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ANGLO-SAXON MANORS OF THE UPPER ITCHEN VALLEY:THEIR ORIGIN AND
EVOLUTION
by E R I C K L I N G E L H O F E R
Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 46, 1990, 31-39
ABSTRACT
The origins and evolution of the Anglo-Saxon manors of the Upper
lichen valley are discussed; the relevant charters are re-examined.
It is suggested that the upper lichen represents an ancient
territory, as defined by the manors in question. It is also argued
that 'Worthy' was the centre of this territory. A sequence of land
division and nomenclature is proposed.
I N T R O D U C T I O N
The landholdings of great ecclesiastical found-ations have
inhibited the interpretation ofAnglo-Saxon manorial and territorial
evolu-tion in Hampshire. By the time of the Con-quest, much of the
land around Winchesterhad been amassed in four large,
compositeestates: Old Minster's Chilcomb, New Min-ster's
Micheldever, the Bishop of Winchester'sEaston, and the king's
Barton Stacey. Thesefour estates dominated the late Saxon
andmedieval landscapes of the Winchester region,and one might
assume that each one broadlyrepresents an older, perhaps
pre-Christian,land unit. This assumption is challenged, how-ever,
by a re-examination of the extant Anglo-Saxon charters for the
manors of the upperItchen.
The upper Itchen valley extends from theriverside manors of
Abbots Barton and Win-nail north of Winchester to the confluence
ofthe Aire and Candover near Alresford. Twelvemanors of varying
size and importancecomprise the land of the upper Itchen.
Elevenhave villages or hamlets by the river bank: thefour Worthys,
Chilland, the two Itchens,Easton, Avington, Yavington, and
Ovington.Only Littleton lies some distance from thevalley bottom.
At Domesday, the manors were
recorded as seventeen holdings in the hands ofsix different
lords; jurisdiction fell into sixseparate hundreds (Munby 1982).
Determin-ing how landholding and territorial units evol-ved to
create the palimpsest of manors,estates, and hundreds recorded in
DomesdayBook calls for re-evaluating interpretationsmade by G B
Grundy in the 1920s, andrevising some of them in the light of
recentarchaeological, toponymic, and historicalfindings (Grundy
1921-8).
T H E P R E - C O N Q U E S T C H A R T E R S ANDT H E I R I N T
E R P R E T A T I O N
Let us examine those upper Itchen chartersthat may be
reinterpretated. Seven pre-Conquest charters have survived, of
varyingreliability. The south side of the Itchen hastwo charters
for Easton and one for Avington(Fig 1), while on the north side,
there are five for the several Worthys (Fig 2). In
addition,charters for Crawley, Wonston, andMicheldever list points
along the northwestwatershed line.
S1275. Eight hides at Eastune (871-77) (Sawyer 1968). Bounds:The
landes gemaers aet Eastune. Lith ofycenan in earna baece aef swa
andlang baeces utt on
thaet gael aeft be than andheafdan od thone midtestan beorg.
Aeft was on edeswyrthe eastewearde aeft ut on tha roda on
heringslea easteweardne.
Aeft utt on thafurh on smalan dune eastewearde. Aeft utt on
thafurh de Wulfred het. And nifan aeft of dune on tha dene swa on
thone mylensteall. Aet swa of ther mylenstaelle andlang ycenan aeft
on earna
baece.
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32 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
Fig 1. Anglo-Saxon landmarks on the north bank of the Itchen.
(Crown copyright reserved)
Grundy identified this tract as a detachedportion of Easton
parish on the far side ofAvington (1921, 88). The eight hides is
anunlikely assessment for those lands, and thelandmarks do not
correspond well to thetopography. As he pointed out, the key
toidentifying the charter boundary is the land-mark smalan dun,
which also appears in a tenth-century Avington charter, on its
borderwith Easton. In that charter, Grundy identifiedsmalan dun as
that ridge approaching the Itchenacross from the hamlet of Chilland
(1921, 97).
Both 'small downs' are in charters definingEaston's border and
both are at approximatelythe same distance from the river Itchen,
asillustrated in the following comparison. It islogical to assume
that they refer to a singlelandscape feature and that the
boundaryclause of SI275 describes Easton itself.
