady L«w�z��>Úw S�¹�SN�m�ý3�m"w ¬ÏdC�"

fill �±Ńone, x, y , both"XJparcel ��§@oÒ¬�âfill ��§O\slave widget��"

• None: L«�±slave widget �5��"• X : L«�*�slave widget �°Ý"• Y : L«�*�slave widget �pÝ"• BOTH: L«Ó�*�slave widget �°ÝÚpÝ"

��5¿�§fill ´�slave widget ��Úparcel ��m'X§û½slavewidget N�UCgC��§5·Aparcel ��"

anchor L«3parcel ¥��slave widget ��ª"�±´±e��""��ĆENTER"


o Tkinter ?§

W �� E �m��N �þ�� S �e��NW ��þ�� NE �mþ��SW ��e�� SE �me��CENTER �3�¥m

ùp��5¿�´§XJfill ��´X §@oanchor ´W ÚE ÒÃ¤¢§Ï�slavewidget �°Ý®²´��§��´�m�Òvk�o¿Â"Ó��n§XJfill��Ý §@oanchor Ń ÚS ÒÃ¤¢"XJfill ��´BOTH §@oanchoroption Òvk¿Â"ùéØÐ§grid +nì3ù�:þkU?"

expand �±´0½ö1"XJ´1 §L«slave widget¬�âe¡¤`��{§rmaster��{�m©��z��slave widget �parcel"XJ´0 §4�{�m�X"

��5¿�´§expand ´�master �{�mÚ¤kslave widget �parcel �m�'XXJr¤k�slave widgetÑ{�Ð§�´�k�{�m§¦¬û½´Ø´rmaster�{�m�¤kparcel "

5¿§±þ¤k�option Xside§padx , pady , ipadx , ipady , expand, fill ÑŃ^pack() ��½�option§ Ø´Mïwidget ��ÿ�½�option"

Pack ��{

z��master widget Ñk��packing list û+n¦SÜ�¤kslave widget"Mï��#�slave widget§¬3master widget �Packing list �(�J\��slave widget"��±în , after , before ùn�option UC^S"

Pack +nìUìpacking list o�widget �^S§��{�z��widget"3fm©§master widget SÜ¤k��mÑ´��§Òćavity (�É)"

Pack Uì�eÚ½¿Â{�z��slave widget"

1. ÷X��cavity ��>�e��Ý/§��parcel (�K)§äN÷=��>´dsideoption �½�"

XJside = TOP ½öside = BOTTOM §@oparcel �°ÝÒćavity �°Ý§pÝÒ´slave widget �¦�pÝ§2\þpady Úipady ùü�options ¤�½�ê�"

XJside = LEFT ½öside = RIGHT §@oparcel �pÝÒćavity �pÝ§°ÝÒ´slave widget �¦�°Ý§2\þpadx Úipadx ùü�options ¤�½�ê�"

±�parcel ��UÏ�expand option ¤�½�� C�"XJ¤k�slave widget Ñ�Ð�§uymaster widget �kõ{��mvk¦^§@oÒ¬�âexpand option5UC¤kparcel ��"XJexpand option ´0 §@oÒ�§Ò4@��



/��XÐ"XJexpand option ´1 §@oÒr�e��mþ!�©��¤k�parcel"XJ��±*��slave widget �side option ´left ½öright §@orõ{�Y²ål¬²þ©�¦�"XJ��±*��slave widget �side option ´top½öbottom §@orõ{�R�ål¬²þ©�¦�"ù��é"y(¹5§grid+nìO\��Vg§´k¤U?�"

2. pack +nìslave widget ÀJÜ·�pÝÚ°Ý"°Ý��´widget ¤I°Ý\þü��ipadx §pÝ´��´widget¤IpÝ\þü��ipady §��o´ü�? ´Ï��mÑI�3Ñipadx�ål§Ó�þe�ÑI�õ3Ñ5ipady�ål"�´XJfilloption��XJ´X½öBOTH§@o*�°Ý§slave widget�°Ý¬´parcel�°Ý~�ü��padx��§Ó�XJfill option��Ý ½öBOTH §@oslave widget�°Ý¬´parcel �°Ý~�ü��pady ��§

3. pack +nìrslave widget �3parcel ¥"XJslave widget 'parcel �§@oÒ�âanchor option 5��slave widget§parcel �e��m�Ø¬�Ù¦slave widget ¦^"XJpadx option ½öpady option ��Ø´0 §@o3parcel �>.Úslavewidget �>.�mo´�3Ñ5padx Úpady @oõ��x�m"

��Ð��slave widget �§pack +nì¬~�parcel §�e��'��cavity ^5��e��slave widget"XJcavity ��mØ��slave widget §@où�slavewidget ¬Óâcavity ¤k��m"�cavity ��0 ��ÿ§Ù¦��e�slave widget ÒwØ�§Ø�master widget C�"

