Animals Animals
Dec 17, 2015
AnimalsAnimals
Animal Behavior NamePhylogenetic tree Biology
Date
Sponges
Cnidarians
Flatworms
Roundworms
MollusksAnnelids
Arthropods
EchinodermsChordates
Animals (Common ancestor)
have are carry out
with such as
Animals
Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction
Eukaryoticcells Heterotrophs Essential
functions
No cell walls
All animals are multicellular and heterotrophic.• lack cell walls. • have nerves and muscles• Most can move and ability of flight is unique to
animals.
• Most reproduce sexually• Most are invertebrates • Most animals live in the sea
Animals can vary greatly
They can be found in the arctic, the rainforests of South America, deep ocean trenches, and at the tops of mountains.
Invertebrates: jellyfish, spiders and earth worms are all animals.
Vertebrates: reptiles, amphibians, fish, birds and mammals are vertebrate animals
Fossils show as animals evolved they became more complex.
Birds are thought to be descendents of
dinosaurs.
InvertebratesInvertebrates
• Animals that lack backbones• Almost all animals are invertebrates and they
can be found anywhere on earth. • Includes: sponges, jellyfish, octopus, clams,
snails, spiders, beetles, and crabs.• Some have exoskeletons (insects) to protect
their bodies and provide structure.• Can reproduce sexually and asexually,
depending on the species
SpongesSponges
• sessile as adults, asymmetric, and have no tissues - specialized cells,
• reproduce sexually or asexually, and they feed by filtering particles from water.
Purple tube sponge
CnidariansCnidarians
•found in marine environments.
• radial symmetry and tentacles.• a polyp form and a medusa form.• Most are carnivorous
Brain Coral (Anthazoans)
Box jellyfish (Scyphozoans)
FlatwormsFlatworms• Have soft bodies with bilateral symmetry and no segments.
No body cavity, specialized respiratory (lungs) or circulatory (heart) organs. Nutrients/gas pass through body. They can be found in the sea or on land.
Blue marine flatworms
Tapeworm
(Turbellia)
(Cestoda)
Round wormsRound worms• Nematodes. • can be found anywhere.• Feed on fungi, bacteria, and sometimes other round
worms. Most are parasitic but some are predators.
• Can be microscopic to 8m long
Hook worms (parasitic)
Pin worms
Caenorhabditis elegans
AnnelidsAnnelids
• Segmented worms• found in freshwater, saltwater and on land.• They have organs in each segment. Have a gut,
circulatory system and nervous system (with brain).• Reproduce sexually and asexually
Earth worm (land)
Leeches (water)
AArtrthhrropopooddss
• Account for 2/3 of known species • includes insects, arachnids and crustaceans. • All have an exoskeleton, segmented bodies, and
jointed appendages.
• All but scorpions lay eggs. Some go through metamorphosis (caterpillar - butterfly) before they reach maturity.
• They can be helpful (pollinators) or harmful (destroy crops, spread disease)
ArachnidsArachnids• Arachnids include spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites• All have 8 legs and are mostly found in terrestrial environments.• No antennae and no wings.
Spiders: jumping spider and banana spider. Scorpions: Asian forest
scorpion & Australian wood scorpion
Mites: yellow mite and velvet mite.
InsInseectscts• Most diverse group of animals. • Arthropods with hard
exoskeletons and divided bodies.• Have jointed legs and compound
eyes.
MMoollusksllusks
• Have the most varied body forms• May have one or all: radula, shell made of calcium carbonate,
mantle, and gills.• All consist of a head, body and foot.• They can be filter feeders, herbivores, carnivores, eat dead
animals, parasites, or predators.
Paper Nautilus
Flamboyant cuttlefish
Giant Squid
Cephalopods:Cephalopods:• largest and most intelligent invertebrates including octopus, squid, and cuttlefish• They have tentacles with suckers on them• They also have beaks and large brains
• Bivalves – Have a shell with two parts. Mussels, oysters and clams.