Itchen South Bank Charter Bounds Equivalency:SI275 Easton S699
Avington S695 Easton (961)(871-77) (961) (Sawyer 1968)Itchen
stremes Eadmunds weir
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KLINGELHOFER: ANGLO-SAXON MANORS OF THE UPPER ITCHEN VALLEY
33
mylenstead ealdan byrig ealdan byrig S351. Eight mansae at
Worthige (9'59) (Sawyer 1968).mean die dean Bounds:haetkenan
byrigelsan ethenan Aerest of icenan
byrigelsan mean mearce To iwigath herpath port slret To stan
ceaslan
smalan dun smalan dun smalan dun Forth to bican slaede furh
(reversed) kwitan die die Swa forth to athelwodes beorge
mean mearce Forth to aethelines hangran roda on heringlsea higan
holies die Thanon to cyrringe edeswyrth blak lacu Forth to than
coppedan thorne midkertan beorg Forth ubanathan ea andheqfdan Utan
cyoling mor. anlang baeces eama baece T h e r econs t ruc t i on of
the < : ieht h ide es ta te
The ninth-century boundary descendedfrom the small down via a
dean (valley) to a mill site on the river. By the tenth
century,however, the boundary between Easton andAvington was more
closely defined asdescending from smalan dun to the herpath
(highway), then along the mean (boundarybalk) to the heathen
burials, then along themearc to the old enclosure (bury), on
theItchen. The mearc was a bank raised up to'mark' an existing
territorial division. Suchfeatures were generally restricted to the
openfield or flat land, and were not necessary whereother landmarks
could be followed easily, suchas a narrow ridge {smalan dun). The
ealdan byrig at the river may represent later changes to a site
that had formerly been noted for its mill.Many such changes must
have occurredduring the period of Viking raids in the lateninth
century.
South of the smalan dun, the boundary foll-owed a series of
ditches, banks or balks, fur-rows and headlands, apparently through
openfields and edging some woodland until turningnorth and west to
reach the stream thatentered into the Itchen. The Eagle Brook
(earna baece) must be the same water course as theBlack Stream
{blak lacu), and there is only onepossible site for such a feature,
the now dryvalley bottom that remains the western bound-ary of
Easton parish, where the Tithe Awardmap recorded a Black Lake Field
in the earlynineteenth century.
at the east end of Worthige should start, follow-ing the
parochial division on the Itchen, at theunidentified iwigath. This
is likely a scribalerror for herpath, but if not, it could be a
muddled reference to the large pagan Saxoncemetery at Worthy Park,
the original entryconcerning not iw (yew), but wiga (warrior) orwig
(idol, altar) (see above). Grundy's identifi-cation of stan ceaslan
as the villa ruins near theparochial division is still valid. Bican
sled refersto the upper part of the valley that is calledtitan
slaed between Martyr and Abbots Worthy,passing through Bull Farm,
Burntwood Farm,and Chillingham Farm. The next point, Athel-wold's
barrow, is more problematic. It isunlikely to be that barrow
appearing on thefirst edition 1" O.S. map and the source of
theTithe Award map "Burrough field" for thefield north of the one
containing the villaremains. This would place it south of
Bica'svalley. It is possible, however, that athelwoldes beorg lay
in the present Itchen Wood, where thehundred boundary crossed to
the northeast.But the most likely candidate is 'R4' , themultiple
Bronze Age barrow north of theLunway that was excavated in 1974,
and waspresumably the burial mound noted as lyingon the corner of
the Martyr Worthy estate(S273) (Fasham 1979).
Identifying this manor depends on thedirection of the boundary
from here onward. Ifclockwise (to the east), it is Itchen Abbas;
ifcounterclockwise (to the west), it is Chilland.The next point is
aethelines hangran (hangingwood). It may refer to its ownership by
anAethelwine, or possibly its association with a
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3 4 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOCICAL SOCIETY
prince (aetheling). If the bounds ran clock-wise,the 'hanger' (
'hanging wood') should be northor east of the last point. A similar
landmarkdoes appear on the southeast portion of theMicheldever
boundary clause (S360): on weard hangran. Its location may have
been a woodshown on Isaac Taylor's 1759 map. This woodno longer
exists, but it stood then north of theItchen Stoke Down and west of
the Grangeestate. The elevation there (451' OD) is thehighest for
several miles around, a perfectplace for a watch post, the weard
hangran of theMicheldever charter. A boundary that ranwestward
would find Itchen Wood, ShronerWood, and Rotherly Copse, none of
which areespecially elevated over the countrysidearound.