��¹emaster widget ¬gÄC�§â��Geometry Propragation (AÛDÂ§��DÂ)"Geometry propragation �¿gÒ´`§gÄN�master widget �°ÝÚpÝ§^5�Ð��¤k�slave widget §¿�¬3widget ��g(�¥D4��"�o��widget ��g(�? ·��master widget Úslave widget �'X" master widget q´,��widget �slave widget"ù�Ò�/¤��§I�§�f§�fù��g'X"��±`´ä�§äª§ä��'X"

ÄkO�ä�widget ��§ä�widget vkslave widget §¦�¬gCO�gC��§v±NBe¤kslave widget �¤kSN§,��¹ù�äªwidget ��Ò�±�â¦¤slave widget ��UC§ù��þD4§��TopLevel"

ù��ª�(JÒ´¤k�Widget {��©Ün"�,§k��ÿùØ´·��(J§@o·��±ÏLNê¡�¼êÊ�Geometry Propagation"

w.pack_propagate(’true’)

¦^Pack +nì��ÿ§²~¬¦^frame widget §ûr�|widget w¤��widget"


o Tkinter ?§

§4.4.2 Grid +nì

¦+Pack éØ�§�´§éõ§S@�Grid +nì�Ð^" � -�<¬�^Grid § Ø^Pack"�N¦´é�"·@��k��`:"

·@�Grid +nì�Vg{ü§õUr�§(¹§(¢'Pack r�"

¦^Grid ��{�é{ü§ÚPack aq§N^w.grid(options) §w ´��slave wid-get"

Grid +nìr��master widget �¤k�^�m©¤�G�éõ�°"z��°��Cell §ÚPack +nì¥�parcel �Vgé��"^row §column §rowspan§columnspan Ò�±(½��cell "ke~ôption"

~^�options

row �²3@�1

column �²3@��

rowspan �²ÓA1

columnspan �²ÓA�

ipadx ipady ÚPack +nì�¿Â�Ó"L«slave widget SÜO\�W¿ål"

padx pady L«slave widget �>.Úcell �>.�m�W¿ål"

sticky �±Ń §W §S §E §�¹´Pack+nì¥�fill §anchor�õU"L«�Cell'slave widget ��ÿ§XÛ{�slave widget§7��ÿ§O\slave widget �pÝ½ö°Ý"

XJ´ü��N L«§�þ�§aqPack +nì¥�anchor= N "

XJ´ü��|ÜL«§XN+S §L«O\pÝ§aquPack +nì¥�fill = Y "XE+W §L«O\°Ý§aquPack +nì¥�fill = X "

XJü��|ÜŃ+E L«ØO\pÝ½°Ý§�mþ�{�§��ufill=None§anchor=NE Ù§aq"

XJ´õ�|ÜN+W+S+E L«�3¥m"aquPack +nì¥�fill=BOTH "

XJØ��sticky ��§L«ØO\pÝ�ØO\°Ý§�3¥m§aquPack +nì¥�anchor=CENTER§fill=None "



Grid +nì��{

kn�Ú½:

1. O��I�õ��/�§Ò�±{�e¤k�slave widget "

2. ^þ�ÚO��(JÚmaster widget �¢S��'�§XJØ��§@oÒO\½ö~�master widget ��"

3. �âz��slave widget �sticky options §{�¤k�slave widget "

31�Ú¥§ÄkO�¤k�Ó�1(½�)�cell �°Ý(½pÝ)§�Ò´rowspan=1(½colspan=1)�cell "z�1(½�) �°Ý(½öpÝ)Ò´ù�1(½�)¥¤I��°Ý(½öpÝ)§±�y��e¤kslave widget "z�1§z��Ñ��§ù�z��cell ��Ò(½"

,�3�ÄÓõ1(½öõ�)�cell §cell ¤Ó�ëY�1(½�)��cell group§cell group �°Ý(½öpÝ)´|S¤kcell �°Ý(½öpÝ)�Ú"XJcell group �§v��e�éA�slave widget §@o�Ð§�±|S�¤k1(½�)�°Ý(½pÝ)ØC"XJ�Øe§ÒI�O\|SCell �z�1(½�)Ý(½pÝ)"O\��{Ò´�â1(½�)�weight(�) U'~5O\cell group ¥z�1(ö�)�°Ý(öpÝ)§weight��O\�õ§weight ��O\��§weight ´0 �ÒØO"XJcell group ¥¤k�cell�weight Ñ´0§@oÒ²þO\|S¤k�cell �°Ý(½pÝ)"

�ge�§�±(½z��(½1)�°Ý(½pÝ)§ù�z��cell Úcell group ��Ò(½"

