Animal Experimentation Ethics

8/12/2019 Animal Experimentation Ethics

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ANIMAL TESTING FOR

PHARMACEUTICALS :

ETHICAL ISSUES

Siddhi Nath Paudel

Deepak Karna

Sanjay Ghimire

Sailesh Phuyal

Presented By:

08.02.2014


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INTRODUCTION

What is animal testing, why?

Use of non-human animals in experiments Galen, a physician in 2nd-century Rome,

dissected pigs and goats, and is known as the

"father of vivisection


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Need?

Drug safety

Biologically similar to humans

Animals like chimpanzees share more that99% of DNA with humans and mice share

more than 98% DNA with humans Animals are susceptible to many of the same

health problems as humans

Animals have a shorter life cycle than humans Environment around animals (diet,

temperature, lighting) can be controlledaccording to need


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CURRENT STATISTICS

Source - Alternatives to animal testing: current status and future perspectives


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Fig: Areas of animal use for scientific

purposes in EuropeSource - Alternatives to animal testing: current status and future perspectives


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Animal Rights: Where do you stand?

Idea that some, or all, non

human animals have rights of their own lives,

and that their most basic interests

Which animals deserve more moral

considerations, then?


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Argument: Do animals necessarily

need rights for moral action?

Need for human beings to behave morally canentirely outweigh need for animal rights

Causing pain and suffering ,morally wrong

whether victim is human or non-human Limitation: absence of cruelty is just one

ingredient for morality

It would be kind to give a relative a false excuse to stop

them from going to jail but it would also be morally wrong!


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Three Rs of animal research

eductionBy improving techniques , sharing

information

efinementUsing less invasive techniques,better

medical care and conditions

eplacementThrough alternative techniques


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Ethics of Animal Research

Experimenting on animals is alwaysunacceptable because:

It causes suffering to animals

The benefits to human beings are notproven

Any benefits to human beings that

animal testing does provide could beproduced in other ways


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Wasteful and Misleading

Poorly suited to addressing the urgent health

problems like heart disease, cancer, stroke,AIDS and birth defects

Even worse, animal experiments can misleadresearchers or even contribute to illnesses ordeaths by failing to predict the toxic effects ofdrugs

Physiological differences between animals andhumans make animal testing a poor model forhow drugs will interact and what adverseaffects might occur in humans


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Animal Tests Are Inapplicable

Important medical advances have beendelayed because of misleading results derivedfrom animal experiments

David Wiebers and his colleagues described astudy showing that of the 25 compounds thatreduced damage from ischemic stroke (caused

by lack of blood flow to the brain) in rodents,cats and other animals, none proved efficientin human trials


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During the 1920s and 1930s,

studies on monkeys led to gross

misconceptions that delayed the

fight against poliomyelitis

In a striking illustration of the

inadequacy of animal research,

scientists in the 1960s deduced

from numerous animal

experiments that inhaled tobaccosmoke did not cause lung cancer

(tar from the smoke painted on

the skin of rodents did cause

tumors to develop)


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Difficulties in extrapolation

Cancer research is especially sensitive to

differences in physiology between humans

and other animals

Vitamin C synthesis rate in mice and humans

The stress of handling, confinement and

isolation alters an animals physiology


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Carcinogenicity of 214 compounds on both ratsand mice agreed with each other only 70

percent of the time (Lester Lave of CarnegieMellon University, Nature that dual

experiments(1988))

The correlation between rodents and humanscould only be lower

David Salsburg of Pfizer Central Research has

noted that of 19 chemicals known to causecancer in humans when ingested, only seven

caused cancer in mice and rats using the

standards set by the National Cancer Institute


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FDA approval failureMilrinone

Raises cardiac output

Increased survival of rats with

artificially induced heart failure

This drug had a 30 percent

increase in mortality when usedin humans with severe chronic

heart failure

Flauridine

The antiviral drug caused liverfailure in seven of 15 humans

taking the drug


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Vioxx

An anti-inflammatorydrug, FDA (1999)

In mice, Vioxx reducedatherosclerosis

The drug was taken offthe market after it wasfound that it coulddouble the risk for heart

attack and stroke inhumans.


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The U.S. General Accounting Office reviewed

198 of the 209 new drugs marketed between

1976 and 1985 and found that 52 percent had

serious post approval risks not predicted by

animal tests or limited human trials

Also numbers of drugs may have been

needlessly abandoned because animal testsfalsely suggested inefficacy or toxicity


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ETHICAL ISSUES:SHOULD OR

SHOULDNT?

Experimenting on animals acceptableifsuffering minimized and human benefitsgained which could not be obtained

using other methods

Always unacceptable as it causessuffering to animals, benefits to human

beings are not proven and benefitsobtained through animal testing can beobtained through other ways


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We have all benefited immensely from scientific

research involving animals. From antibiotics and insulin

to blood transfusions and treatment for cancer or HIV

2006 Report

virtually every medical achievement of the past

century has depended directly or indirectly on

research with animals


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PENICILLIN

(1940,mice)

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

(1940,dogs )

POLIO VACCINE

(1950, monkey & mice)

TUBERCULOSIS

(Streptomycin ,1940,

guinea pigs)

MENINGITIS VACCINE

(mice)

ASTHMA

INHALERS(animal

research)


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MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS

INSULIN FOR DIABETES(1923,dogs) BREAST CANCER(Animal research:

tamoxifen, herceptin

and other aromatase

inhibitors)

