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Chapter20/21Animalia
Shale and fossil: ©Michael Melford/National Geographic Stock
Copyright©McGraw-HillEducation. Allrightsreserved.NoreproductionordistributionwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGraw-HillEducation.
GrabaTaxonomySheet
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LearningObjectives• Aconfidentscientistwillknowallfivekingdomsoflifeandexemplarsofeach
• AconfidentscientistwillknowallmajorcharacteristicswithintheKingdomAnimalia
• Aconfidentscientistcanexplainwheretheendo,ecto,andmesodermderivefromduringcleavageandgastrulationandwhateachembryoniclayermakes.
• AconfidentscientistcancompareandcontrastProtostomesandDeuterostomesandnametheanimalphylafromeachGastrulapathway
• Aconfidentscientistcancharacterizeeachphylumbasedoffgivenmajorcharacteristics
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5KingdomClassificationSystem
• KingdomMonera• Bacteria&Bluegreenalgae
• KingdomProtista• Algae&Protozoa
• KingdomFungi• Slimemolds&truefungi
• KingdomPlantae• KingdomAnimalia
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4reasonswhystudytheanimalkingdom
1) Basisforotherscientificandprofessionalfields• Allthesefieldsareresponsibleforimproving/guardingthehealthorourpets,environment,andus
– Ex.Medicine,dentistry,teaching,agriculture,conservation
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4reasonswhystudytheanimalkingdom
(2)Animalsareusedforscientificresearch• Alargepartofwhatweknowaboutgeneticshascomefromusingfruitflies
• Ourunderstandingofphysiologyandsurgeryhavebeengainedbyusinganimals
• Newdrugsaretestedonmiceandvariousanimals• W/outsuchexperimentationtherewouldbenoprotectionagainstrabies,smallpox,typhoid,diphtheriaandmanyotherdiseases
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4reasonswhystudytheanimalkingdom
(3)Animalsserveasanimportantsourceoffoodandotherproducts• AlmosteveryphylumofanimalsandclassoflargeranimalscontainafewspeciesthatreachourtableEx.Snails,mussels,oysters,lobster,ants,shrimp,fish,turtle,frogs,birds,andmammals
• Other(non-edible)productsincludesponges,coral,pears,honey,silk,feathers,furs,andleather
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4reasonswhystudytheanimalkingdom
(4) Someanimalsmaycausediseaseorarepoisonoustohumans– Someflatwormsandroundwormsareparasitesofhumansandsomejellyfish,scorpions,spiders,fishandsnakesarepoisonoustoman
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ImportantCharacteristicsofAnimalKingdom
1. Allanimalsaremulticellular,eukaryotic,and hetertrophic (obtainenergybyfeeding)
2. Mostanimalsexhibitallfourdivisionsoflabor-Cells– tissues– organs– systems
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ImportantCharacteristicsofAnimalKingdom
3.Mostanimalsaremotilebutsomearesessile(ex.sponges)
4.Mostreproducesexuallywithatypicallifespanincludingspermandeggmergingtoformazygote thatdevelopsintoanembryothatdevelopsintoalarvae thatmaturesintoanadult
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WhatIsanAnimal?
Section21.1
Animalsarediverse,yettheyallhavefeaturesincommon:• Multicellularbodies• Eukaryoticcellsthatlackcellwalls• Heterotrophicbyingestion• Blastula (hollowball)stageofdevelopment• Cellsbindtoextracellularmatrix(thinkcellularglue)
Owl and scorpion: © Digital Vision/PunchStock
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WhatIsanAnimal?
Section21.1
Mostanimalsareinvertebrates,whichlackbackbones.Ascorpionisaninvertebrate.
Muchfeweranimalsarevertebrates,whichhavebackbones.However,vertebratesmaybemorefamiliar,sincetheyincludemammals,amphibians,reptiles,andfish.
Owl and scorpion: © Digital Vision/PunchStock
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AnimalLifeBeganinWater
Section21.1
Thefirstanimalsarosefromaquaticprotistsabout570millionyearsago.
Figure21.1
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AnimalLifeBeganinWater
Section21.1 Figure21.1
ManyanimalphylaoriginatedduringtheCambrianexplosion.
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ClickerQuestion#1
Whatcombinationofcharacteristicsdoallanimalsshare?
A. multicellular,eukaryotic,heterotrophicB. unicellular,eukaryotic,heterotrophicC. multicellular,prokaryotic,autotrophicD. multicellular,eukaryotic,autotrophicE. unicellular,prokaryotic,autotrophic
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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ClickerQuestion#1
Whatcombinationofcharacteristicsdoallanimalsshare?
A. multicellular,eukaryotic,heterotrophicB. unicellular,eukaryotic,heterotrophicC. multicellular,prokaryotic,autotrophicD. multicellular,eukaryotic,autotrophicE. unicellular,prokaryotic,autotrophic
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Section21.1 Figure21.2
Animalsareclassifiedintoninemajorphyla.