��1�weight§�±¦^grid rowconfgure ¼ê§~X

m.grid_rowconfigure(0,weigtht=2)

r101�weight ��2 "

��weight§�±¦^grid columnconfgure ¼ê§~X

m.grid_columnfigure(0,weigtht=2)

r10��weight ��2 "Ù¥m ´¤kslave widget �master widget"

31�Ú¥§XJmaster widget �~�§�kéõ��{�m§@oÒ¬rR�(½öY²)��{�m©��¤k�1(½ö�)§�âz�1(½ö�)�weight ��U'~©�§weight ��õ�§weight ��§weight �0 �Ø�"XJ¤k1(½ö�)�weightÑ´0 §@oÒrR�(½öY²)��{�m²þ©�3þe(½ö�m)üà§�Ò´Ø¥��"ù�§^weight �Vg�¤Pack +nì¥�expand option �õU"

nþ¤ã§Grid +nì¥�option ��'Pack +nì¥�option ��õ"�´õU%'��\(¹§�\r�§Pack U��§Grid A�ÑU�§Grid U��§Pack I��éõ�frame Úéõ�option âU�¤"


o Tkinter ?§

Place +nì

Place �±°(��slave widget � �Ú��§aquVB ¥�top§left§bottom §right �á5"ù�éæ�§��Ø^"XJ\ý�I�ùo�§@oÒ�ÃþÐ"��·6�Ø¬^¦"

§4.5 Widget ��ªdNõ�widget Ñ|±Ó��option §ùoption ½Âwidget �Ä��ª§�)

ôÚ§iN��"

§4.5.1 ôÚ

�õê�widget #N^r��background option Úforeground option 5UC��widget �cµÚÚ�µÚ"cµÚ��´widget þ¡©i�ôÚ"

bg Úfg ´background Úforeground �{¡"XJ\�i'�ú½ö'�B§@oÒ^bg Úfg �Obackground Úforeground"

3�½ôÚ��ÿ§�±��½RGB n�©þ��§��±�½ôÚ�¶i§Xred, green ��"

ôÚ�¶i

Tkinter ¹k��ôÚ�êâ¥§û�¹¤kôÚ�¶¡ÚôÚ¢SRGB ��éA'X"êâ¥¥�¹~^�ôÚ§Xµred , yellow , blue , green §lightblue ��§��)�Ø~^��´é¤��ôÚ§XMoccasin, PeachPuff, etc.

3X windows �XÚ¥§ôÚ�¶idX windows ½Â§�±3é�rgb.txt §��3/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/ 8¹eù�©�¥�¹¤kôÚ¶iÚôÚ�RGB ��éA'X"

3Windows XÚe§�±¦^Windows �XÚôÚ(�±ÏL��¡�UC)

SystemActiveBorder, SystemActiveCaption, SystemAppWorkspace, SystemBack-ground, SystemButtonFace, SystemButtonHighlight, SystemButtonShadow, SystemBut-tonText, SystemCaptionText, SystemDisabledText, SystemHighlight, SystemHighlightText,SystemInactiveBorder, SystemInactiveCaption, SystemInactiveCaptionText, SystemMenu,SystemMenuText, SystemScrollbar, SystemWindow, SystemWindowFrame, SystemWin-dowText.

3Macintosh ¥§�±¦ê¡�XÚôÚ:

SystemButtonFace, SystemButtonFrame, SystemButtonText, SystemHighlight, Sys-temHighlightText, SystemMenu, SystemMenuActive, SystemMenuActiveText, System-MenuDisabled, SystemMenuText, SystemWindowBody.


§4.5 Widget ��ª

ôÚ�¶¡´Ø©��" �kôÚ�¶i�±3üc�m\��"X”light blue” ”LightBlue” ´��ôÚ"

RGB ôÚ�

��±�½RGB n�©þ��§5�½ôÚ"�ª´

#RGB,#RRGGBB, #RRRRGGGGBBBB

~X:

w["fg"]="#f00"

w["fg"]="#ff0000"

w["fg"]="#ffff00000000"

Ñ´rcµÚU¤ùÚ"RGB n�©þÑAT´�8?�"e¡{ü�~f§`²XÛ��RGB ©þ"

tk_rgb = "#%02x%02x%02x" % (172, 182, 220)

tk_rgb = "#%04x%04x%04x" % (172, 182, 220)

w.wininfo_rgb() �±rôÚ¶¡�È¡�ôÚ�RGB ©þ"X

rgb = widget.winfo_rgb("red")

red, green, blue = rgb[0]/256, rgb[1]/256, rgb[2]/256

5¿winfo_rgb �£�´��´0 – 65535 §XJ��0 – 256 ��S��§�Ø±256 â�±§�Ò´m£8 "