The other points are less identifiable. Thefield name 'churn'
near Bridgets Farm inMartyr Worthy is probably descended
fromAnglo-Saxon cyrring. This boundary clausecould then be
following the division betweenMartyr Worthy and Chilland, but
cyrring mayhave been a more common term in this vicin-ity, perhaps
used for the many track intersec-tions or turnings, like the ones
on Itchen StokeDown. The bounds return to the Itchen anddescend to
the boundary of Chilland. Thedifficulty is that Chilland is too
small for eighthides, but Itchen Abbas is too large, withtwelve
hides at Domesday. All in all, given thefact that the order of
boundary points is muchmore frequently clockwise than
counter-clockwise, the 939 charter likely refers to someof the
lands of Itchen Abbas (Hooke 1981, 43).The reference to Ceoling mor
- the watermea-dows of Chilland — also suggests that this tractis
not Chilland, because charter boundaryclauses commonly identify
landmarks not bytheir relation to the granted lands, but
byreference to neighbouring populations orestates. A land grant is
therefore normallyplaced in the context of the territory
surround-ing it.
S309. Three mansae at Worthige (854) (Sawyer 1968).Bounds:Of
icenan andlang thaera die Up to thaere hylle
Andlang thaere die Eft sona up to heofod stoccan Andlang straet
to lusan thorne To deopan delle Up to hinges stane Up to holan
stane Up to fyrd geate To wic herpathe And lang wic herpaethes aeft
to kynges stane Toysan pyttan To twelf aeceran Utfor(th) bufon
scortan hlince aet thaes furlanges ende And saw forth to thaere
byrig And saw into hydiburnan.
S273, S340. Five cassati at Worthige (825) (868)(Sawyer 1968).
Bounds:Aerest der sae die utt scaet aet tham bihtae baetweog
igtunae
+ aestune Thonan theowres ofer thanan bradan haerpath thae
ligeth to
worthig forda + to alresforda Thaet on igsaetmearce + eastuninga
(S340: Thonne forth to osmundaes garstunaes hyrnan) Thonan forth
oth Mean gerstunes hyrnan Thonan forthe healf girth be westan tham
beorgan thaet
adolfan waes Swa utt to straet Thaet up to wassan dunae Thweores
ofer tha dunae to deopan daene Thaet thweores ofer tha daene on
bitan sled suthewearth +
westewearth oth thaes ealdaermannaes mearce Andlang thaes
aldermannaes mearcae oth thiccan thomaes to
than land gemaere oth bisceopes mearcae Thaet forth andlang rode
forth on icenan.
S304. Three cassati in Wordi (854) (Sawyer 1968).Bounds:Aerrest
on die Thonne upp with hlith geates Thonnae on bradan hearpath
Thonnae on healfan dell Thonnae on eafan hling Thonne thueraes ofer
suran daenae and thueraes ofer foran dune On thaes hlinces dende
Thonnae on aenae thorn be westan hrither lea Thonnae upp to wuda
Thueres ofer tha daene Thonnae ofer the straete On thiccan thornas
To thaes ealdermannaes mearce Thonnae andlang thaere maerce oth
bisceopes mearce Thonnae andlang bisceopes maerce utt onycenan.
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KLINGELHOFER: ANGLO-SAXON MANORS OK THE UPPER ITCHEN VALLEY
35
bourne^^i^^r f? Ho,A/or.thy ffl
-S(>" \Martyr. * V V o r t h y : - | k ^ ^
WINCHESTERS
'L6rvs Barn;
r t f
Gaston H&Jl
\ W/: l (
*Hi J
FmV
^4ft' £urtbaj*tk
\"'I
hi itle / oftVAvmgtc.Manor '
^..V innall DoWnJUDov
^jfli j ^ ^ g a "fpP1 (@t> Man's *•• 1 : (p\Jr!?*,an s
L a n d V R J W dun v
,34/
>*^
ih
aK
I jffunuih- S 3404 MS f *'••ii i->Magdalen-HilLl£^1V
s6-r ^
Fig 2. Anglo-Saxon landmarks on the south bank of the Itchen.
(Crown copyright reserved)
S962. Five cassati in Worthy (1026)Bounds:Aerest on beoccing
maede On tha gewrincloda die To wassa die dun ende Thonne to deopan
daene Thanon to witan die Thonne to aenta die To thaere rode To
than smalan wege Thanan to thaere haran apeldran To stapol thornae
Thonnae to thaere baece
(Sawyer 1968). Utt on icenan Adun on stream Aeft on beoccing
maede.
