ANIMAL SCIENCE 320

ANIMAL SCIENCE 320

Instructors

Dr. Cheryl L. Morris201D Kildee [email protected]

Dr. Jim Russell313 Kildee [email protected]

Graduate TA: Olivia Genther333 Kildee [email protected]

Graduate TA: Matt O’Neil337C Kildee [email protected]

Meeting Times and Locations

Monday and Wednesday Lectures: 8:00 – 8:50 AM Kildee 108

Wednesday Labs: 2:10 – 4:00 PM Kildee 203

Computer Labs:

SCHEDULEDate Lecture/Lab Topic Instructor1/14 Lecture Introduction. Reviewing nutrient digestion in nonruminant and ruminant

animalsC.Morris

1/16 Lecture Chemical analysis of feedstuffs C.Morris

1/16 Lab Calculating the composition of feedstuffs and diets C.Morris

1/21 Lecture Determining the digestibility of feedstuffs C. Morris

1/23 Lecture Energy systems for feedstuffs C. Morris

1/23 Lab Use of energy systems for calculating feed intake or animal production C. Morris

1/28 Lecture Energy feedstuffs J. Russell

1/30 Lab Quiz 1. Feedstuff identification J. Russell

2/4 Lecture Protein supplements J. Russell

2/6 Lecture By-product feedstuffs J. Russell

2/6 Lab Basic Ration Formulation J. Russell

2/11 Lecture Forage species and quality J. Russell

2/13 Lecture Grazing systems J. Russell

2/13 Lab Exam 1  

2/18 Lecture Harvested forages (Hay) J Russell

2/20 Lecture Harvested forages (Silages) J Russell

2/20 Lab Multiple Ingredient Ration Formulation J Russell

2/25 Lecture Mineral and vitamin supplements C. Morris

2/27 Lecture Feed additives C. Morris

2/27 Lab Formulating premixes C. Morris

3/4 Lecture Feed processing and mixing C. Morris

SCHEDULEDate Lecture/Lab Topic Instructor3/6 Lecture Feed processing and mixing C. Morris

3/6 Lab Quiz 2. Interpreting feed tags and regulations C. Morris

3/11 Lecture Companion Animals C. Morris

3/13 Lecture Companion Animals C. Morris

3/13 Lab Companion Animals C. Morris

3/25 Lecture Poultry M. Persia

3/27 Lecture Poultry M. Persia

3/27 Lab Poultry M. Persia

4/1 Lecture Horses C. Morris

4/3 Lecture Horses C. Morris

4/3 Lab Exam 2 C. Morris

4/8 Lecture Swine J. Patience

4/10 Lecture Swine J. Patience

4/10 Lab Swine J. Patience

4/15 Lecture Beef Cattle J. Russell

4/17 Lecture Beef Cattle J. Russell

4/17 Lab Beef Cattle J. Russell

4/22 Lecture Dairy Cattle J. Russell

4/24 Lecture Dairy Cattle J.Russell

4/24 Lab Quiz 3 & Dairy Cattle J. Russell

4/29 Lecture Small Ruminants (Goats/Sheep) D. Morrical

SCHEDULE

Date Lecture/Lab Topic Instructor5/1 Lecture Small Ruminants (Goats/Sheep) D. Morrical

5/1 Lab Exotics C. Morris

Final Exam (Exam #3)

EVALUATION AND GRADE SCALE

Item Number Points each Total pointsProblem sets 12 25 300Quizzes 3 33.3 100Exams 3 100 300

Drop lowest total quiz or exam score -100 -100Total 600 Grades %A 93-100A- 90-93B+ 87-90B 83-87B- 80-83C+ 77-80C 73-77C- 70-73D+ 67-70D 63-67D- 60-63F <60

Grading:

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS REVIEWPages 63-78

Nonruminant Digestive Tract

FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE NONRUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT

• Mouth– Chewing – Taste– Secretion of saliva

• Amylase?• Stomach– Secretions

• Hydrochloric acid • Protease

– Pepsinogen → Pepsin• Hormone

– Gastrin

• Small intestine– Secretions

• Pancreas– Proteases

» Trypsinogen → Trypsin» Chymotrypsinogen → Chymotrypsin» Procarboxypeptidase → Carboxypeptidase