§4.5.2 iN

Tkinter ¥�widget #N^r�½iN"��ØI��½iN§Ï�Tk ¥�õê�{ü�widget §XLabel §Button ��§ÑkéÐ�%@iN"

3�½iN��ÿ§^font option §Tkinter �±¦^ØÓ�ª£ãiN"

• iN£ãÎ(font descriptor )• ^rg½ÂiN¶¡§¦^tkFont �¬"• XÚiN¶¡• X iN£ãÎ( X font descriptor)

iN£ãÎ(font descriptor)

lTk 8.0 m©§Tkinter �±¦^ÕáuäNXÚ�iN£ã§kÏuª²�?§"�±ÏL�½iNx§iNpÝ§ÚÙ¦��À�iNº�(font style)5�½iN"X


o Tkinter ?§

("Times", 10, "bold")

("Helvetica", 10, "bold italic")

("Symbol", 8)

iNº�(font style) ´�iN´Ø´\o§´Ø´�N"

XJ==�ÑiNx�¶¡§@oÒ¬��%@�iNpÝ§ÚiNº�"

XJiNx�¶¡¥Ø¹k��§��±==�Ñ5��iÎG^5£ãiN"��±O\iNpÝÚiNº��½Â"

"Times 10 bold"

"Helvetica 10 bold italic"

"Symbol 8"

3Windows ¥~^�iN�):

Arial (corresponds to Helvetica),

Courier New (Courier),

Comic Sans MS,

Fixedsys,

MS Sans Serif,

MS Serif,

Symbol,

System,

Times New Roman (Times),

and Verdana:

XJiNx¶¢¥¹k��§@oÒ7L^1�«L��ª5L«iN"

~^�iNº�k: normal, bold, roman, italic, underline, Úoverstrike.

3ØÓ�²�þ§Tk 8.0§gÄrù~^�iN§X§Courier, Helvetica, ÚTimesN��²��iNL��ªþ§ �§XJiNN��}�{§�¬é��bC�iN5�O"¤±3�½iN��ÿTk 8.0 l5ÑØ¬�w�Ø�"XJéØ��bC�iN§@oÒ´^%@iN"�´Tk @��bC�iN§k��ÿ¿Ø´\��§¤±Ø�Lõ��ù�A5"

Windows e�Tk 4.2 �|±ù«iN�L��ª"

¦^tkFont �Font a5�½iN

ØîN£ãÎ(font descriptor) £ãiN�§��±ÏLtkFont 5�½iN"Font �¬¥�tkFont a§�±^5�½iN"?ÛTkinter I�iN�ëê§\Ñ�±^tkFont 5�½"~X:



tkFont.Font(family="Times", size=10, weight=tkFont.BOLD)

tkFont.Font(family="Helvetica", size=10,

weight=tkFont.BOLD,

slant=tkFont.ITALIC)

tkFont.Font(family="Symbol", size=8)

myfont=tkFont.Font(...) � £ � � é � � �myfont § @ o Ò � ±

^w.config(font=myfont) 5�½widget w �iN´myfont ¤£ã�iN"ù�k��Ð?´§XJ¦^myfont.config(size=40) §@o¤k¦^myfont ��iN�widget �iNÑgÄ�#§â��font propagate "é¤"ù�3§S¥§�±��|aq�widget �½iNmyfont §,��?Umyfont @où�|widget �iNÑ¬�#"

tkFont.Font |±option XL4.5-1:

Option a. £ãfamily string iNx¶¡size integer iN��§ü point §XJ´Kê§ü ´pixelweight constant NORMAL �´BOLD §%@ŃORMAL.slant constant NORMAL �ÍTALIC §%@ŃORMAL.underline flag 1 �ey�"0 Ø�ey�"overstrike flag 1 ¥mkî�§0¥mØ�î�"

L 4.5-1: tkFont |±�option

XÚiN¶¡

Tk �|±XÚ½Â�iN¶¡§3X Windows e§��´�iNO¶§Xfixed, 6x10��"

Windows e§�±ánsi, ansifixed, device, oemfixed, system, and systemfixed"

3Macintosh e§XÚiN¶¡�±ápplication and system"

5¿�XÚiN¶¡íN��¡§�)iNx¶¡ÚiN��§iNº�"XJl�£�5�Ä�{§�ÐØ�¦^ù«�ª"

X Font Descriptor

X Font Descriptor ´¦ê¡�ª�iÎG"(ÒL«^%@�"

-*-family-weight-slant-*--*-size-*-*-*-*-charset

family L«iNx�¶¡"

weight �±´Bold ½öNormal"


o Tkinter ?§

slant�±´RL«Roman §�~"½öIL«�N"½öOL«oblique §�N��"

size ´L«iN��§ü ´point ��©��§Ï~72 point = 1 inch

charset L«iÎ8§Ï~ÍSO8859-1"