IMPLANTS FORPARKINSONS

DISEASE

(primates)


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OPEN HEART SURGERY

Saves lives of 4440,000

people every year in US

alone

A routine procedure

Result of 20 years of animal

research


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COMMON MISCONCEPTIONS

Alleged difference between species in

physiology or drug response that

render animal experiments

redundant or misleading

These claims can be refuted by

proper examination literature


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CASE HISTORIES

Thalidomide Cited as a drug thoroughly tested on animals and showed

its teratogenic effect only in humans

Scientists never tested thalidomide in pregnant animals

Tests show that drug in fact cause fetal abnormalities inrabbits, mice, and several species of monkey

Penicillin Would not have been used in patients if first administered

to guinea pigs

Guinea pigs respond to penicillin in exactly same way asmany patients who get infected with antibiotic-inducedcolitis on a long-term penicillin therapy. Colitis infection inboth human and pigs caused by Clostridium difficile


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Truth: no BASIC difference betweenphysiology of laboratory animals and humans

Unjust criticize: not identical to conditions inhumans

cystic fibrosis in mice may not exactly mimichuman condition but provide a way toestablish optimal method of gene therapy tocure the disease


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BLACK HOLE

OPPONENTS CLAIM

Although part in advances,

not essential and had they

been outlawed, forced to bemore creative and invented

superior technologies

Or more careful and

respected clinical and

cellular research

REALITY

A gaping hole present

No outstanding progress

until science followedthrough empirical basis by

experiments on animals

Eg. Pasteur, William Harvey

(blood circulation) did notchose animal experiment as

easy option


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STANDARDS FOR USE OF ANIMALS

Strict in accordance withpresent legislation

Housing, husbandry and

transportation of

animals be minimum

with approved standards

Transgenic animals be

used for experimentswhen model justified

Alternatives to be used

when possible


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CONTD

Health control besupervised by experiencedveterinary officer

All precautions be taken toreduce suffering and

distress Procedures for monitoring,

evaluation and treatment ofthe animals beimplemented

Records be kept updated onthe type of experiment,animal species and numberof animals used inaccordance with authorities


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TRENDS IN ANIMAL RESEARCH

THE PUBLICS VIEW

Whogrew up on farms often seeanimals as objects, whereasthose with pets tend to expresssympathy

Who are older or less educatedare more likely to see animals asresources, whereas those whoare younger or more educatedtend to view animals with

compassion

If it hurts you, it probably hurtsthe animals

THE SCIENTISTS VIEW

Taughtas undergraduates not tothink of animals as other thanstimulus response bundles

Opposition to animalexperimentation is derived fromantiscience sentiments,aggravated by poor publicknowledge of science

The dogma is you cannot creditanimals with feeling


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ALTERNATIVES TO ANIMAL

TESTING Epidemiological studies

Clinical intervention trials

Laboratory testing using biochemistry

Human tissue and cell cultures Stem cells use

Autopsy studies

Endoscopic examination

Biopsy

Imaging methods


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USE OF ALTERNATIVES

For atherosclerotic heart disease, the risk factors include highcholesterol levels, smoking and high blood pressure(Framingham Heart Study)

Altered controlled human trials illustrated that every 1

percent drop in serum cholesterol levels lead to at least a 2percent drop in risk for heart disease

Autopsy results and chemical studies added further links

between risk factors and disease, indicating that peopleconsuming high-fat diets acquire arterial changes early in life

THE STUDY WAS ENTIRELY BASED ON EXPERIMENTS WITHOUT ANIMAL USE!


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CONTD In vitro studies using human cells and serum allowed

researchers to identify the AIDS virus and determinehow it causes disease

Research into the causes of birth defects has relied

heavily on animal experiments

HOWEVER, these have typically proved to be

embarrassingly poor

Epidemiological studies are needed to trace possible

genetic and environmental factors associated withbirth defects

Also, population studies linked lung cancer to

smoking and heart disease to cholesterol


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BASIC ETHICAL ARITHMETIC The harm that will result from not doing the experiment is

the result of multiplying three things together: the moral value of a human being

the number of human beings who would have benefited

the value of the benefit that each human being won't get

The harm that the experiment will cause is the result ofmultiplying together: the moral value of an experimental animal

the number of animals suffering in the experiment

the negative value of the harm done to each animal

GOOD DONE TO HUMAN BEINGS OUTWEIGHS THE HARM DONE TO ANIMALS!


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In the animal experiment context, if the

experiment takes place, the experimenter willcarry out actions that harm the animals involved.

If the experiment does not take place the

experimenter will not do anything. This maycause harm to human beings because they won'tbenefit from a cure for their disease because thecure won't be developed.

BUT, it is morally worse to do harm by doing something than to

do harm by not doing something


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REFERENCES

Rowan, A. N. (1997); Forum: The Benefits andEthics of Animal Research; Scientific American,

Inc. through

www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-

1997.pdf[Accessed: 6/3/2014]

Animal ethics: Experimenting on animals through

http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/expe

riments_1.shtml#h3[Accessed: 5/26/2014]
http://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdfhttp://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdfhttp://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdfhttp://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdfhttp://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdfhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/experiments_1.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/experiments_1.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/experiments_1.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/experiments_1.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/experiments_1.shtmlhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/animals/using/experiments_1.shtmlhttp://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdfhttp://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdfhttp://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdfhttp://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdfhttp://www.indiana.edu/acoustic/s685/Rowan-1997.pdf


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THANK YOU!!!

Animal Experimentation Ethics

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