Higher Education as Instrument for Structural Change in Indonesia March 16, 2012 By Anies Baswedan Presented for USINDO
Jul 18, 2015
Higher Education as Instrument for Structural Change in Indonesia
March 16, 2012 By Anies Baswedan
Presented for USINDO
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Brief Info
• Population of more than 238 million people (2010).
• More than 300 ethnic groups.
• More than 700 living/spoken languages.
• Consists of 17,508 islands, about 5,000 of which are inhabited (5 of 10 world’s largest islands are in Indonesia)
• 54,716 km coastline, 2nd longest in the world (after Canada)
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• The 2nd largest coal exporter;
• The largest Crude Palm Oil exporter (CPO is the material for bio-fuel, an energy alternative of the future);
• The largest tin exporter;
• One of the largest gas exporters;
• One of the largest copper exporters;
• More than half of the world's merchant fleet capacity sails through the straits of Malacca, strait of Sunda, and strait of Lombok.
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Overlooked…..
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• The 4th largest population (after China, India, and the US);
• The 3rd largest democracy (after India and the US);
• The largest Moslem Population ; (yet it is a non-religious based state: Pancasila)
• The 2nd largest biodiversity (after Brazil), home for 20% of world flora and fauna, 17% of world bird species, 25% of fish species;
• The 3rd largest tropical forest country;
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Overlooked…..
Page 6 Source: UNDP, UNESCO
Progress in Indonesian Education Achievement in Literacy Rate
Source: BAPPENAS, Laporan Repelita, BPS
5% 10%
47% 60%
67%
82% 90% 94%
1945 1950 1961 1970 1980 1990 2004 2010
Literacy Rate
5% 12% 15%
92%
66% 66%
Indonesia India Egypt1947 1937 1945
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1945 1968 1980 1990 2010
Elementary School 15,000 63,100 95,000s 136,600 165,491
Middle School 322 5,891 12,000s 18,000s 43,888
High-Vocational School 92 731 6,000s 11,000s 25,332
University (state & private) 5 39 1,000 1,200 3,585
Number of Institutions
Number of Students (in thousand)
1945 1968 1980 1990 2010
Elementary School 2,500 12,300 21,166 26,528 30,340
Middle School 90 1,150 2,983 5,853 11,770
High-Vocational School 19 482 1,574 4,031 8,180
University (state & private) < 2 156 425 1,621 4,890
State of Education: 1945 - 2010
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In the past 4 decades, the number of Indonesian Middle-income has grown significantly
Source: Statistical Bureau of Indonesia and Asian Development Bank (analyzed and estimated)
2.5 10.2
32
51
103
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Mill
ion
pe
op
le
Growth of Indonesian Middle-Income
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Number of University Students
Pendaftaran untuk tertiary, Indonesia
Jumlah
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
1970 2008
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1950's
Government established High School in Every District (+/- 150 districts)
1960's
Significant jump in the number of university students coming from the common people
1970's
University graduates entering job market in a fast developing economy of Indonesia
1980's
Emergence of Indonesian 1st generation of new middle class, coming from all level of the society.
Pengerahan Tenaga Mahasiswa Started (Student Mobilization Program)
8 Students volunteered to serve as high school teacher (2 year)
1952
Number of students serving as high-school teacher
1,418
161 Number of districts served by students
1962
Emergence of New Middle Class
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Demographic Bonus
Source: Ministry of Coordinator for Economic Affairs
Demographic Bonus: A Challenge for Indonesia
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Facility and Infrastructure of Education
Primary Junior
Secondary
Senior
Secondary
Higher
Education
Student
(million) 30,34 11,77 8,18 4,89
Teachers
(thousand) 1.876 902 719 263
Number of
Schools 165.491 43.888 25.332 3.585
Source: Ministry of Education and Culture
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5.3
4.4 4.0
3.4
2.9
2.2
1.1 0.8
Primary Junior Secondary
Senior Secondary
Higher Education
In
Out
In
Out In
Out In
Out
Source: Ministry of Education and Culture
Number of Students: Entrance and Graduates
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Access To Higher Education Has Expanded But Remains Unequal
Gross enrollment rates by economic quintiles, 2008 Percent
93
3
95
5
97
8
98
13
31
Q1-Bottom 20%
Higher/Tertiary Primary
Q5-Top 20%
Q4
Q3-Middle 20%
Q2
SOURCE: UNESCO “Higher Education in South-East Asia”
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790
363
322
329
198
7
209
5
6
13
9 11
161
8
10
2
4
335
77 51
4
4
36 60
Public
Private
SOURCE: Ministry of Education and Culture, 2010
Unequal Distribution of Higher Education Institutions
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Country Number of Researcher
in A Million Population
Research Budget to GDP
Ratio
Indonesia 90 0,08
Malaysia 365 0,63
Singapore 5.834 2,66
Thailand 316 0,21
India 136 0,76
China 1.999 1,47
South Korea 4.947 3,36
Japan 5.189 3,45
SOURCE: UNESCO Institute of Statistics
Number of Researcher Per A Million Population