-*-Times-Bold-R-*--*-120-*-*-*-*-ISO8859-1

L«�iN´12 point ��§\o�Times iN§¦ÎSO Latin 1 ?è�iÎ8"

XJ\Ø'%,�§@oÒ^(Ò�O"

��;.�X Server ��Ñ|±Times, Helvetica, Courier, iN§��´8 , 10 , 12, 14,18 , 24 . �±´\o§�N"�±¦^xlsfonts Úxfontsel Unix ·-5w«iN"

WindowsÚMacintosh�|±�Ü©ùiN§¦�¬rù«L��ª�È¤Windowse½Macintosh Ü·�iN"

§4.5.3 ©i�ªz

��5`§Label ÚButton Ø=|±ü1©i§�|±õ1©i"õ1©iÒ´^"\n" ©��õ�ü1©i"%@�¹e§©i´Ø¥éà�§�±UCjustify option�LEFT ½öRIGHT L«�½öméà"

��±��wraplength option 5�½��Ý§©i��ÝXJ�Lù��ÝÒgÄ�1"

§4.5.4 >µ

¦+kWidget�>µ3%@��¹e´wØ��§�´¤k�Widget Ñk��>µ">µ�)3D �Relief( 2H) �JÚFocus Highlight( �:pw)«�"

relief option ^5L«XÛ±��Widget �>µ"�±´SUNKEN RAISEDGROOVE RIDGE ÚFLAT borderwidth ½öbd option L«widget �>µ��§��´2 ½ö1 §��ÒØÐw"

Focus Highlight Region (�:p�«)�´�«>µ§´3>µ��,��>µ"3widget ��Ñ\�:��ÿ§�Ò´widget �±�É^r��Ñ\¯��ÿ§±xù�Focus Highlight Region §�Ò´3>µ�¡2x��>µ§L«ù�widget ��:§�±�É��Ñ\"

highlightcolor option L«widget ��:��ÿ§Focus Highlight Region �ôÚ§��´çÚ"highlightbackground option L«widget vk��:��ÿ§Focus High-light Region �ôÚ§��Úwidget ��µÚ"highlightthickness L«Focus HighlightRegion �°Ý"��´1 ½ö2 §��ÒØÐw"

ùpk��~f§^5`²>µÚFocus Highlight Region �^{"

# border1.py




bd = range(1,9,3)

t = [ "border = " + str(k) for k in bd ]

relief= [ RAISED, SUNKEN,GROOVE ,RIDGE,FLAT]

for i in range(len(bd)):

for j in range(len(relief)) :

Button(text=t[i]+" " + relief[j],

relief=relief[j],

highlightcolor = ’blue’,

highlightbackground = ’white’,

highlightthickness = bd[i],

bd=bd[i]).grid( row=j,

column=i,

padx=2,

sticky=W)

mainloop()

$1(JXã4-3"

ã 4-3: border1.py �$1(J


o Tkinter ?§

highlightcolor Úhighlightbackground �¿�¤ØÁOÐw�ôÚ§4Öö5¿�¦��Cz"

§4.5.5 àI

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#!/usr/bin/env python

cursors =["arrow", "based_arrow_down", "based_arrow_up", "boat",

"bogosity", "bottom_left_corner", "bottom_right_corner",

"bottom_side", "bottom_tee", "box_spiral", "center_ptr",

"circle", "clock", "coffee_mug", "cross", "cross_reverse",

"crosshair", "diamond_cross", "dot", "dotbox", "double_arrow",

"draft_large", "draft_small", "draped_box", "exchange", "fleur",

"gobbler", "gumby", "hand1", "hand2", "heart", "icon",

"iron_cross", "left_ptr", "left_side", "left_tee", "leftbutton",

"ll_angle", "lr_angle", "man", "middlebutton", "mouse",

"pencil", "pirate", "plus", "question_arrow", "right_ptr",

"right_side", "right_tee", "rightbutton", "rtl_logo",

"sailboat", "sb_down_arrow", "sb_h_double_arrow",

"sb_left_arrow", "sb_right_arrow", "sb_up_arrow",

"sb_v_double_arrow", "shuttle", "sizing", "spider", "spraycan",

"star", "target", "tcross", "top_left_arrow",

"top_left_corner", "top_right_corner", "top_side", "top_tee",

"trek", "ul_angle", "umbrella", "ur_angle", "watch", "xterm"]


root = Tk()

col=0; row = 0

for i in cursors:

b=Button(text=i)

b.grid( column=col,row=row, sticky=E+S+W+N)

b.bind("<Motion>",lambda e,cur=i:root.config(cursor=cur))

col = col + 1

if col == 4 : row = row + 1 ; col = 0



mainloop()

