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    Investigating recyclingInvestigating recycling

    methodologies adoptedmethodologies adopted

    by Photovoltaic industryby Photovoltaic industryAmitAmit GargGarg,, AnkitAnkit MittalMittal,, ReenaReena Sharma,Sharma, VishalVishal DhingraDhingra,,

    AritraAritra ChatterjeeChatterjee,, PratikPratik ChakravartyChakravarty

    Department of Electronics, Acharya Narendra Dev College,Department of Electronics, Acharya Narendra Dev College,

    University of Delhi,University of Delhi, GovindpuriGovindpuri,, KalkajiKalkaji, New Delhi, New Delhi--110019,110019,email:[email protected]:[email protected]

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    CONTENTSCONTENTS

    INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

    OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

    RECYCLING PROCESSRECYCLING PROCESS

    GLOBAL SCENARIOGLOBAL SCENARIO

    Central Electronics Limited(CEL) VISITCentral Electronics Limited(CEL) VISIT

    INDIAN SCENARIOINDIAN SCENARIO

    RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

    CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    REFERENCESREFERENCES

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    INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

    Does Solar panels generates EDoes Solar panels generates E-- Waste?Waste?

    Photovoltaic(PV) industry is regarded asPhotovoltaic(PV) industry is regarded asGreen Technology .Green Technology .

    Huge amount of dead panels have been piling up.Huge amount of dead panels have been piling up.

    PV ePV e--waste needs to be handled in a scientific way.waste needs to be handled in a scientific way.

    The waste contains hazardous substance.The waste contains hazardous substance.

    PV industries assume that recycling process is a costlyPV industries assume that recycling process is a costly

    affair.affair.

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    OVERVIEWOVERVIEW

    First commercial solar cellFirst commercial solar cell-- Crystalline silicon (cCrystalline silicon (c--Si )Si )

    These modules constitute 70% of the total production.These modules constitute 70% of the total production.

    PV industries face common ePV industries face common e--waste issues likewaste issues like

    hazardous wastes of electronic industries.hazardous wastes of electronic industries.

    PV components include end of life hazardous wastes like Lead,PV components include end of life hazardous wastes like Lead, BrominatedBrominated

    flame retardant,flame retardant, HexavalentHexavalent chromium Cr(VI)), Cadmium, gallium arsenide,chromium Cr(VI)), Cadmium, gallium arsenide,crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon etc.crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon etc.

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    HAZARDOUS WASTE FOUNDHAZARDOUS WASTE FOUND

    IN PHOTOVOLTAICSIN PHOTOVOLTAICSLeadLead:: ItIt isis highlyhighly toxictoxic toto thethe centralcentral nervousnervous system,system, endocrineendocrine systemsystem andandkidneyskidneys..

    BrominatedBrominated flameflame retardantretardant:: PolybrominatedPolybrominated BiphenylsBiphenyls (PBBs)(PBBs) andand

    BrominatedBrominated DiphenylethersDiphenylethers (PBDEs)(PBDEs) areare usedused inin circuitcircuit boardsboards andand solarsolarpanelpanel invertersinverters (which(which convertconvert DCDC toto ACAC power)power)..

    HexavalentHexavalent chromiumchromium (Cr(VI))(Cr(VI)):: ItIt isis usedused inin manymany solarsolar panelspanels asas aa coatingcoating

    toto absorbabsorb solarsolar radiationradiation andand isis consideredconsidered carcinogeniccarcinogenic..

    CadmiumCadmium:: ItIt isis aa knownknown carcinogencarcinogen andand isis consideredconsidered extremelyextremely toxictoxic bybyOccupationalOccupational SafetySafety andand HealthHealth AssociationAssociation (OSHA)(OSHA).. PotentialPotential healthhealth

    impactsimpacts includeinclude kidney,kidney, liver,liver, bone,bone, andand bloodblood damagedamage fromfrom ingestioningestion andand

    lunglung cancercancer fromfrom inhalationinhalation.. TheThe EuropeanEuropean EconomicEconomic CommunityCommunity (EEC)(EEC)

    hashas prohibitedprohibited thethe salesale ofof mostmost productsproducts containingcontaining cadmiumcadmium forfor healthhealth andand

    safetysafety reasonsreasons..