Comparison of the landmarks of the bound-ary clauses of charters
S351, S304, S273, andS692 yields interesting patterns. The
Lunwayappears on only one of these charters, whichsuggests that
most of these estates did notextend that far north, or that it was
not alwaysa clearly recognizable feature. Secondly, thesame
landmarks were not necessarily used for
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36 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
describing the same boundary. But there arcmany instances of
duplication. From these, a series of equations can be proposed:
west S698= west S692; east S692 = west S351 = westS273 = west S304.
The other bounds are lesscertain, but it is possible that east S304
= eastS273 = east S698 (? = west S351).
The boundary of the first western groupingis the former
parochial division between KingsWorthy and Abbots Worthy. The
secondgrouping is the present parish boundarybetween Abbots Worthy
and Martyr Worthy,running southeast across a valley, over a
down,across another valley, then across the Romanroad to a series
of boundary baulks or fieldlynches to where a small grove still
stood onthe early nineteenth-century first edition of the1" O.S.
map, continuing south from there by a further series of angle steps
to reach WorthyPark and the Itchen. The zig-zag boundary isthe
gewrinclodan die of S693 and the ealdormannes mearce - thiccan
thornas - bisceopes mearc boundaryof S273. S324 has this group out
of sequence,while S273 reversed the deopan deane and thewassan . .
. dun. S351 can be seen to share thelandmarks here, with the bican
slaed being thesame valley as the bican (or bilan) sled. On
theparish boundary by the site of the former grove(thiccan
thornas?) are the remains of a Romano-British settlement that had
stone-built founda-tions. This site is a satisfactory explanation
ofthe stan ceaslas that Grundy sought to place at a Roman villa 1
'/2 miles to east.
The names ealdormannes mearc and bisceopes mearc refer to two
different portions of theAbbots Worthy-Martyr Worthy
boundarybetween the slraet and the rode, which wasprobably the
point where the boundarycrossed the bradan herpath along the north
bankof the Itchen. The names suggest that theseofficials were
responsible for the demarcationof the bounds at this point. It was
perhapstheir agents who oversaw what had beenclearly such a
difficult division of fields here,that it was called by Canute 's
reign the ge-wrinclodan die, wrinkled or twisted dyke. Thishas some
significance, because it shows thatwhile the parish boundary
between the manorsof Abbots Worthy and Martyr Worthy does
indeed go back to the tenth century, it is notnecessarily any
older than that. The confusionof charter dates and provenances
permits onlythe observation that there were two grants ofMartyr
Worthy lands to Hunsige, by Ethelwulfand Ethelred. It is possible
that Ethelred'ssecond decimation was indeed the momentwhen these
Worthy lands began to be per-manently separated from the Crown and
fromthe large entity of Worthy (Finberg 1964).
Finally, S273 begins on the Itchen at thebihtae (corner, bend)
between Igtunae and Eastu-nae, and the boundary runs north along
Igsaet-mearce and Eastuninga. These references are toboth
territories and groups, the Igsaet and theEastuninga (the island
dwellers and the folk ofEaston). The 'island' in question is the
hamletof Ceoligland, now Chilland, east of MartyrWorthy village.
Easton lies south of the Itchen,but the charter specifically
indicates that thelands west of Chilland were considered part
ofEaston. Later, Edgar's grant S698 includedboth Abbots Worthy and
Martyr Worthy aspart of the church lands. As such, they mayhave
been considered part of the Cathedral 'sEaston estate. Chilland was
still a separateestate during the late tenth century, whenEdgar
purportedly confirmed to the Old Min-ster 64 mansae as a list of
estates includingEaston and Chilland. One might conclude, asdid
Grundy, that the Old Minster simplyattached the lands of Martyr
Worthy to theirEaston manor, and that this situation is
thatreflected in the charter nomenclature. But - asin the case of
the Chilland reference in S351 -it is not normal for landmarks of
Anglo-Saxonmanors to be given names relating to theproperty being
transferred. The explanationshould lie elsewhere, and it may be
that thedivision between these groups represents anolder division
of the upper Itchen valley,whereby Easton controlled land on both
sidesof the Itchen east of Kings Worthy.
