Animal Evolution KPCOFGS Regulate body temperature and metabolism 10 T 2 – T 1 Q 10 = k 2 k 1 Q 10 (Temperature Coefficient) a measure of the rate of.

Animal Evolution

KPCOFGS

Regulate body temperature and metabolism

10 T2 – T1

Q10 = k2 k1

Q10 (Temperature Coefficient) a measure of the rate of change of a biological or chemical system as a consequence of increasing the temperature by 10˚C. k = the rate T = Temperature (˚C or ˚K) 

Determine the Q10 value for the breathing rate of Sphaerodactylus macrolepis, adwarf gecko lizard.

Regulate body temperature and metabolism

Counter Current Exchange

Hormones & Homeostasis

• Negative feedback– stimulus triggers control

mechanism that inhibits further change    (move toward homeostasis, stability)

• body temperature• sugar metabolism

• Positive feedback– stimulus triggers control

mechanism that amplifies effect

• lactation• labor contractions

Anterior pituitary

Inhibition

–

Inhibition

Target glands

Hypothalamus

Releasing hormones(TRH, CRH, GnRH)

Tropic hormones(TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH)

–

(thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads)

Hormones

Regulating metabolism

• Hypothalamus– TRH = TSH-releasing hormone

• Anterior Pituitary– TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone

• Thyroid– produces thyroxine hormones– metabolism & development

• bone growth• mental development• metabolic use of energy• blood pressure & heart rate• muscle tone• digestion• reproduction

tyrosineiodine

thyroxine

Regulating metabolism • Hibernation

– Mechanism used to escape cold weather and food shortages• Bear, chipmonk

• Diapause– A genetically predetermined physical state of dormancy due to unfavorable

environmental conditions • Insects: egg – larva – pupae - adult

thyroxine

The graph below shows the relationship between Size and Metabolic Rate of various mammals. In general, what do you notice about an animal’s size and metabolic rate? The smaller the animal is …  How do the lifestyles of the shrew and the sheep relate to each of their BMR’s?        Shrews spend nearly all of their time hunting vigorously for insects and eating them. In contrast, sheep have a slower lifestyle – long periods of rest interspersed with grazing.

Digestion in Animals

Circulatory System of Animals

- triggers release of glucose by liver

- stimulates appetite

Regulating blood sugar levels- triggers uptake

of glucose by body cells

- triggers storage in liver

- depresses appetite

pancreas

pancreas

beta islet cells

alpha islet cells

Classes of Hormones

• Protein-based hormones– polypeptides

• small proteins: insulin, ADH

– glycoproteins• large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH

– amines• modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin

• Lipid-based hormones– steroids

• modified cholesterol:

• sex hormones, aldosterone

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Steroid hormone (S) passes through plasma membrane.

Inside target cell, the steroid hormone binds to a specific receptor protein in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Hormone-receptor complex enters nucleus & binds to DNA, causing gene transcription

Protein is produced.

Protein synthesis is induced.

Plasma membrane

DNAmRNA

Protein

Steroidhormone

Blood plasma

Proteincarrier

1

2

2

3

3

5

5 4

4

1S

Action of steroid (lipid) hormones

S

S

S

• 3 body layers– ectoderm– mesoderm– endoderm

Body Cavity

How much is the digestive tract separated from the rest of the body?

acoelomate

pseudocoelomate

coelomate

ectoderm

ectodermmesodermcoelom cavity

endoderm

ectodermmesoderm

mesodermendoderm

endoderm

pseudocoel

• Vertebrates– fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals– internal bony skeleton

• backbone encasing spinal column

• skull-encased brain

postanaltail notochord

hollow dorsalnerve cord

pharyngealpouches

Chordata

becomes brain & spinal cord

becomes vertebrae

becomes gills or Eustachian tube

becomes tail or tailbone

Oh, look…your first

baby picture!

Animal Evolution

Porifera

Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes

sponges

jellyfish

flatworms

roundworms

Nematoda

Mollusca

mollusks

Arthropoda

Chordata

Annelida

Echinoderm

Seastar

vertebrates

segmentedworms

insectsspiders

multicellularity

tissues

bilateral symmetry

body cavity

segmentation

coelom

endoskeleton

backbone

Move the images and words to their Correct locations

Practice