– Carbohydrase» Amylase

– Lipase» Lipase

• Liver– Bile salts

• Intestinal mucosa– Carbohydrases

» Maltase» Lactase» Sucrase

– Peptidases– Gut hormones

» Secretin» Cholecystokinin

– Absorption• Large intestine

– Structural carbohydrate fermentation• Importance and size dependent on diet

REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DIGESTION IN NONRUMINANTS

Nutrient Mouth Stomach Small intestine Large intestine

Starch Amylase initiates

digestion to

maltose

Pancreatic amylase & intestinal

maltase to glucose

Disaccharides Intestinal disaccharidases

to monosacharides

Structural carbohydrates

Fermented to volatile fatty acids

REVIEW OF NUTRIENT DIGESTION IN NONRUMINANTS

Nutrient Mouth Stomach Small intestine Large intestine

Protein HCL and pepsin initiates

digestion to

peptides

Pancreatic proteases &

intestinal dipeptidases

to amino acids

Lipids (Including fat-

soluble vitamins)

Bile salts & pancreatic lipase to

monoglycerides, fatty acids, and

fat-soluble vitamins

Water soluble vitamins

Absorption Produced during

fermentation

SIGNIFICANCE OF NONRUMINANT DIGESTION• Endproducts of nonruminant digestion are

the simple nutrients derived directly from the complex nutrients in the diet– Implications• Nutrient composition of nonruminant animal

products resemble the nutrient composition of the diet• Nonruminant nutrient requirements must be

met directly from the diet– Essential Amino acids

Which of the following is not an amino acid that is essential in nonruminant diets?

a. Glutamic acidb. Phenylalaninec. Lysined. Tryptophane. None of the above

AVIAN DIGESTIVE TRACT

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN AVIAN AND NONRUMINANT MAMMALIAN DIGESTIVE TRACTS• Mouth

– No teeth– No amylase

• Esophagus– Has crop for feed storage

• Stomach– Proventriculus before feed is ground

• Gizzard (Ventriculus)– Grinds feed

• Small intestine– No lactase

• Large intestine (Ceca)– Small in most species

• Cloaca– Organ where feces mixed with urinary waste products

RUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT

FUNCTIONS OF PARTS OF THE RUMINANT DIGESTIVE TRACT

• Mouth– Prehension of feed

• Lips and tongue– Chewing

• Eating and Rumination– Taste

• Avoidance– Secretion of saliva

• Secretion of buffers– NaHCO3 and NaH2PO4

– Maintain rumen pH• Recycling of N, Na, P, and water to rumen• Bloat prevention

• Esophagus– Involved in rumination and eructation

• Stomach– Reticulum, rumen & omasum

• Fermentation• Absorption of fermentation endproducts

– Abomasum• Secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen

• Small intestine– Similar to nonruminant– No sucrase

• Large intestine– Similar to nonruminant– More important in browsing species

CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS

Starch Structural CHO

Methane Undegraded Small intestine (Digestion similar to NR) Fermented

Volatile fatty acids (VFA)

Liver & peripheral tissues

Energy and fat synthesis

What is the primary volatile fatty acid produced in the rumen fed a high forage diet?

1. Acetic acid2. Butyric acid3. Lactic acid4. Conjugated linoleic acid5. Propionic acid

PROTEIN DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS

True protein NPN

Undegraded Small intestine Metabolizable Degraded proteinRecycled viasaliva (20% of dietary N) NH3 Microbial protein

NH3

Liver

Urea Kidney Excreted

LIPID DIGESTION IN RUMINANTS

Fat

Undegraded Small intestine (Digestion similar to NR) Degraded

Glycerol

VFA Long chain FA Saturated FA

Liver & peripheral tissues

Energy and fat synthesis

SIGNIFICANCE OF RUMINANT DIGESTION• Greater digestion of plant fiber than nonruminants• Major endproducts of carbohydrates are the VFAs

– High forage diets→More acetate (C2)→More milk fat– High grain diets→More propionate (C3)→Greater body weight

• Low amounts of glucose absorbed– High producing dairy cows subject to ketosis

• Protein requirement is primarily met by rumen degradable N– Rumen undegradable protein needed by high producing dairy

cows or growing cattle– No requirement for essential amino acids

• Ruminant animal products (meat and milk) contain high concentrations of saturated fatty acids (and CLA)