ANIMAL FARM. CZAR NICHOLAS A poor leader, at best, when compared to western leaders Cruel – sometimes brutal with opponents Kind – sometimes hired poor.

ANIMAL FARM

CZAR NICHOLAS

• A poor leader, at best, when compared to western leaders

• Cruel – sometimes brutal with opponents• Kind – sometimes hired poor students as

spies to help them make money • Passionate love affair with wife,

Alexandra

CZAR

Aristocracy

Military

Agriculture Industry

– Proletariat – Workers from

Privatized Farms and Industry(owned by aristocracy)

Czar Nichola

sChart

RUSSIA UNDER NICHOLAS

• Czar = Power from God• Majority of population faced hunger, poverty, and

unemployment• WWI• Lost territory from the war• Food and resources went to troops

• Revolts led by hungry workers erupted across Russia• Russia lagged behind other modernized countries in: • Industrialization• Government• Education

• 1917: Czar was overthrown

KARL MARX

• Father of Communism• 1848 published an influential pamphlet called the

Communist Manifesto• His vision: • Everyone would have what they need • No one citizen would possess more than another• No private ownership of land• Communal way of life • Everyone shares in prosperity• All people are seen as equal• Government owns everything – people own government• Hoped that after updating industry, agriculture, and

military, the educated people could govern themselves and collectively own the wealth of their nation

Self-governance

Collectively Owned

Agriculture

Collectively Owned Industry

Mandatory Military ServiceFor All Citizens

Pow

er

Karl Marx Chart

THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

• 1918• Bolsheviks, under the leadership of

Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Joseph Stalin proceeded to structure a Communist country as envisioned by Karl Marx

LENIN

• Changes name from Russia to USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

• Understands emotional impact of simple, powerful slogans:• “Workers of the world unite!”• “Land, bread, and peace for everyone!”

TROTSKY

• Pure Communist• Followed Marx• Favored world revolution• Brilliant public speaker

STALIN

• Not a skilled speaker• Not educated• Does not follow Marx’s idea• Cares for power• Kills all who oppose him• Uses KGB and propaganda• Controls education• Continually opposes Trotsky

RULE UNDER LENIN

• Main goals:• Modernize industry and agriculture• Get rid of the aristocracy• Provide adequate food, shelter, and

medical services• Educate the population in Communism• Strengthen military

• Gain popular support by promising:• Land• Bread• Peace

RULE UNDER LENIN

• 1918-1921 Civil War between Communists and their opposition

• 1922 Lenin dies -- power struggle between Trotsky and Stalin

• Trotsky is run out of the country by Stalin (whose power is in his secret police: KGB)

• Became dictator by late 1920s• 1940: ice pick

LIFE UNDER STALIN

• Not the country Lenin had hoped for• Used political and social terror to

maintain power• 1928 – Five Year Plans• Designed to bring Russia into the

industrial age• The Purges• High ranking officials arrested (false

charges) and executed• Controlled all media

Stalin

Communist Party

Military Modernization

Agriculture Modernization

Industry Modernization

Workers are quickly absorbedInto Agriculture, Industry, and Military

Stalin Chart

Stalin’s Relationship with Hitler

• Initial cooperation• Nazi expansion – Stalin sought alliance w/France &

England• Secret negotiations w/Germany• Continued anti-German talks w/Allies• Signed non-aggression pact w/Hitler (possible

expansionist thoughts for himself), shocking Allies

• Stalin enters the war on the side of the Allies• January, 1943 – Germans DEFEATED in Battle of

Stalingrad (turning point in war)• Soviets continue pushing Germans back toward Germany• U.S. troops move toward Germany from the west

STALIN’S LEGACY

• Estimated 20-60 million people died during his reign (an average of 12,810 – 40,000 people each week)

• “Death is the solution to all problems. No man – no problem.”

• “One death is a tragedy; one million is a statistic.”

• Stalin’s terror ended on March 5, 1953

“-isms”Socialism: you have two cows. Give one to your neighbor.Communism: you have two cows. Give both cows to the government, and they may give you some of the milk.Fascism: you have two cows. You give all the milk to the government, and they sell it.Nazism: you have two cows. The government shoots you and takes both of the cows.Anarchism: you have two cows. Keep both of the cows, shoot the government agent, and steal another cow.Capitalism: You have two cows. Sell one cow and buy a bull.

Animal Farm Literary Terms

Fable – a brief story, usually with animal characters, that teaches a lesson or moral Satire – a type of writing that ridicules the faults of individuals, societies, or behaviors Allegory – story written on both a literal and symbolic level of meaning