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    RECYCLING PROCESSRECYCLING PROCESS

    1.1. CollectionCollection

    2.2. ShredderShredder

    3.3. Hammer millHammer mill

    4.4. Film RemovalFilm Removal

    5.5. SolidSolid--Liquid SeparationLiquid Separation

    6.6. Glass RinsingGlass Rinsing

    7.7. PrecipitationPrecipitation

    8.8. DewateringDewatering

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    GLOBAL SCENARIOGLOBAL SCENARIO

    Recycling methodologies followed in three of the worlds premier companies in photovoltaicRecycling methodologies followed in three of the worlds premier companies in photovoltaic

    fabricationfabrication

    First Solar

    Nanosolar

    SolarWorld

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    FIRST SOLARFIRST SOLAR

    RECYCLING METHODSRECYCLING METHODS

    First company to start recycling PVFirst company to start recycling PV

    ee--wastewaste

    Recycling program designed to beRecycling program designed to be

    a)a) UnconditionalUnconditional

    b)b) ConvenientConvenient

    c)c) FreeFree

    Waste modules including glass andWaste modules including glass and

    semiconductors to be recycled intosemiconductors to be recycled into

    new modules or other productsnew modules or other products

    RECYCLING PLANTRECYCLING PLANT

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    NANOSOLARNANOSOLAR

    MANUFACTURING & RECYCLINGMANUFACTURING & RECYCLINGMETHODMETHOD

    1.1. UseUse ofofNANONANO PARTICLEPARTICLE INKINK

    2.2. PrintedPrinted onon lowlow--costcost conductiveconductive metalmetal

    foilfoil

    3.3. BackBack--contactedcontacted throughthrough aa MetalMetal--

    WrapWrap

    4.4. AfterAfter thethe solarsolar cellcell hashas reachedreached itsits lifelife

    expectancy,expectancy, thethe filmfilm onon thethe cellcell isis

    etchedetched offoff andand thenthen aa newnew layerlayer isis

    printedprinted onon specialspecial metalmetal alloyalloy

    MANUFACTURING PLANTMANUFACTURING PLANT

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    SOLAR WORLDSOLAR WORLD

    RECYCLING METHODSRECYCLING METHODSRECYCLING PLANTRECYCLING PLANT

    1. Cleaning, recycling and classification of

    silicon

    2. Surface treatment of wafers, cells and

    other silicon materials.

    3. Value-maintaining recycling of

    photovoltaic modules from different

    manufacturers.

    4. Preparation of special silicon blocks.

    5. Component separation.

    6. Removal of glass and frame components.

    7. Removal of the surface coating and the

    diffusion layers

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    VISIT TO CENTRAL ELECTRONICS

    LIMITED (CEL)SOLAR CELL FABRICATION AND E-WASTE GENERATION

    Cleaning of wafers: CEL instead of manufacturing polysilicon

    source material, alternatively, bypass the crystal growth step by

    purchasing off the silicon wafer.

    Texturing of wafers: Texturing is a demanding step in cell

    processing and the quality of texturing varies enormously between

    different manufacturers.

    Large quantities ofsodium hydroxide (NaOH) are used to remove

    the sawing damage on the silicon wafer surfaces and for texturing

    the wafer. These caustic chemicals are dangerous to the eyes,

    lungs, and skin.

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    VISIT TO CENTRAL

    ELECTRONICS LIMITED (CEL)DiffusionDiffusion:: CELCEL usesuses thethe screenscreen printingprinting techniquetechnique forfor diffusiondiffusion ofof

    thethe cellcell junctionjunction.. PP--nn junctionjunction isis formedformed usingusing thermalthermal diffusiondiffusion byby

    applyingapplying aa PhosphorusPhosphorus pastepaste onon anyany oneone faceface ofof thethe waferwafer..

    EdgeEdge isolationisolation:: PlasmaPlasma etchingetching techniquetechnique isis usedused toto removeremove thethe

    excessexcess pastepaste fromfrom thethe surfacesurface toto avoidavoid shortingshorting ofof pp--nn junctionjunction..

    HydrogenHydrogen peroxideperoxide isis usedused forfor thisthis purposepurpose..

    ARAR coatingcoating:: SiliconSilicon nitritenitrite isis coatedcoated onon thethe frontfront sideside ofof thethe waferwafer

    usingusing PECVDPECVD (Plasma(Plasma EnhancedEnhanced ChemicalChemical VaporVapor Deposition)Deposition)

    techniquetechnique toto maximizemaximize lightlight absorptionabsorption..

