ANIMAL LOCOMOTIO N AN ELECTRO-PHOTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIO N OF CONSECUTIVE PHASES O F ANIMAL MOVEMENTS B Y EADWEARD MUYBRIDG E PUBLISHED TINDER THE AUSPICES OF TH E UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANI A PROSPECTU S AN D CATALOGUE OF PLATE S THE PLATES PRINTED BY THE PHOTO-GRAVURE COMPANY OF NEW YOR K PHILADELPHI A 188 7 PRINTED BY J . B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
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ANIMAL LOCOMOTIO N
AN ELECTRO-PHOTOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONOF CONSECUTIVE PHASES OF
ANIMAL MOVEMENTS
B Y
EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE
PUBLISHED TINDER THE AUSPICES OF TH E
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANI A
PROSPECTU SAN D
CATALOGUE OF PLATE S
THE PLATES PRINTED BY THE PHOTO-GRAVURE COMPANY OF NEW YOR K
PHILADELPHI A188 7
PRINTED BY J . B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
Copyright, 1886, by EADWEARD M U Y BRIDGE.
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION .By EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE .
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA .
lb . EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE,
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, U . S. A.:
We, the undersigned, each hereby subscribe for the number of copies written in associatio nwith our respective names, of your work on ANIMAL LOCOMOTION ; each copy to contain On eHundred Plates, as described in the prospectus ; at the subscription price of ONE HUNDRE D
DOLLARS for each copy, payable upon the delivery of the work.
NAMES OF SUBSCRIBERS .NUMBER O F
COPIES OF THE WOR KSUBSCRIBED FOR .
The following blank form is intended for the use of one subscriber only .
A copy thereof should be written by each additional subscriber whose name is placed on the above subscrip-
tion list, filled with the necessary instructions, and forwarded with this completed form in one envelope .
The numbers on 11w other side, through which a line is drawn, indicate the SERIAL numbers of the plates I have selected .
The total number of the PLATES selected is
I have remitted on account of my subscription _
I request that you will send the plates to
SERIAL NUMBERS OF THE PLATES IN ANIMAL LOCOMOTION .Subscribers will please draw a horizontal line through the Serial Numbers of the Plates they select ; the line should be distinctly made with ink .
Should the subscription list on the other side hereof contain the names of more than ONE subscriber; each additional subscriber should enclose a separate list— in manuscript—of the serial numbers of the plates INDIVIDUALLY selected.
this prospectus, subscribers can send their name s
and instructions entirely in manuscript ; these, an d
the serial numbers of the plates selected, shoul d
be in full, and plainly written .
Copies of the catalogue of plates in ANIMAL .
LOCOMOTION, and subscription blanks will, upo n
application, be mailed free of expense to any par t
of the world .
ANIMALLOCOMOTION.
PROSPECTUS .
I N 1878 the author of the present work published a fe wPhotographs under the title of "The Horse Motion ; "these were the results of some experiments in Californi awith automatic electro-photographic apparatus, devised b yhim for the purpose of demonstrating the successive phase sof Animal Locomotion . This subject had engaged his at-tention since 1872, when the first lateral photograph of ahorse trotting at full speed was made by him .
The experiments were continued in 1879. Upon theirtermination the author became convinced that a com-prehensive and systematic investigation with improve dmechanical appliances, and newly-discovered chemical ma -nipulations, would demonstrate many novel facts, not onl yinteresting to the casual observer, but of indisputable valueto the artist and to the scientist. This investigatio ndemanded of necessity so large an outlay of money, an dthe subsequent publication in its present generous for massumed such imposing proportions, that all publishers no tunnaturally shrank from entering the unexplored field .
In this emergency The University of Pennsylvania tookthe prosecution of the investigation under its auspices, an dits liberal assistance has enabled the author to complete hi swork, which he hereby announces as ready for publication .
THE WORK WILL BE PUBLISHED EXCLUSIVELY BY SUB-SCRIPTION, AT THE PRICE OF ONE HUNDRED DOLLARS FO REACH COPY .
1
3
4
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.
