Animal Systematic

7/27/2019 Animal Systematic

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Animal Systematics

TALI

M


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Systematics

The study of biological diversity and classification

classification of living organisms by evolutionaryrelationship


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Classification

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

Swedish naturalist

Developed the modern taxonomicclassification system


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Linnean System of

ClassificationKingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Animalia

Chordata

Mammalia

Primates

Hominidae

Gorilla

Gorilla gorilla


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Revised Linnean System

Division

Kingdom

Phylum

Subphylum

SuperclassClass

Subclass

Infraclass

Order

SuperfamilyFamily

Subfamily

Genus

Species

Subspecies

Eukarya

Animalia

Chordata

Vertebrata

TetrapodaMammalia

Theria

Eutheria

Primates

AnthropoideaHominidae

Ponginae

Gorilla

Gorilla gorilla

Gorilla gorilla beringei


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Binomial Nomenclature

Genus +species

Examples:

Rana catesbeiana: bull frog

Turdus migratorius: American robin

Homo sapiens: modern human

Mucosa domestica: house fly

Subspecies sometimes included

Gorilla gorilla beringei: mountain gorilla


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What is an Animal

Eucaryotic

cells divided into organelles

Multicellular

Heterotrophic

do not produce own nutrients

Lack cell walls

Tissues linked by proteins (e.g. collagen)


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What is an Animal

Cells often linked by cell junctions

gap, adhesion, tight

Possess electrogenic cells

nerve cells and muscle cells

Reproduce sexually (diploid)

sperm + egg zygote blastula gastrula larva

adult


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Major Evolutionary

Divergences Among Animals

Development ofTissues

Development ofBody Plans

Development of

Body Cavities Developmental

Origin of the Coelom


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Development of Tissues

Development of aggregations of similar cells into patternsand layers

Parazoa (sponges)lack tissues

Eumetazoapossess tissues


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Development of Body

Plans Pattern of body and structure

Number of embryonic cell

layers Radiata (e.g. jellyfish, hydra)

radial symmetry

diploblastic (2 germ cell layers)

Bilatera (everything else)

Blateral symmetry

Triploblastic (3 germ cell layers)


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Protostomes

Mollusks, earthworms, insects, etc.

Spiral cleavage

cell division diagonal to vertical axis

Determinant cleavage

development into tissues determinedvery early in cleavage

Schizocoelous

coelom forms by splitting solid massesof mesoderm in

Blastopore forms mouth


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Deuterostomes

Starfish, vertebrates

radial cleavage

cell division at right angles to

vertical axis

indeterminant cleavage

development into tissuesdetermined later in cleavage

enterocoelous coelom forms by mesoderm layer

budding from archenteron

blastopore forms anus


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Parazoa:

Phylum Porifera sponges

little cell differentiation

sessile

no nerve or muscle cells porous body

enables water circulationthrough the body

flow driven bychoanocytes

food collected anddigested byamoebocytes


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Radiata:

Phylum Cnidaria tentacles arranged around

opening to the gastrovascularcavity

lined with nematocysts stinging cells

possess nerve cells forming nervenet

no central nervous system

possess muscle-like cells


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Radiata:

Phylum Ctenophora Comb jellies

Similar in appearanceto jellyfish

Possess comb-likeplates of cilia used forlocomotion

Collect food withtentacles coveredwith colloblasts (lassocells)


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Acoelomates:

Phylum Platyhelminthes Major Classes

Turbellaria

planarians (free living)

Monogenea and Tremotoda

flukes (parasites)

Cestoidea

tapeworms (parasites)


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Pseudocoelomates:

Phylum Rotifera Rotifers

complete digestive tract

separate mouth and anus

pseudocoelomic fluid acts ascirculatory system

cilia lining crown draw waterinto the mouth


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Pseudocoelomates:

Nematoda Nematodes (roundworms)


pseudocoelomic fluidacts as circulatory system

longitudinal muscleorientation

aquatic habitats, soils,plant and animalparasites


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Protostome Coelomates:

Phylum Nemertea Proboscis worms

acoelomous body,except for fluid-filled sac

used to extend proboscis similar excretory, sensory

and nervous systems toflatworms


closed circulatory system(blood confined tovessels)


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Lophophorate Phyla possess lophophore

ciliated fold around mouth

no head

U-shaped digestive tract


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Phylum Mollusca Mollusks

Major Classes:

Class Polyplacophora

chitons

Class Gastropoda

snails and slugs

Class Bilvalvia

clams, oysters, mussels,etc.