    IsopropylIsopropyl alcoholalcohol isis usedused toto cleanclean cc--SiSi waferswafers.. TheThe surfacesurface ofof thethe

    waferwafer isis oxidizedoxidized toto siliconsilicon dioxidedioxide toto protectprotect thethe solarsolar cellcell..

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    VISIT TO CENTRAL

    ELECTRONICS LIMITED (CEL)GridGrid PatternPattern:: MetalMetal contactscontacts areare mademade toto produceproduce aa pathpath forfor thethe

    minorityminority carriercarrier (electrons)(electrons) toto flowflow andand produceproduce electricityelectricity andand notnot getget

    absorbedabsorbed byby thethe majoritymajority carrierscarriers..

    BackBack PadPad:: SilverSilver aluminumaluminum pastepaste isis usedused asas padpad atat thethe backback ofof thethe

    waferwafer.. CombinationCombination ofof aluminiumaluminium andand silversilver isis usedused asas onlyonly

    aluminumaluminum pastepaste willwill notnot holdhold thethe metalmetal soldersolder whilewhile silversilver pastepaste willwill

    bebe tootoo expensiveexpensive..

    LeadLead isis oftenoften usedused inin solarsolar PVPV electronicelectronic circuitscircuits forfor wiring,wiring, soldersolder--

    coatedcoated coppercopper strips,strips, andand somesome leadlead--basedbased printingprinting pastespastes..

    TheThe chemicalschemicals usedused inin thethe aboveabove methodmethod requirerequire specialspecial handlinghandling

    andand properproper disposaldisposal becausebecause thesethese chemicalschemicals posepose quitequite aa bigbighealthhealth hazardhazard forfor thethe peoplepeople andand thethe environmentenvironment..

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    INDIAN SCENARIOINDIAN SCENARIO

    BoomBoom inin photovoltaicphotovoltaic industryindustry

    IndianIndian solarsolar cellcell manufacturingmanufacturing companiescompanies dontdont wantwant toto getget

    themselvesthemselves engagedengaged inin thethe recyclingrecycling processprocess

    OurOur visitvisit atat thethe CELCEL gavegave usus thethe deeperdeeper insightinsight ofof manufacturingmanufacturing ofofthethe photovoltaicphotovoltaic modulemodule andand handlinghandling ofof thethe wastewaste producedproduced atat thethe

    variousvarious levelslevels.. DiscussionsDiscussions heldheld duringduring ourour visitvisit andand thethe informationinformation

    gatheredgathered fromfrom thethe variousvarious ee--wastewaste companiescompanies likelike AtteroAttero,, AshAsh

    Recyclers,Recyclers, EE--ParisaraParisara etcetc.. havinghaving fullfull recyclingrecycling plantsplants indicateindicate thatthat

    PVPV ee--wastewaste managementmanagement issueissue remainsremains unattendedunattended asas itit lackslacks

    prioritypriority andand requiresrequires substantialsubstantial financialfinancial commitmentscommitments..

    PVPV industriesindustries inin IndiaIndia sellsell theirtheir wastewaste toto thethe scrapscrap dealersdealers withoutwithout botheringbothering

    howhow thesethese wastewaste productsproducts areare handledhandled..

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    RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS

    TheThe SiliconSilicon ValleyValley ToxicToxic CoalitionCoalition hashas recommendedrecommended fewfew pointspoints toto reducereduce

    thesethese problemsproblems toto buildbuild aa safe,safe, sustainable,sustainable, andand justjust solarsolar energyenergy industryindustry..

    EnsureEnsure thatthat solarsolar PVPV manufacturersmanufacturers areare responsibleresponsible forfor thethe lifecyclelifecycle impactsimpacts

    ofof theirtheir productsproducts throughthrough ExtendedExtended ProducerProducer ResponsibilityResponsibility (EPR)(EPR)..

    EnsureEnsure properproper testingtesting ofof newnew andand emergingemerging materialsmaterials andand processesprocesses basedbased

    onon aa precautionaryprecautionary approachapproach..

    ExpandExpand recyclingrecycling technologytechnology andand designdesign productsproducts forfor easyeasy recyclingrecycling..

    PromotePromote highhigh--qualityquality greengreen jobsjobs thatthat protectprotect workerworker healthhealth andand safetysafety andand

    provideprovide aa livingliving wagewage throughoutthroughout thethe globalglobal PVPV industry,industry, includingincluding supplysupply

    chainschains andand endend--ofof--lifelife recyclingrecycling..