ONE HUNDRED PLATES OF ILLUSTRATIONS WILL CONSTI-TUTE A COPY OF THE WORK .
These one hundred Plates, the subscriber is entitled toselect from those enumerated in the subjoined Catalogue .It is believed the description given therein of each move-ment will be found sufficient to enable this selection to b emade with intelligent discrimination .
The 781 Plates described in the Catalogue comprise mor ethan 20,000 figures of men, women, and children, animal sand birds, all actively engaged in walking, galloping, flying ,working, playing, fighting, dancing, or other actions inci-dental to every-day life, which illustrate motion and th eplay of muscles .
The figures illustrating the various movements are re-produced from the original negatives by the photo-gelatin eprocess of printing, without any attempt having been mad eto improve their pictorial effect, either in outline or detail ;or to conceal their imperfections.
In the Title of the work, the term "Locomotion" i sstretched to its broadest capacity.
The Plates, without margin, vary in dimensions fro m12 inches high by 9 inches wide, to 6 inches high by 1 8inches wide .
The average area of the Plates is 108 square inches, o rabout 660 square centimetres ; they are printed on line nsteel-plate paper, of size 19 by 24 inches, and weight 10 0pounds to the ream .
Subscribers desiring a greater number of Plates thanthe one hundred for which they subscribe, will be entitle dto obtain such additions, and at the same proportionat erate of payment ; provided they make the selection at the sametime that they select the Plates for their Subscription Copy .
Subscribers for two or more Copies have the right of a nindependent selection of Plates for each Copy .
PROSPECTUS.
5
Subscribers for six Copies of the work,—that is, for 60 0Plates,—each Plate being of a di fferent serial number, wil lbe entitled to the remaining 181 Plates without additiona lpayment . They will thus have an impression of each on eof the 781 Plates .
Each Copy of the work will be enclosed in a Portfolio .The entire collection of 781 Plates will be enclosed i n
8 Portfolios .Upon receipt of the accompanying blank, duly fille d
with the necessary instructions, and a remittance of twentydollars,on account of each Copy subscribed for, the wor k
will be forwarded free of express charges to any part o fthe United States ; the remainder of the subscription to b epaid upon delivery.
Subscribers in foreign countries should, preferably, desig-nate an agent in the United States to act in their behalf;or, they will be corresponded with, direct .
All remittances and correspondence to be addressed t o
EADWEARD MUYBRIDGE,
University of Pennsylvania ,
Philadelphia, U.S.A .
Diagram of the Studio at The University of Pennsylvania, and Arrangement of the
1 21 11 09876543
' 21
C - R -- T - M
Apparatus for Investigating Animal Locomotion .
B
1 23456789101112
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION
T C
F
123456789101112131415161718192021222324 1
0 L
STUDIO, APPARATUS, METHOD OF WORKING . 7
STUDIO, APPARATUS, AND METHOD OF
WORKING.
In the diagram, B is the Lateral background ; consistin gof a shed 37 metres, or about 120 feet, long, the front o fwhich is open, and divided by vertical and horizontalthreads into spaces 5 centimetres, or about 2 inches, square ,and by broader threads into larger spaces 50 centimetres ,or about 19 3/4 inches, square .
At C and C, 37 metres, or about 120 feet, apart are "fixed "backgrounds, with vertical threads 5 centimetres, or abou t2 inches, from their centres, with broader threads 30 centi-metres, or about 12 inches, from their centres.
For some investigations, readily distinguishable in th eplates, "portable" backgrounds are used, consisting of frame s3 metres wide by 4 metres high,—about 10 feet by 1 3feet 4 inches,—over some of which black cloth and ove rothers white cloth is stretched, all being divided by vertica land horizontal lines into square spaces of the same descrip -tion as those of the lateral background .
These portable backgrounds are used when photograph-ing birds and horses, and also wild animals when possible
to do so .L . A lateral battery of 24 automati c electro-photographic
cameras, arranged parallel with the line of progressiv emotion, and usually placed therefrom about 15 metres o r49 feet.