Gastropods – most of the mollusks alive today. Various group including snails, sea slugs and shells.
• Terrestrial – live on land• Aquatic – live in the
water
Spiny Caribbean lobster (decapods)
(copepods)
Antarctic Krill
Hermit Crab
Barnacles (sessile)
CrustaceansCrustaceans
EchinodermsEchinoderms• Includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers• Most have protective spines, some poisonous• Most feed on small organisms and organic matter.
Most can move, but some can notRadial symmetry
Water-vascular system
Invertebrate ChordatesInvertebrate Chordates
• 2 groups of chordates with no vertebrae: lancets and tunicates.
• Have notochords. All but tunicates have a hollow nerve chord
Blue-bell tunicate
White-spotted sea squirt
lancet
VertebratesVertebrates
• Animals with backbones. • A very diverse group of animals that includes
amphibians, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. • have a skull made of bone which surrounds and
protects the brain.• All vertebrates are also segmented, have 4
jointed appendages and bilateral symmetry.• They also have a chambered heart, closed
circulatory system, complex organs and a coelom.
AmphibiansAmphibians
• Ectotherms• Adapted to life on land or in the water (most live near water)• Smooth skin with no scales• Some can change colors
• Reproduce sexually (some are hermaphroditic)• Return to water to breed.
• Life cycles (metamorphosis): egg – larva – adult
• Frogs and toads -
Marine toad
• Both are amphibians and share similar features.
• 3 chambered hearts and well developed nervous system• short bodies, no tails as adults, and their legs are adapted for jumping rather
than walking. •Carnivores
Corroboree frog, red-eyed tree frog,
CaeciliansCaecilians – live underground or underwater in tropical areas. Resemble worms. Some lay eggs while others have live
birth. Ex: Mexican caecilian, ringed caecilian.
Newts and Salamanders – Some live only on land and some only in water. Carnivorous larva. Mostly found north of the equator.
Fire salamander
Tiger salamander
Siren
Newt
ReReptptilesiles
• Covered with scales• Have good senses• Ectothermic• Include snakes, crocodilians, and lizards.• Most lay eggs on land (even if they live in the water)• Most lay eggs but some have live young• Snakes and lizards have a Jacobson's organ.
• Snakes – no legs, outer ears or eyelids. Carnivorous. Can dislocate jaw. Most lay eggs but some have live young. Ex: Gaboon viper, American copperhead, Carpet python and yellow-bellied sea snake.
•Lizards – Most successful reptiles. Some can regenerate limbs. All over the world except Antarctica. Ex: Thorny devil, web-footed geckos, armadillo lizard, and komodo dragon.
Turtles and tortoisesTurtles and tortoises:: • Turtles – water, tortoises – land (usual reference)• All have a shell (fused to skeleton), no teeth, 4 limbs, • Lay their eggs on land. • carnivores or herbivores
Tortoise: Galapagos tortoise, Indian star tortoise, pancake tortoise
Turtle: Green turtle, Alligator snapping turtle, Matamata
• Crocodilians: Large primitive reptiles. Extreme predators (carnivores) who hunt prey or eat carrion. Most live in fresh water. Females will care for and protect young after they hatch.
• Alligators - Only two species (Chinese and American). Live mostly in the Americas or China.
• Crocodiles – Several species. Some live in salt water. Live in
Asia, South America, Africa and Australia.
• CrocodilesNile Crocodile
Saltwater Crocodile
• Caimans – Live mostly in the Americas or Africa.
• Gharials – Found in Asia. Poorly developed limbs so spends most of the time in the water.
FFiishsh
• Largest group of vertebrates• Ectothermic• Fertilization of eggs normally occurs outside of the
body, reproduction varies among types of fishes.• Breathes through gills, covered in scales, streamlined
bodies for swimming, • lives in all types of water. Few travel between salt
water and fresh water.