    ProtectProtect communitycommunity healthhealth andand safetysafety throughoutthroughout thethe globalglobal PVPV industry,industry,

    includingincluding supplysupply chainschains andand recyclingrecycling..

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    CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

    1.1. TheThe PhotovoltaicPhotovoltaic ee--wastewaste problemproblem isntisnt soso bigbig rightright nownow

    inin IndiaIndia butbut inin thethe comingcoming 1010 toto 1515 yearsyears therethere shallshall bebe

    hugehuge pilepile upsups ofof ee--wastewaste fromfrom thisthis GREENGREENtechnologytechnology..

    IndianIndian companiescompanies areare notnot payingpaying anyany attentionattention toto thisthis

    problemproblem andand notnot eveneven tryingtrying toto findfind outout aa solutionsolution forfor

    thisthis futurefuture problemproblem whichwhich needsneeds quitequite extensiveextensive andand

    diversediverse RR && DD initiativesinitiatives.. WithWith soso manymany bigbig projectsprojects

    goinggoing onon inin ourour countrycountry likelike JawaharlalJawaharlal NehruNehru NationalNational

    SolarSolar MissionMission,, therethere isis aa needneed toto focusfocus onon thisthis issueissueseriouslyseriously soso thatthat thisthis problemproblem cancan bebe handledhandled inin thethe

    initialinitial stagesstages..

    2.2. Also,Also, therethere isis aa needneed toto workwork onon newnew solarsolar cellcell

    technologiestechnologies whichwhich areare basedbased onon organicorganic materialsmaterials asas

    theythey cancan easeease outout thethe recyclingrecycling processprocess..

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    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTACKNOWLEDGEMENT

    WeWe areare thankfulthankful toto ShriShri.. VV..KK.. KaulKaul,, GeneralGeneral ManagerManager

    (SPV(SPV--P),P), CentralCentral ElectronicsElectronics LimitedLimited (CEL)(CEL) forfor extendingextending

    allall thethe helphelp duringduring ourour visitvisit.. TheThe discussionsdiscussions heldheld duringduring

    thethe visitvisit havehave reallyreally beenbeen usefuluseful..

    Authors,Authors, AmitAmit GargGarg andand VishalVishal DhingraDhingra,, dulyduly

    acknowledgeacknowledge universityuniversity GrantsGrants commission,commission, NewNew Delhi,Delhi,

    forfor providingproviding thethe financialfinancial assistanceassistance underunder thethe majormajor

    researchresearch proposalproposal schemescheme forfor thethe workwork reportedreported inin thisthis

    paperpaper againstagainst sanctionsanction nono.. 3434--6262//20082008(SR)(SR) forfor thetheprojectproject entitledentitled InvestigatingInvestigating sciencescience handshands--onon toto

    promotepromote innovationinnovation andand researchresearch atat thethe undergraduateundergraduate

    levellevel..

    AnkitAnkit MittalMittal alsoalso acknowledgesacknowledges thethe fellowshipfellowship givengiven totohimhim bb UGCUGC underunder thisthis ro ectro ect asas aa Pro ectPro ect FellowFellow..

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    ReferencesReferences1.1. SiliconSilicon valleyvalley toxictoxic coalition,coalition, whitewhite paperpaper TowardsTowards aa justjust andand

    sustainablesustainable solar solar energyenergy industryindustry..

    httphttp:://www//www..svtcsvtc..org/site/DocServer/Silicon_Valley_Toxics_Coalitionorg/site/DocServer/Silicon_Valley_Toxics_Coalition

    __--_Toward_a_Just_and_Sust_Toward_a_Just_and_Sust..pdfpdf

    2.2. wwwwww..renewableenergyfocusrenewableenergyfocus..com/view/com/view/30053005/endoflife/endoflife--pvpv--thenthen--

    whatwhat--recyclingrecycling--solarsolar--pvpv--panels/panels/

    3.3. wwwwww..firstsolarfirstsolar..com/en/recycle_programcom/en/recycle_program..phpphp

    4.4. httphttp:://www//www..nanosolarnanosolar..com/technologycom/technology

    5.5. httphttp:://www//www..solarworldsolarworld..de/fileadmin/downloads/themenkarten/recyclide/fileadmin/downloads/themenkarten/recycli

    ng_solarworld_themenkarte_de_ng_solarworld_themenkarte_de_2010042120100421..pdfpdf

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