Slow movements are usually photographed with lense sof 3 inches diameter and 15 inches equivalent focus ; thecentres of the lenses being 15 centimetres, or about 6 inches,apart .
Rapid movements are photographed with a portablebattery of cameras and smaller lenses .
1*
8 ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.
The centre, between lenses 6 and 7, is opposite the centr eof the track T .
For illustrations comprising both "Laterals " and " Fore -shortenings," cameras 1 to 12 only are used .
When "Laterals" alone are required, cameras 13 to 24are connected with the system and used in their regula rsequence .
R. A portable battery of 12 automatic electro-photographic cameras, the lenses of which are 11 inches diamete r
and 5 inches equivalent focus ; the lenses are arranged 7 lcentimetres, or about 3 inches, from their centres. Whenthe battery is used vertically, lens 6 is usually on the samehorizontal- plane as the lenses of the lateral battery .
In the diagram this battery is arranged vertically for aseries of "Rear Foreshortenings " ; the points of view beingat an angle of 90° from the lateral battery .
F. A battery of 12 automatic electro-photographic cam -eras, similar to that placed at R, arranged horizontally fo r
a series of "Front Foreshortenings" ; the points of viewaveraging an angle of 60° from the lateral battery .
O. The position of the operator ; the electric batteries ;the chronograph for recording the intervals of time be-tween each successive exposure ; the motor for completin gthe successive electric circuits, and other apparatus con-nected with the investigation .
T T. The track parallel with the lateral battery an dcovered with corrugated rubber flooring.
M. The model, approaching the point number "1" on th etrack where the series of photographic illustrations wil lcommence .
An estimate having been made of the interval of tim ewhich will be required, between each photographic expo -sure, to illustrate the complete movement, or that portio nof the complete movement desired, the apparatus is ad-
ANALYSIS OF THE PLATES.
9
justed to complete a succession of electric circuits a teach required interval of time, and the motor is set i noperation. When the series is to illustrate progressiv emotion ; upon the arrival of the model at the point marke d
1" on the track, the operator, by pressing a button, com-pletes an electric circuit, which immediately throws int ogearing a portion of the apparatus hitherto at rest . Bymeans of suitably-arranged connections, an electric cur-rent is transmitted to each of the 3 cameras marked "1 "in the various batteries, and an exposure is simultaneousl ymade on each of the photographic plates, respectively ,contained therein . At the end of the predetermine dinterval of time, a similar current is transmitted to eachof the cameras marked " 2," and another exposure mad eon each of the 3 next plates, and so forth until each serie sof exposures in each of the three batteries is completed .Assuming the operator to have exercised good judgmentin regulating the speed of the apparatus, and in makin gthe first electric contact at the proper time, and that th efigures 1 to 12 represent the distance traversed by th emodel in executing the movement desired, the first thre ephotographic exposures-that is, one exposure in each bat-tery- will have been synchronously made when the mode lwas passing the position marked "1" on the track T ; thesecond three exposures will have been made when the mode lwas passing the position marked " 2," and so on unti ltwelve successive exposures were simultaneously made i neach of the three batteries . This perfect uniformity oftime, speed, and distance, however, was not alway s
obtained .
ANALYSIS OF THE PLATES .
Of the broader horizontal lines seen in the plates, th esecond from the ground is (excepting in special instances
10
ANIMAL LOCOM OTION.
easily recognized) on the same horizontal plane as th elenses of the lateral battery of cameras hereafter described .
The numbers on the background of the lateral illustra-tions are 15 centimetres, or about 6 inches, apart from eac hof their centres .
The plan adopted to facilitate analysis of the variou smovements may be exemplified by a reference to plate 14 .
The model "8" is walking towards the right, the quantit yof movement illustrated is two steps, or one stride . Twelvesuccessive phases of that movement were photographe dsynchronously from each of the three points of view ,L, R, and F in the diagram . The interval of time betwee neach of the twelve phases was about one-eighth of a second ,or according to the chronograph one hundred and twentyone-thousandth parts of a second (0 .120 " ), the complet emovement having been accomplished in about one and ahalf seconds .