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# File: bind1.py


root = Tk()

def callback(event):

print "clicked at", event.x, event.y

def test(e):

D = vars(e);

for k in D:

print "%-10s:%s"%(k,D[k])

frame = Frame(root, width=100, height=100)

frame.bind("<Button-1>", callback)

root.bind("<Control-Alt-Key-colon>",test);

frame.pack(expand=1,fill=BOTH)

frame.focus_set()

root.mainloop()

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<modifier-modifier-type-detail>


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def test(event):

D = vars(event);

for k in D:

print "%-10s:%s"%(k,D[k])

äNëêXeL4.6-3

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# File: bind_level.py


root = Tk()

def callback(event):


§4.6 ¯�Ú¯��½

print "clicked at", event.x, event.y

def test(e):

print "you press: " + e.keysym

return

def application_level_bind(e):

print "application level binding"

test(e)

def class_level_bind(e):

print "class level bind "

test(e)

def toplevel_bind(e):

print "top level bind"

test(e)

def widget_level_bind(e):

print "widget instance level bind"

test(e)

def myprint(a):

print a

frame = Frame(root, width=100, height=100)

root.bind("<Key>", toplevel_bind)

root.bind_class("Frame","<Key>",class_level_bind)

root.bind_all("<Key>",application_level_bind)

frame.bind("<Key>", widget_level_bind)

frame.bind("<Return>", lambda e: myprint("RETURN PRESSED") )

frame.pack(expand=1,fill=BOTH)

frame.focus_set()

root.mainloop()

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bind(e,func,"add")

Ò�±�3�5�¯�?n¼ê§�Ò´3��¯�?n¼êó��O\��?n¼ê"��¯�u)��ÿ§Ò¬�d�1¯�?n¼êóþ�z��¯�?n¼ê"XJ=��¼ê�£��iÎG“break” @oÒ¬Ê��1�¡�¯�?n¼ê§Ó��Ê�


o Tkinter ?§

N^Ù¦�g�¯�?n¼ê"

~fchange text bind.py `²ù�¯K"

# change_text_bind.py


def ignore (e):

return "break"

def ignore2(e):

print "you can only input one line"

root = Tk()

t = Text()

t.bind("<Return>",ignore2)

t.bind("<Return>",ignore,"add")

t.pack(fill=BOTH,expand=1)

root.mainloop()

ù�~f�?U��Text widget %@�¯��½§3%@��¹e§Ue£��L«Ñ\#��1§XJ==�½ignore2 ´Ø1�§¦+O�instance ?Oþ��½'X§�´<Return> ¯��?nćlass ?Oþ�§¤±�Øv±UC%@ö�§^r�´�±Ñ\#��1"¤±O\ignore ��½§4¦�ä¯�?n¼ê�UY�1§ù�âU��8�"�,§3ignore2 ¥�£“break” �´�±�"

XJ¯�?n¼êó¥k��¼ê�£“break” @o2O\?n¼ê´vk¿Â�"

�k�«�{�±��§

root.bind_class("Text","<Return",ignore)

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§4.6.5 ÚWM �'�¯��½

�u)ÚWM �'�¯��ÿ§~X§S��z(q�ãIz)§��z§'4§£Ä��"�~^�¯�Ò´WM_DELETE_WINDOW L«^r¦^WM 5'4I��¯�"

��½ù�a¯��{´

w.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW",handler)

w ´��widget é�§handle ´¯�?n¼ê§ØD4?Ûëê"

we¡�~f:


from tkMessageBox import askokcancel


§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

def handler():

if askokcancel("Quit","Do you really want to exit?"):

root.destroy()

root=Tk()

root.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW",handler)

root.mainloop()

��¹e´Ø^ù��½�§Ï�§z��I�?nWM_DELETE_WINDOW ¯��%@Ä�ÒŃ^destroy ¼ê5'4gC"

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§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

§4.7.1 Ä�I�

·�®²^L§root=Tk() Ò¬Mï��root window §ù�I��'4§@oÒ'4¤k�Ù§I�§§SòÑ"

Mï��Toplevel é�§Ò�±MïÙ¦�I�§ùI�'4§Ø¬òÑ§S§Ù§�¡Toplevel Úroot window ´�©aq�"

Toplevel Ø�Ù¦�Widget §Ø^pack ½ögrid §¦Ò�±w«Ñ5§Ï�§´��I�§WM ¬w«¦�"

z�I��%@IK´“Tk” §UCI��IK^

root.Title("My title")

��I��IK��{´

print root.Title()

§4.7.2 èü

~fmenubar2.py ��èü9��~f"