DISCUSSION
The above review and revision of charterclause interpretations
reveals the manor/
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KLINGELHOFER: ANGLO-SAXON MANORS OF THE UPPER ITCHEN VALLEY
37
estate boundaries of the upper Itchen valley tobe old - often of
Middle Saxon date - andusually coterminous with later medieval
parishboundaries. Further, the internal evidence ofcharter
terminology and toponymies suggeststhat the upper Itchen valley
represents a devolution of an ancient territory, geogra-phically
definable as the watershed of theeast-west course of the Itchen
north of theWinchester Syncline. At the same time, thecharters also
record the slow amalgamation ofsome tracts into new units, the four
late Saxonconglomerate estates owned by the four greatinstitutions
of Winchester. The externalboundaries of the eleven Anglo-Saxon
manors
reconstructs the extent of the older territorialunit, obviously
predating the charters thatdescribe its dissolution. I have
elsewherecalled such mid-Saxon valley units 'archaichundreds',
because combined estimates ofmiddle Saxon hidation (mansae and
cassati) ofall the manors in a valley unit repeatedly yieldtotal
figures close to one hundred hides or itsmultiple (Klingelhofer,
forthcoming). The ori-ginal assessment for the lands of a
catchmentarea appears to have been one hundred hides,the figure
given by reconstructed assessmentsfor the upper Itchen valley
(Klingelhofer 1985,543-54).
Archaic hundreds, such as the upper Itchen
Fig 3. The Mid-Saxon archaic Hundred hen Worthig. (Crown
copyright reserved)
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38 HAMPSHIRE FIELD CLUB AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SOCIETY
valley, were not in themselves tribal or folkgroups, but were
local divisions of such terri-tories. The Saxons of the upper
Itchen valleybelonged to the Gewissae of Winchester, whoselands
probably coincided with the catchmentzones of the Itchen and Test
rivers in theChalk upland of middle Hampshire. Theirterritory most
likely stretched from the Wilsae-tan of the Wiltshire Wylye to the
Meonwara ofthe southeast Hampshire Meon.
In the eighth century, settlement in theupper Itchen was
generally dispersed, butthere would have been a 'central place'
forreligious, political, and economic activitiesthat concerned the
community above the levelof the household or extended family. In
theAnglo-Saxon kingdoms, the royal tun or villa regalis, where
military obligation was rendered,royal tribute collected, and
justice dispensed,has been the object of several studies,
mostrecently by Peter Sawyer (1983). Although onecannot speak
authoritatively, given the meagredocumentary evidence, it seems
likely thatSawyer's late Saxon network of royal estatesextending
throughout England was the rem-nant of earlier royal systems of
local admin-istration. The sense of family or lineage overclan or
community, and a different status for'Crown lands' and the king's
personal or fami-ly's holdings, were but several factors in
thetransformation of Anglo-Saxon England.Competition among the
kingdoms may haveplayed an important role. With more centra-lized
royal authority and larger administrativeunits accompanying the
territorial expansionof the successful kingdoms, perhaps the
localdistricts became obsolete.
Christian missionaries were often rewardedwith the foundation of
a church at a king's tun, and it is now accepted that the district
servedby the royal vill became the parockia of a collegiate 'mother
church' (Hase, 1988). Min-ster parochiae no doubt existed
throughout theAnglo-Saxon kingdoms, and John Blair hasconvincingly
argued for a systematic divisionof Wessex into parochiae in the
reign of Caed-walla and Ine, circa 700 (Blair 1988, 1-20).
The central place of the upper Itchen valleywas at 'Worthy', a
centre of considerable local
status, with a royal tun at Kings Worthy and animportant pagan
Saxon cemetery at AbbotsWorthy (fig 3). Worthy means 'enclosure',
andhere must refer to an early Saxon militaryenclosure or royal
compound. A number ofAnglo-Saxon royal centres have the
element'worth(y)', for example, Tamworth, Derby(North Worthy), and
Ixworth, as well asimportant ecclesiastical sites that suggest
pre-vious royal centres: Polesworth, Brixworth,Worksworth, and Bury
St. Edmunds (Beadrices-wyrth) (Klingelhofer 1985, 490-1). Could
theirlocations near - but not within — Roman townsreflect an origin
in a late or sub-Roman mili-tary camp, the focus of the regional
Anglo-Saxon army and the source of power for itscommander, chief,
or king - and of hisdescendants?
Based on the reconstruction and observa-tions presented above, a
sequence of land-division and nomenclature can be proposed:
1) Circa 700, the entire upper Itchen valleywas a single
territorial unit called Itchen. Theriver gives its name to the two
villages here,and nowhere else along its length.