• 3 main groups: Cartilaginous fish, jawless fish, bony fishes,
• Sharks –successful predators. internal skeleton made of cartilage. Live in salt water. Most are predators. Internal fertilization with young being born live or in an egg case. Can sense electrical signals in the water.
HammerheadBasking sharkBasking shark
Banded catshark
• Rays – Have wing like fins and broad flat bodies. Most live in sea beds but some live in open water.
Manta RayManta Ray
Spotted Eagle Ray
Bony fishes – large varied group of fishes. Most have a swim bladder. Have a internal skeleton. Occur in all types of water all over the world. Most have external fertilization
Marine fish: Marine fish: Morey eel, yellowfin tuna and clown fish.
• Jawless fish: first group of fish to appear. Primitive. 2 groups: hagfish and lampreys. They lack a jaw.
Freshwater – Freshwater –
Lobe-finned – Lobe-finned – enlarged fins that are muscle attached to bone.
Ray-finned – Ray-finned – most primitive bony fishes. Large freshwater species
coelacanth
Longnose gar
salmontrout Zebra fish
BBiirrddss
• Birds are members of the class Aves. • Most birds lack teeth and have a reduced tail. • Their forelimbs have been modified into wings that enable flight (however not all birds can fly).
• Birds have highly efficient lungs, divided ventricles in their heart, and are warm-blooded.• Adapted differently depending on their way of life.
• They have lightweight bones and a body covered with feathers (which also enables flight)
Australian Warbler Superb Lyrebird
Mockingbird
SongbirdsSongbirds: birds that have vocal cords that produce various notes that are used to attract mates or to hold territories. They include wrens, mockingbirds, canaries, and cardinals
Ducks:Ducks: Mostly aquatic birds found in sea water and freshwater. Usually keep 1 mate. Migratory (mallard duck, bufflehead, mandarin duck )
Birds of Prey: (Bald Eagle, Osprey, Eagle Owl). Predatory birds that hunt food usually while flying. Large and powerful talons and beaks.
HummingbirdsHummingbirds: Very small birds native to America. Able to hover in place and even fly backwards. Important pollinators. Feed on nectar.
ParrotsParrots:: About 300 species found in warm or tropical regions. Have curved bill and strong legs. Most are bright colors. Intelligent and can imitate human voices.
ExamplesExamples: Green violetear, Rufous hummingbird, hummingbird, White-tailed humming bird,
Ex: Macaw, Kea, Lorikeet,
Mammals
• Three types: 1. Placentals: young develop in female. Vary in size, shape, diets, and
habitat. Ex: Whales, deer, lions2. Marsupials: Mostly found in Australia and New Guinea, young are born
shortly after fertilization and complete development in mother’s pouch. Ex: Kangaroos, opossums
3. Monotremes: Most primitive group, have reptilian appearance, lay eggs. Have a cochlea. Ex: platypus
Efficient lungs, nervous system, and a 4 chambered heart. Young are dependent on parents for long time
Have hair, specialized teeth, mammary glands, and are endotherms. Diverse in size, anatomy and habitat range
• The category of mammals that eat meat. Carnivores such as lion, wolves, or tigers eat only meat. Omnivores such as bears and raccoons eat both meat and plants. Some are solitary and some live in packs. (Placentals)
Carnivores and Omnivores:Carnivores and Omnivores:
Family Mustelidae:Family Mustelidae: the weasel family, the largest family in Carnivores. Includes weasels, minks, badgers, wolverines, and otters
Cats: They come from the family felidae Strict carnivores! They come from the family felidae Strict carnivores! SolitarySolitary
Serval, sand cat, tiger, cheetah, lion
DogsDogs: live in groups called packs. They belong to the live in groups called packs. They belong to the family canidae (canids) Found all over the world.family canidae (canids) Found all over the world.
Bears:Bears: (family Urisidae), most are omnivores. 8 species (and several sub species) spread out over a wide variety of habitats. 6 species are vulnerable or endangered.