The number of figures on the plate is 36, arranged thus :
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12
1 2 3 4 5 67 8 9 10 11 1 2
1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8
9 10 11 12
Laterals .
Rear Foreshortenings fro mpoints of view on the
same vertical line, at a nangle of 90 from theLaterals .
Front Foreshortenings fro mpoints of view on th esame horizontal plane, a tangles averaging 600 fro mthe Laterals .
A similar method of arrangement prevails in all thos eplates which illustrate a movement as seen simultaneouslyfrom each of three points of view .
When the illustrations are, respectively, from one or tw opoints of view only, a system of arrangement is adopte d
ANALYSIS OF THE PLATES.
1 1
which is considered the most convenient for their especialcomparative examination .
The successive phases of movement are usually arrange din the plates to conform with the direction of the firs tphase illustrated .
If, for example, the motion of the first phase is toward sthe right, the arrangement of each succeeding phase i sthus : -1 2 3, etc . If, however, the motion of the firs tphase is towards the left, the arrangement of the successiv ephases is thus : etc ., 3 2 1 .
When two or more distinct series of illustrations ar eincluded in one plate, each separate series is distinguishe dby the letters A, B, C, etc .
Each series, of the plates numbered 520 to 528, inclusive ,
illustrates a single phase of motion, photographed synchro-nously from each of six points of view .
In some instances it will be found that the number o fphases of motion from each of the respective points o f
view do not correspond, some being omitted . This arisesfrom the loss of negatives during manipulation . The
subject being, perhaps, one of interest or importance, an d
impossible to duplicate, it has been included in the wor k
notwithstanding the deficiency .Serial numbers connected with a brace indicate that on e
and the same series of phases is illustrated in two plates ,the laterals being in one plate, and the foreshortenings i n
another.Although, as before stated, the broadest interpretation
has been given in this investigation to the word Locomotion ,
it is not assumed that a response to every possible inquiry
in this inexhaustible subject will be found in this work .
12
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.
MODELS.
A few particulars in reference to some of the huma nmodels, will assist subscribers in the selection of thei rplates .
The greater number of those engaged in walking, run-ning, jumping, and other athletic games are students o rgraduates of The University of Pennsylvania,-young me naged from eighteen to twenty-four,---each one of who mhas a well-earned record in the particular feat selected forillustration .
The mechanics are experts in their particular trades ,and the laborers are accustomed to the work in whic hthey are represented as being engaged .
Unless otherwise described the arms of the models i nthe progressive movements are in a position naturall yconsistent with the movement .
Each model is distinguished by a number, and may b erecognized by that number throughout the work . Th emale models are numbered with bold-faced type, thus :
" 45," and the females with light-faced type, thus : " 8 . "The models 52, 64, 65, and 66 are teachers in their re-
spective professions ; 6o is a well-drilled member of th eState Militia ; 51, a well-known instructor in art ; 95, anex-athlete, aged about sixty ; 22, a mulatto and professiona lpugilist ; 27, 28, and 29, boys aged thirteen to fifteen ; 4 2and 49, public acrobats ; 17, 19, 21 ; 74 to 91, inclusive ; 92and 94 were patients of the University and Philadelphi aHospitals, selected to illustrate abnormal locomotion .
The female models were chosen from all classes of society .Number 1, is a widow, aged thirty-five, somewhat slender
and above the medium height ; 3, is married, and heavil ybuilt ; 4 to 13, inclusive, 15 and 19, are unmarried, of age svarying from seventeen to twenty-four ; of these, 11 is
ANIMALS AND BIRDS.
1 3
slender ; the others of medium height and build ; 14, 16 ,and 93, are married ; 20, is unmarried, and weighs thre ehundred and forty pounds .
The endeavor has been in all instances to select model swho fairly illustrate how- in a more or less graceful o rperfect manner- the movements appertaining to every-da ylife are performed .
In the column headed "COSTUME," the state of the mode lwith regard to apparel is represented by
N. Nude. When any one figure is nude, the entireseries is so classified .
S . N. Semi-Nude. The model so designated is usuall yclothed with a light or transparent draper yfrom the waist to the knees, or to the ground :in some illustrations of the toilet it also in-cludes more or less underclothing .