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Section21.1
Thefirstbranchingpointinanimaltaxonomydistinguishesacladewithtruetissuesfromacladewithnotruetissues.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.2
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Section21.1
Inparazoans (sponges),cellsdonotinteracttoprovidespecificfunctions,sospongesdonothavetruetissues.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.2
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Section21.1
Eumetazoansdohavetruetissues.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.2
Remember”Eu”equatestotrue
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Section21.1
Thesecondbranchingpointdistinguishesradiallysymmetricalfrombilaterallysymmetricalanimals.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.2
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Section21.1 Figure21.3
Anorganismhasradialsymmetryifanyplanepassingthroughthebodyfromthemouthtotheoppositeendcreatesmirrorimages.
Radialsymmetry Bilateralsymmetry
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
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Section21.1 Figure21.3
Anorganismhasbilateralsymmetryifonlyoneplanecandividetheanimalintomirrorimages.
Radialsymmetry Bilateralsymmetry
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
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Section21.1 Figure21.3
Radialsymmetry Bilateralsymmetry
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Bilaterallysymmetricalanimalshaveaheadandatailend.Thisbodyplanselectsforcephalization:sensoryorgansandabrainareontheheadend.
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ClickerQuestion#2
Howmanyofthefollowinganimalshavebilateralsymmetry?
A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourE. five
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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ClickerQuestion#2
Howmanyofthefollowinganimalshavebilateralsymmetry?
A. oneB. twoC. threeD. fourE. five
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF
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Section21.1
Thesamebranchingpointalsodistinguishesanimalswithtwoembryonicgermlayersfromanimalswiththree.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.2
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Section21.1 Figure21.4
Inallphylaexceptforsponges,theembryonicballofcellscalledablastulafoldsinonitself,formingagastrula.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake
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Section21.1 Figure21.4
Insomeanimals,thegastrulaonlydevelopstwotissuelayers(endodermandectoderm).
Inothers,athirdtissuelayer(mesoderm)develops.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake
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Section21.1 Figure21.4
• Ectodermdevelopsintotheskinandnervoussystem.• Endodermbecomesthedigestivetract.• Mesodermgivesrisetothemuscles,respiratory,circulatory
andskeletalsystem.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake
Knowlayersandwhateachdevelop
into
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Section21.1
Embryonicdevelopmentalsodeterminesthethirdbranchingpoint.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.2
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Section21.1 Figure21.4
Ifthefirstindentionofthegastruladevelopsintothemouth,theorganismisaprotostome.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Becomesmouth
Gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake
Remember“proto”means1st and“stome”meansopening/mouth
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Section21.1 Figure21.4
Ifitdevelopsintotheanus,theorganismisadeuterostome.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Becomesanus
Gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake
Remember“deutoero”means2nd
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Section21.1
Thebodycavity,organizationofthedigestivetract,andsegmentationalsocharacterizeanimals.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.2
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Section21.1 Figure21.5
Abilaterallysymmetricalanimalmayhaveacoelom,apseudocoelom,ornocoelom.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
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Section21.1 Figure21.5
Acoelomisabodycavitysurroundedonallsidesbymesoderm.Thisisnotthesameasthedigestivecavitywhichisderivedfromtheblastopore.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
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Section21.1 Figure21.5
Apseudocoelomissurroundedononesidebymesodermandtheothersidebyendoderm.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
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Section21.1 Figure21.5
Somebilaterallysymmetricalanimalslackabodycavity.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
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Section21.1 Figure21.6
Animalshaveanincompletedigestivetractifthemouthbothtakesinfoodandejectswastes.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
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Section21.1
Animalshaveacompletedigestivetractiffoodpassesinonedirectionfrommouthtoanus.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
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Section21.1
Someanimalshavesegmentation,likethismillipede.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.7Millipede: ©Don Farrall/Getty Images RF
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Section21.1
Segmentedbodiesaremoreflexibleandhavemorepotentialfordeveloping
specializedbodypartsthanunsegmentedbodies.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.7Millipede: ©Don Farrall/Getty Images RF
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Section21.1
Animalsarealsoclassifiedbythepresenceorabsenceofalarvalstage.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.8
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Section21.1
Animalswithdirectdevelopment resembleadultsintheirjuvenilestage.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.8
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Section21.1
Animalswithindirectdevelopment havealarvalstagethatdoesnotresembletheadultform.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.8
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Section21.1
Thelarvaundergoesmetamorphosisasitmaturesintoanadult.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.8
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Section21.1
Differentcombinationsofthesequalitiescharacterizeeachphylum.
HowDoBiologistsClassifyAnimals?
Figure21.2
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ClickerQuestion#3
WhichtypeofanimaldoesNOTgothroughthissequenceinitsearlydevelopment?
A. seastarB. sharkC. snailD. spongeE. flatworm
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF; early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake
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ClickerQuestion#3
WhichtypeofanimaldoesNOTgothroughthissequenceinitsearlydevelopment?
A. seastarB. sharkC. snailD. spongeE. flatworm
Flower: © Doug Sherman/Geofile/RF; early and late blastula, and gastrula: © Herve Conge/Phototake
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21.1MasteringConcepts
Whatfeatureswereusedtobuildtheanimalphylogenetictree?
Shale and fossil: ©Michael Melford/National Geographic Stock