Raccoons & relativesRaccoons & relatives:: (From the genus prycon), most are omnivores. 3 species. Common raccoon, crab-eating raccoon, and the Tres Marias raccoon.The kinkajou, coati and red panda are relatives of
the raccoon.
• BatsBats – Only mammals that can fly. They have membraned wings which are an extension of their back and belly skin stretched over arms and hands. They live in tropical or temperate environments. Diets can vary from fruit to insects/birds/rodents/bats to blood.
Vampire bat Pallid bat Rodriguez’s flying fox
Spectral bat
• Insectivores – Small mammals that eat insects. They are normally active at night. Most have small eyes and ears but larger snouts. Can be found throughout the world.
Moonrat and hedgehog
Grant’s golden mole and star nosed shrew
Eurasian water shrew
Southern short-tailed shrew
• RodentsRodents – Almost ½ of mammals are rodents. They are found everywhere except Antarctica and in every habitat on earth. They easily adapt and thrive in many environments. They produce many young. Most eat plants but some will eat small animals.
Woodchuck MuskratNaked mole-rat
• Rabbits and haresRabbits and hares – Medium sized rodent like mammals. They have large incisors used for gnawing. Are herbivores. Have characteristic long ears, long hind legs, and eyes on side of head (help to avoid predators).
Arctic hareBlack-tailed jackrabbit
• UngulatesUngulates – The various types of mammals with hooves. They are widespread throughout the world and are very successful herbivores. Most are fast enough to outrun predators. This group consists of even-toed and odd-toed mammals. They can be solitary or live in large social groups.
BongoBongo
Even-toedEven-toed
Odd-toed:Odd-toed:
Grevy’s Zebra and white rhinoceros
• CetaceansCetaceans – Mammals who have fish shaped bodies. They have hairless bodies with flippers and tails. They can be found in oceans all over the world. Cetaceans include whales,
dolphins, and porpoises.
Porpoises: Dall’s porpoise, Harbor porpoise, Vaquita,
Toothed whales:Toothed whales: Sperm whale, Killer whale,
DolphinDolphin: Dusky dolphin, Pacific white-sided dolphin, Common dolphin, Spinner dolphin, Commerson’s dolphin, False killer whale, Amazon river dolphin
Baleen whalesBaleen whales: Blue whale, Northern Pacific right whale, humpback whale,
• PinnipedsPinnipeds –clumsy on land but fast in the water. Some can hold their breath underwater for up to an hour while hunting. Seals cannot support themselves upright on land. Most live in large colonies. All (but one species) live in salt water.
WalrusSea lions: California sea lion, New Zealand sea lion,
Seals: Northern fur seal, Antarctic fur seal, leopard seal,
• ElephantsElephants – largest land animal. endangered herbivore. Has a long trunk and tusks.
African elephant, African forest elephant, Indian elephant
• Manatee and dugongManatee and dugong – closest living relative is the elephant. Endangered. Live in Florida and India.
• Examples: Golden lion tamarin, western tarsier, Chimpanzee, Spider monkey, and Mandrill,
Primates – Prosimians, monkeys and apes. Found mostly in tropical areas, most of the time in trees (South/Central America, Africa and Madagascar). About 200 species.
• Unusual placentals -
Edentata – Anteaters, armadillos Tubulidentata - aardvarks
Hyracoidean - hyraxes
Macroscelidea – elephant shrew
Dermoptera – flying lemurs
• Marsupials – live offspring that are born shortly after fertilization and continue development in mothers pouches. Most are found in Australia and New Guinea
Quoll
Opossum
Tasmanian Devil
• Monotremes – Unusual primitive mammals that lay eggs. Have structures that resemble reptiles. Consists of platypus and echidna. Carnivores that lack teeth. Only 5 species
Babies!
• Viviparous– Live birth
• Oviparous– Lay eggs
• Ovoviviparous– Egg is carried inside female until birth