# menubar2.py


import sys

root = Tk()


o Tkinter ?§

mainmenu=Menu(root)

root["menu"]=mainmenu

filemenu = Menu(mainmenu)

mainmenu.add_cascade(label=’file’,menu=filemenu)

m = [ "new","open","save"]

for i in m :

filemenu.add_command( label=i,

command=lambda t = i: sys.stdout.write(t+"\n") )

filemenu.add_command(label="exit", command= root.quit)

mainloop()

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ã 4-5: menubar2.py �$1(J

lambda : sys.stdout.write(i)

´Ø1�"

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lambda t = i : sys.stdout.write(i)


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U^�{ü��é�¤Ó��õU§ù��§Sâ´Ð§S"

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~fmenubar3.py ��èü9��~f"

# menubar3.py


import sys

root = Tk()

# create a frame to contain the menu bar

menuframe = Frame()

# create a menu button

filemenuButton = Menubutton(text="File")

filemenuButton.pack(side=LEFT,anchor=N)

# create the "file" menu

filemenu = Menu(filemenuButton)

# connect the filemenu with hte filemenuButton

filemenuButton[’menu’]=filemenu

m = [ "new","open","save"]

for i in m :

filemenu.add_command(label=i,

command= lambda t = i: sys.stdout.write(t+"\n") )

filemenu.add_command(label="exit", command= root.quit)

menuframe.pack(side=TOP,fill=X,expand=1)

mainloop()

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ü�~f�´k«O�"Menubutton ´��ÚButton aq�ÀÜ§�´¦%@�command Ä�´�Ø��èü"

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1. ïáMenubutton.

mb = Menubutton()


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ã 4-6: menubar3.py �$1(J

2. 3¦þ¡w«��Ð�SN§J«^r"

mb["text"]="press me"

3. Mï��Menu §¦�master widget ´mb

m = Menu(mb)

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mb["menu"] = m

5. O\menu �SN

m.add_command(label="new",

command=lambda : sys.stdout.write("Hello Menu\n")

6. w«Menubutton

mb.pack()

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m.add_separator()

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submenu = Menu(m) # 5¿ master widget �½�Íèü"m.add_cascade(menu=submenu,label="a submenu")


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éõA^§SÑk��óä9"Ù¢��óä9Ò´��Frame §Ù¥�¹éõ�Button"

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# toolbar1.py


root = Tk()

def callback():

print "called the callback!"

x = ["error",

"gray12",

"gray25",

"gray50",

"gray75",

"hourglass",

"info",

"question",

"warning"]

# create a toolbar

toolbar = Frame(root)

for i in x :

b = Button(toolbar, text=i, bitmap=i,

command=lambda t=i: sys.stdout.write("%s\n"%t) )

b.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2,fill=BOTH,expand=1)

toolbar.pack(side=TOP, fill=X)

mainloop()

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ã 4-7: toolbar1.py �$1(J

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�w~fstatusbar.py "

# toolbar1.py


root = Tk()

def callback():

print "called the callback!"

x = ["error",

"gray12",

"gray25",

"gray50",

"gray75",

"hourglass",

"info",

"question",

"warning"]

# create a toolbar

toolbar = Frame(root)

for i in x :

b = Button(toolbar, text=i, bitmap=i,

command=lambda t=i: sys.stdout.write("%s\n"%t) )


§4.7 ~^�A^§S¦^�Widget

b.pack(side=LEFT, padx=2, pady=2,fill=BOTH,expand=1)

toolbar.pack(side=TOP, fill=X)

mainloop()

¦^�tkSimpleStatus.py "

# File: tkSimpleStatusBar.py


class StatusBar(Frame):

def __init__(self, master):

Frame.__init__(self, master)

self.label = Label(self, bd=1, relief=SUNKEN, anchor=W)

self.label.pack(fill=X)

def set(self, format):

self.label.config(text=format)

self.label.update_idletasks()

def clear(self):

self.label.config(text="")

self.label.update_idletasks()

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ã 4-8: statusbar1.py �$1(J

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python /usr/lib/python2.2/lib-tk/tkMessageBox.py

w�¦�ÿÁ§S"

ù��¬Jø�e¼ê:

showinfo, showwarning, showerror,

askquestion, askokcancel, askyesno, Úaskretryignore.