P. C. Pelvis Cloth . A strip of cloth surrounds the lowerpart of the abdomen .
T. D. Transparent Drapery . The model is attired in a flow-ing garment of diaphanous texture, which per-mits the action of the limbs to be seen, and th econformation of the folds of the drapery thereto .
D. Draped. Fully clothed .B. F. Bare Feet . The costume of peasant girls with th e
legs below the knees, and the feet bare .
ANIMALS AND BIRDS .
The wild animals and birds were photographed in th egardens of the Zoological Society, of Philadelphia, by th ecourtesy of its Trustees and Superintendent .
Nearly all the horses and other domesticated animals werephotographed at the Gentlemen's Driving Park, and aregood representatives of their various classes and movements .
14
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.
ANGLES OF VIEW .
In the classification of the illustrations into "Laterals"and " Foreshortenings, " the term Lateral applies- with afew exceptions- to those figures photographed with th elateral battery of cameras, as described in the diagram .And the term " Foreshortenings" is applied to all th efigures made from points of view at varying angles fro mthe lateral battery, regardless of the actual position of themodel .
The points of view, described as being in their relatio nto the laterals at the respective angles of 90 and 60 degrees,are strictly speaking not always so, but as close thereto a scareful measurement and circumstances permitted . Allstated angles of view, as applied to wild animals and birds ,are simply approximate .
The terms " Front" or "Rear," as applied to the Foreshort -enings, usually refers to the position of the model whe nthe first exposure is made in the respective batteries . Inthe execution of some movements, the model turns com-pletely around before the series of photographs is finished ;the latter phases of motion may therefore be include din the column of "Front" views when they are actually"Rear" views. The character of the movement will ofitself explain the relative successive positions of the model ,and the illustrations afford ample means of determiningthe angular relationship to all points of view.
MOVEMENTS AND TIME .
In the column devoted to "The quantity of movement, "a completed action or a round movement is designate dby the number "1." A "round movement" means a move-ment which, being completed, restores the body and limb sto the approximately relative position they occupied at its
MOVEMENTS AND TIME.
1 5
commencement . For a horse trotting, or for a man walk-ing, for example, it means the execution of two steps ; for ahorse jumping a hurdle, or for a man who, when batting,strikes a base-ball, it means the execution of the main objec tof the particular investigation .
The word approximate is used, because it rarely happen sthat the execution of regular movements by the mos tcarefully-trained man or animal restores the body an dlimbs to precisely the same original relative position .When a movement is susceptible of being divided into tw oparts, of which the second part, with a change of th elimbs, is virtually a repetition of the first part ; it is notalways considered necessary to include the round movemen tin the illustrations ; but in order that the relationship whic heach one-half of the movement holds to the other half maybe understood, five-eighths or three-fourths (designated i nthe column 5–8 or 3–4) of a round movement is usuall yillustrated . The quantity of movement given in the columnis frequently only approximate to the exact quantity.
In the appropriate column, the interval of time betwee neach successive exposure is stated in one-thousandth part sof a second, as recorded by a chronograph with a tuning -fork making 100 single vibrations in a second .
The duration of each interval of time between each suc-cessive exposure has been carefully examined, and when ,from any obscurity in the pen-markings, or from other causes ,the exact intervals of time could not be positively ascer-tained, an average interval of time has been computed, andattention called thereto in the column of reference notes .
It may be stated, as a matter of some interest, that fromcarefully-executed experiments it was proved at the Uni-versity Studio that the most rapid exposures were mad ein periods of time varying from the one two-thousandth t othe one five-thousandth of a second. With such exposures
2
16
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.
details of black and of white drapery were obtained . Theuse, however, of such very brief exposures was deeme dinadvisable, and for the illustrations of the movements o flarge animals was in practice wholly needless .
For photographs of horses at full speed an exposure o fthe one six-hundredth or of the one eight-hundredth of asecond will usually obtain the necessary sharpness of out;line and all essential details .