Class Cephalopoda

octopus, squid, nautiluses


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Phylum Mollusca Muscular foot

visceral mass

contains organs

gills (respiration) complete digestive tract

w/ specialized organs

open circulatory system(blood not confined to

vessels) mantle

covers visceral mass,secretes shell


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Phylum Annelida Annelids (segmented worms)

hydrostatic skeleton

coelom in repeating

segments with alternatinglongitudinal and circularmuscles, setae, andmetanephridia (excretion)

closed circulatory system

several specialized regions indigestive tract

cerebral ganglia with ventralnerve cord


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Phylum Annelida Major Classes

Class Oligochaeta(earthworms)

Class Polychaeta(polychaetes)

Class Hirudinea(leeches)


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Phylum Arthropoda specialization of body

segments

specialized limbs, etc.

hard exoskeleton protein and chitin

high cephalization ofsensory organs

open circulatory systems blood (hemolymph) not

confined to vessels


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Arthropods:

Chelicerates claw-like feeding appendages

(chelicerae), lack antennae

Class Arachnida (spiders,

scorpions, ticks, mites) 2 body segments (cepahlothorax

and abdomen)

6 pairs of appendages

chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pr walkinglegs extend from cephalothorax

book lungs

enhances gas exchange btwhemolymph and air


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Arthropods:

Crustaceans mandibles, 2 pair of

antennae, branchedappendages

Class Crustacea possess gills

salt glands (hemolymph saltbalance)

Groups

Isopods (e.g. pill bugs) Copepods (e.g. Cyclops)

Decapods (crabs, lobsters,etc.)


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Deuterostome Coelomates :Phylum Echinodermata

sea stars, sea urchins,sea cucumbers

adults have radial

symmetry bilateral larvae

endoskeleton of hardplates

water vascular system used to manipulate

tube feet


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Subphylum Vertebrata

Characteristics neural crest formation during embryonic

development

vertebral column + skull

pronounced cephalization of sensory andneural apparati

closed circulatory system Agnathans

lack hinged jaws, notochord presentthroughout life

Gnathostomes

possess hinged jaws, notochord replaced by

vertebrae, paired appendages Tetrapods

Possess two pairs of appendages


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Superclass Agnatha

lack hinged jaws,

notochord presentthroughout life

no pairedappendages

lampreys and hagfish


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Superclass Gnathostoma:

Jawed Fish Class Chondrichthyes

Sharks, rays

cartilaginous skeletons

Class Osteichthyes bony fish (bone

skeletons)

Subclass Actinopterygii

Ray-finned fish Subclass Sarcopterygii

Lobe-finned fish


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Superclass Tetrapoda:

Class Amphibia Characteristics

tetrapods (4 limbs)- terrestrialmovement

aquatic larval stage moist, permeable skin

Anurans

frogs and toads

Urodeles salamanders and newts

Caecilians

legless, fossorial amphibians


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Class (?) Reptilia Reptiles

Scaly, impermeable skin

Amniotes

Lay shelled amniotic eggs Chelonians (Testudines)

Turtles

Lepidosaurians

Tuatara, snakes, lizards Archosaurs

Crocodilians, dinosaurs,birds


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Class Aves Birds

Amniotes

Possess feathers Possess wings (flight)

Endothermic

most body heat

generated internally Two-circuit circulatory

system


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Class Mammalia Groups

Monotremes

lay eggsplatypuses, echidnas

Marsupials

embryo completesdevelopment in pouch

kangaroos and opossums

Eutherians

form placenta

cats, humans, squirrels

Animal Systematic

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