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tkMessageBox.function(title, message [, options]).

title ÍK"message ´�w«�^r�&E"

option k±e�ÀJ:

default �±ÁBORT, RETRY, IGNORE, OK, CANCEL,YES,½öNOL«%@�^�e§=��UÜ��:"

icon L«¦^�o��IOãI"�±ÉRROR, INFO,QUESTION, WARNING

message Ú1��ëêmessage ´��¿g"parent L«é{µ(å��§=��I�C¤�cI�"title Ú1��ëêtitle ´��¿g"type w«=�aUÜ§�±ÁBORTRETRYIGNORE,

OK, OKCANCEL, RETRYCANCEL, YESNO,YESNOCANCEL"l �è�±w�§z��¼ê®²%@��Ðtype §ù��Ð?´Jp§S��Ö5"


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{üêâÑ\

3tkSimpleDialg �¬¥§Jø��Ñ\{üêâ�{üé{µ"

tkSimpleDialog.askstring(title, prompt,[options])

�±�£��iÎG§XUCancel UÜ§@o�£None

Ù¥µ

title L«I��IK"prompt L«J«^rÑ\&E�©i"options �±´±eÀJ"initialvalue L«Ð©�´�o"parent L«^rÑ\�.�§w«=��I�"

�kaq�tkSimpleDialog.askinteger ÚtkSimpleDialog.askfloat ^{Úþ¡��§XJ^rUCancel §@o�£None ùü�¼ê�kü�option �±ÀJ"minvalueÚmaxvalue ©OL«��§û��^r3�½��SÑ\ê�"

�m©��é{µ

tkFileDialog �¬Jøü�¼ê:

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#inputpassword.py


from tkSimpleDialog import *

class DlgInputPassword(Dialog):

def body(self,master):

Label(master,text="user name:").grid(row=0,column=0)

Label(master,text="password :").grid(row=1,column=0)

self.username = Entry(master)

self.username.grid(row=0,column=1)

self.password = Entry(master)

self.password.grid(row=1,column=1)

def apply(self):

self.result = self.username.get() , self.password.get()

def validate(self):

return 0

root = Tk()

d=DlgInputPassword(root)

print d.result

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spammodule.c

$cat spammodule.c

#include <Python.h> /*7L�\\�Þ©�*/

static PyObject * /*¤k�Pythoné�Ñ´ù�a..*/

spam_system(PyObject * self, PyObject * args)

{

char *command;

int sts;

if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s", &command))

return NULL;

sts = system(command);

return Py_BuildValue("i", sts);

}

static PyMethodDef

SpamMethods[] = {

{"system", spam_system, METH_VARARGS,

"Execute a shell command."},

{NULL, NULL, 0, NULL} /* L«L��(å */

};

void initspam(void)

{


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Py_InitModule("spam", SpamMethods);

}

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static PyObject *

spam_system(PyObject * self, PyObject * args);

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·uy*ÐPython'^Python?§I�J�õ§Ò�?�°Ä§S�'ÊÏ�A^§SJ§Ï�Ø��éXÚN^)§��éö�XÚ�SÜk)"*ÐPython �´��§I�éPython�¢yÅ�k¤)"Ð§y3·��)¤·��module"^C�ó��module ´kü«�{\�Python ¥"�«´r��ÚPython � �è�å?È"3Unix²�e§é{ü§��3Modules/Setup.local¥\þ�1§

spam spammodule.o

,�§rspammodule"c ��Modules 8¹e¡Ò�±"#?ÈPython "ù��{kw ´��":§#?ÈPython �vk�oÐ �"

1��{§rC §S?È¤�Ä�ë�¥"�´k�¯K§ØÓ²�eéÄ�ë�¥�|±�ª´Ø��§«Oé�"3Ð§·�k��distutils �package �±�·��ù�¯�"?��setup.py �©�§©�SNXe"

$ls

setup.py spammodule.c

$cat setup.py

from distutils.core import setup, Extension

module1 = Extension(’spam’,

sources = [’spammodule.c’])

setup (name = ’spam package’,

version = ’1.0’,

description = ’This is a spam package’,

ext_modules = [module1])

äN�¿g§�±ë�distulis �Ãþ"

$python setup.py build #?È

running build

running build_ext


Ê Python�*Ð

building ’spam’ extension

creating build

creating build/temp.linux-i686-2.2

gcc -DNDEBUG -g -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -fPIC \

-I/usr/include/python2.2 -c spammodule.c \

-o build/temp.linux-i686-2.2/spammodule.o

creating build/lib.linux-i686-2.2

gcc -shared build/temp.linux-i686-2.2/spammodule.o \

-o build/lib.linux-i686-2.2/spam.so

$

$ls #õ��build �f8¹build setup.py spammodule.c

$cp build/lib.linux-i686-2.2/spam.so . #��c8¹$python #$1python )ºìPython 2.2 (#1, Apr 12 2002, 15:29:57)

[GCC 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.2 2.96-109)] on linux2

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

>>> import spam #Ú\·�� module

>>> print spam.system.__doc__ #�w DOC string

Execute a shell command.

>>> print spam.system("echo ’hello’") #ww¤õíºhello #ok,�~ÑÑ0 # spam.system ��£�>>>


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