For slow movements an exposure of the one one-hun-dredth or of the one two-hundredth of a second will giv eall desirable results.
REFERENCE NOTES.
1. The interval of time between each phase is an averageof the intervals of time between all the phases, or a napproximation thereto .
2. No record of intervals of time between phases .3. Isolated phases, photographed synchronously from
the various points of view .4. Successive phases, photographed at irregular intervals
of time synchronously from the various points of view .5. The model has a rod attached to the hips to aid th e
measurement of their oscillations .In all illustrations of this number the lenses of th e
lateral battery are on the same horizontal plane as th eplatform on which the model is walking, or, if ascendin gor descending, about midway between the two planes ofheight on which the feet are placed . The backgroundsare those described as " Portable . "
6. The lenses of the lateral battery are on the same hori-zontal plane as the platform on which the model is walking .The backgrounds are those described as Portable ."
RETROSPECTIVE .
1 7
7. Isolated phases of motion from a single point of view .8. A combination of 2 serials, with the same average
interval of time between each successive phase .9. One phase of this series is substituted by a correspond-
ing phase from another series .10. A combination of 2 serials .11. Foreshortenings incomplete .12. Foreshortenings irregular .13. A double interval of time occurs between phases 2
and 3 .14. A double interval of time occurs between phases 3
and 4 .15. A double interval of time between phases 4 and 5 .16. A double interval of time between phases 5 and 6 .17. A double interval of time between phases 7 and 8 .18. A double interval of time between phases 8 and 9 .19. A double interval of time between phases 10 and 11 .20. A double interval of time, respectively, betwee n
phases 4 and 5 ; 9 and 10 .21. A double interval of time, respectively, betwee n
phases 5 and 6 ; 7 and 8 .22. A double interval of time, respectively, betwee n
phases 5 and 6 ; 9 and 10 .23. Five of the regular intervals of time between phase s
6 and 7 .24. Five of the regular intervals of time between phase s
5 and 6 .
RETROSPECTIVE .
In conclusion, it may not be irrelevant for the authorto remark that a number of his early experimental photo -graphs of animal movements, and his original Title, " Th eHorse in Motion," were copied, and published a few year sago, in a book which is referred to in the following para-
18
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION.
graph, reprinted from Nature (London), June 29, 1882 .After the full Title of the book is quoted, the reviewe rsays, "The above is the somewhat long title of a large an dimportant work issuing from the well-known Cambridg e(U. S.) University Press .
"Long as is the title, the name of the principal con-tributor to the volume is left unrecorded there ; though ,indeed, even a cursory glance over its contents shows ho wmuch indebted is the whole question of the mode of motio nin the horse to the elaborate series of investigations of Mr.Muybridge ."
E . M .
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA ,
January, 1887 .
ANIMAL LOCOMOTION
CATALOGUE
CATALOGUE OF PLATES_
No. o fModel .
Males in Bold faced type, females in Light-faced type
Phases of MovementIllustrated .
Foreshortening sat Angles from Laterals.
Front .
90-
Quantity of Movement
Time Intervals in One-thousandths of a second
Rear.
Reference notesMOVEMENTS .
Costumes
Laterals
60- 90- 60°
1
345
-6
81)
1 01 11 21;1 41 5Il i1 71 81 :1
3646
4646
462 22 95 5562 62 4
27, 2 818
24
63
20
NNPC
NNNNP CP CN
N NNNNNNNN
1 21.2
8
81 21288
1 212
1 21 21 01 01 21 212
5-89-1 03-41-25-85- 83-41-21-21- 2
1-2
5- 85- 83-43-41-2
Walking
right hand at chin .
left hand across abdomen
.commencing to turn around
12 .
.
1 1 2. 1 2
9 98 .
. .
. .
.8 .
. .
.1 . .
12
1 .
.88
612 1 21 212
I .
. -
. 1 212 12 .
.. 10 .
.
. 10 .
. 1 012 .
. .
.12 1 2
.
. 12 ; . .j 12
69 .
.90 669 .
.4 8
7 554 .
.71
, 674 68 88 348 .
12 01 03
9 194 .99 .