2) At the same time or soon thereafter, a habitative name,
Worthy, was transferred fromthe central place to the valley unit as
a whole.As late as Domesday Book, many hundredshad alternative
names: one applying to thehundred as a territory and one taken from
thesite of its moot (Klingelhofer 1985, 467-8).
3) By the ninth century, settlement hadbegun to coalesce at
locations whose namesreveal their dependency upon a
central'Worthy'. Across the river, east of KingsWorthy, grew the
eastern settlement, Easton,which at one time may have controlled
bothsides of the valley immediately east of KingsWorthy. Away from
the river, at the westernextremity of the 'Hydebourne' valley, grew
theself-descriptive hamlet of Littleton.
4) At the same time, or somewhat later,the south bank of the
Itchen east of Easton wasdivided into three manors, Avington,
Yav-ington, and Ovington. The three place-nameshave personal name
elements that suggestthese communities took their identities
(orwere given them by the recording clerks) from
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KLINGELHOFER: ANGLO-SAXON MANORS OF THE UPPER ITCHEN VALLEY
39
some sort of lord, an aristocratic superior whodominated the
tract of land or who had beengranted it as a landholding.
5) The last stage witnessed the tworemaining blocks of land
north of the river,'Worthy' and 'I tchen' , divided into
particularmanors. In most instances, their secondarynames reflect
ownership: Kings, Abbots,Martyr, Abbas. This stage may not have
beenfully completed by the time of the DomesdaySurvey, where
binomens do not appear.
C O N C L U S I O N
To conclude, the upper Itchen valley of themid-Saxon period was
an archaic hundred,occupied by people perhaps best called
theTtchen-folk'. Its central place, Worthy, had a major early Saxon
pagan cemetery and waslater an important royal manor. From
theeighth century onward, blocks of land were
Blair J (ed) 1988, Minsters and Parish Churches. The Local
Church in Transition 950-1200. OxfordUniversity Committee for
Archaeology,Monograph 17.
Fasham, PJ, 1979 The excavation of a triple barrowin Micheldever
Wood, Hampshire, Proc Hampsh Field Club Archaeol Soc 35, 5—40.
Finberg, HPR, 1964 The Early Charters of Wessex, Leicester.
Grundy, GB, 1921-8 The Saxon Land Charters ofHampshire
Archaeological Journal LXXVIII(1921), LXXXI (1924), LXXXIII
(1926),LXXXIV (1927), LXXXV (1928).
Hase, PH, 1988 The Mother Churches of Ham-pshire in Blair J.
(ed) 1988, 45-66.
Hooke, D, 1981 Anglo-Saxon Landscapes of theWest Midlands: the
Charter EvidenceBAR British Series 95.
Klingelhofer, E, 1985 Manor, Vill and Hundred: Rural
'booked', or privatized, by charter until by1066, only Kings
Worthy remained to bear thetraditional tribute, the 'feorm', for
the upkeepof the royal court. Boundary clauses in thecharters
defined the economic units they con-veyed, the manors that here
were based uponthe agricultural innovation of
cooperative,open-field farming and its concentration of
theworkforce into nucleated villages. The reass-essment of the
upper Itchen valley chartersreveals a consistent pattern of
manorial devel-opment, the fission of a single territory or
greatmultiple estate that splintered into unitarymanors, many of
which were attached in thelate Saxon period to the four
conglomerateestates around Winchester. The charterboundaries of the
upper Itchen valley thusoffer testimony of a landscape divided
andredivided in a process that transformedWessex from a land of
tribe and folk into oneof lord and manor - and finally into one of
fief and honour.
Development in the Region of Micheldever, Hampshire, 700-1100.
Unpublished PhD
thesis. Johns Hopkins University., forthcoming Settlement and
Land Use in
Micheldever Hundred, Hampshire, 700-1100 American Philosophical
Society, Phi-ladelphia.
Meany, ALS, 1964 Gazetteer of Early Anglo-Saxon Burial Sites,
London.
Munby, J (ed) 1982 Domesday Book: Hampshire, Chi-chester.
Schadla-Hall, RT, 1977 The Winchester District: the
Archaeological Potential, Winchester.
Sawyer, PH, 1968 Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and
Bibliography, London.
, 1983 The Royal Tun in pre-ConquestEngland in Wormald P (ed)
Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon Society, Oxford,
273-99.
REFERENCES
Author. EC Klingelhofer, Asst. Professor, History Department,
Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, 31207, USA© Hampshire Field Club
& Archaeological Society