.129 12
202 12 2232 42 5262 72 82 93 03 13 23 3
3 4
3 53 63 73 8
.3 94 04 14 24 34 44 54 64 748
I Walking, right elbow bent• both elbows bent
with high-heeled boots on• right hand at chin, high-heeled shoes on
with high-heeled shoes on
"
carrying 75-lb . stone on left shoulder . .44
44"
" head, hands raised50-lb . dumb-bell in right han d
"
bucket of water in each hand .
44
4 444
, :
"
"
75-lb . stone on right shoulder ."
"
bucket of water in each hand ."
"
14-lb . basket on head, hand sraise d
15-lb . basket on head, hand sraised
. . ."
"
child (70) on right arm .child on left arm
"
left hand holding dress, right hand at fac e• opening parasol"
hands engaged in knittin g• throwing handkerchief over shoulders .• flirting it fan"
pouring water from pitchersprink'g water from basin, turn'g aroun d
• taking off hat• two models meeting, and partly turnin g• flirting a fan, and turning around • and turning around44
44
44
" bouquet in both hand s
7 N 12 .
.
! . 12 . 3-4 91 57 N 12 .
. . 12 . 1 106 51 N 12 12 .
. . 12 1 93 .
.8 N 12 .
. 12 12
' . . 1 12 13 N 12 . 12 12' . . 1 103 . .7 N 12 .
.
; .
. '
12 .
. 1 95 646
'P C 9 9 9 .
. 1-2 75 .
.46 N 12 12 . 3-4 92 646 N 12 .
. .
. ,
12 .
. 3-4 ' 99 646 N 12
" .
. .
. . 12 .
. 3-4 90 631 N 12 12 .
. 3-4 97 .
.46 P C 9 . .
i 9 9 .
. 5-8 110 41
N 12 12 . .
. 12 1 93 .
.
1 N 12 .
, .
. .
. 12 1 92 .
.
7 N 12 .
. .
. 11 .
. 3-4 89 612 S N 12 12 .
. .
. 12 1 102 .
.93 D 12 .
. 1 150 .13 T D 12 . 12 12 .
. 3-4 123 ;
.3 D 12H . . .
. 12 .
. 1 15 412 D 12 .
.
1 12 12 .
. 1 1-2 17 8 ,
.13 N 12 . . . .
. .
. 3-41541 .88 NN'TD 12 '
12 .
. .
. 12 1 115 .7 N 11 .
. 11 .
. 11 9-10 14 28 N 8 8 . . 12 1 191 .
23 D 12 .
. .
. . .
. .
. 5-8 87 .4,16 I) 24 .
. .
. . . . .
. 2 781 .10 N 12 12 . . 12 1 350 . .
7 N 12 1 165 65 D 12 .
. .
. 12 . 1 172 .
.
Serial Number
MOVEMENTS .
Model CostumeLaterals
Front .
90°
Foreshortenings.
60°
Rear .-
90° 60°
QuantityTime
Notes
49 Walking and turning around rapidly, a satchel i none hand, cane in other 43 D 12 .
. .
. 12 . 1 12 750 and turning around, carrying bucket o f
water in left hand 12 S N 12 12 . .
. 12 1 172 .51 turning around, using sprinkling pot 8 N 11 11 . .
. 11 1 211 1 552 carrying child, turning around ; another
child (70) holding on to dress of 93 93 D 12 .
. .
. .
. .
. 1 18 253 "
scattering flowers and turning around
. 12 S N 12 12
1 ,.
12 . 1 367 . .54 two models (one flirting a fan), arm i n
arm, turning around 1, 8 N 12 12 12 . 1 15 155 "
turning around, action of aversion 12 T D 11 11 11 1 228 1 356 and stooping to lift train
. 12 T D 12 12 .
. .
.
f 12 1 162 .
.57 "
around, 10-lb . basket on head 7 B F 12 .
. 12 12 1 21 958v c c c
~c
sweeping the floor . 1 N 12 12 12 1- 21-2 17 41r 459 Starting fora run (shoes) 37 P C 12 12 . .